这段文字讨论伊斯兰教法学中的“类比推理”（Qiyas）概念。它被分为若干小节，以下是对每一节的说明：

discusses the concept of "Qiyas" in Islamic jurisprudence. It is organized into various subsections, and here's an explanation of each:

《卡亚斯的含义》（第83页）：本节大概解释了卡亚斯在伊斯兰教法中是什么。卡亚斯是类比推理的过程，即依据相似的内在原理，从既有的伊斯兰律例中推导出新的裁决。

The Meaning of Qiyas (Page 83): This section likely provides an explanation of what Qiyas is in Islamic law. Qiyas is the process of analogical reasoning, where legal rulings are derived from existing Islamic laws by drawing analogies based on similar underlying principles.

论证卡亚斯（类比推理）权威性的证据（第84页）：此部分可能提出证据或论据，支持卡亚斯作为伊斯兰教法学中推导法律裁决的有效方法之合法性与权威性。

Daleel Indicating the Authority of Qiyas (Page 84): This part may present evidence or arguments supporting the legitimacy and authority of Qiyas as a valid method for deriving legal rulings in Islamic jurisprudence.

《卡亚斯的过程》（第88页）：本节可能详细阐述卡亚斯（Qiyas）在伊斯兰法律推理中的具体应用步骤。它或许会说明法学家如何运用卡亚斯来处理《古兰经》和圣训中没有明确规定的新问题。

The Process of Qiyas (Page 88): This section probably elaborates on the step-by-step process of how Qiyas is applied in Islamic legal reasoning. It may explain how legal scholars use Qiyas to address new issues not explicitly covered in the Quran or Hadith.

《否定类比（Qiyas）者的论据》（第90页）：此处可能讨论了批评或否定伊斯兰教法学中运用类比（Qiyas）的学者或派别的观点，并呈现他们的论据与顾虑。

The Arguments of Those Who Reject Qiyas (Page 90): Here, the text may discuss the viewpoints of scholars or groups who are critical of or reject the use of Qiyas in Islamic jurisprudence, presenting their arguments and concerns.

《'Illah 来自文本还是来自理智？》（第95页）：本节或许会探讨一个争论：卡雅斯（Qiyas，类比推理）所依据的 'Illah（根本原因或理由）应当从文本（《古兰经》与圣训）中推导，还是应当通过理智推论得出。

'Illah from the Text or the Mind? (Page 95): This section might delve into the debate about whether 'Illah (the underlying cause or rationale) for Qiyas should be derived from the text (Quran and Hadith) or reasoned through the intellect.

伊斯兰教法律条文中不包含 'Illah（ʿIlla，即效力因由）的领域（第96页）：本部分可讨论伊斯兰教法中难以明确确定 'Illah 以适用类比（Qiyas）的若干领域。

The Areas of Ahkam Shari'ah which do not contain 'Illah (Page 96): This part may discuss areas within Islamic law where it is challenging to identify a clear 'Illah for the application of Qiyas.

伊斯兰教法律条例（Ahkam Shariah）中可以找到"Illah"（动因/效因）的类型（第99页）：该部分可能概述了可以识别"Illah"并在卡亚斯（Qiyas，类比推理）中有效应用的伊斯兰法律裁决类型。

Types of Ahkam Shariah where an 'Illah Can Be Found (Page 99): It might outline the types of Islamic legal rulings where 'Illah can be identified and applied effectively in Qiyas.

习俗与传统不能作为"illah"（页106）：本节可能强调，类比推理（Qiyas）不应仅以习俗和传统为依据，而应植根于伊斯兰法律的渊源。

Customs and Traditions Cannot Be an 'Illah (Page 106): This section is likely to emphasize that Qiyas should not be based on customs and traditions alone but should be rooted in Islamic legal sources.

《马纳阿特·哈库姆》（判决之实质）与“伊拉”的区别（第107页）：此部分可厘清“马纳阿特·哈库姆”（法律判决的本质或实质）与“伊拉”之间的区别，帮助读者理解二者在类比推理（盖亚斯）中各自的作用。

Difference Between Manaat al-Hukm (Reality of the Rule) & 'Illah (Page 107): This part may clarify the distinction between "Manaat al-Hukm" (the essence or reality of the legal rule) and 'Illah, helping readers understand their separate roles in Qiyas.

总体而言，这段文字对伊斯兰教法学中的类比推理（Qiyas）进行了详细探讨，涵盖其原则、应用、争议以及支持性论证。

Overall, this text seems to provide a detailed exploration of Qiyas in Islamic jurisprudence, addressing its principles, applications, controversies, and supporting arguments.