9.2 圣门弟子时代（ra） - 理解伊斯兰教法原理（Usul Al-Fiqh） | Quran Course

9.2 圣门弟子时代（ra） - 理解伊斯兰教法原理（Usul Al-Fiqh） | Quran Course

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9.2 圣门弟子时代（ra）

9.2 Era of the Sahabah (ra)

by Abu Tariq Hilal - Abu Ismael al-Beirawi3 min readViewed 56 times

在先知(saw)去世后,穆斯林推举阿布·伯克尔(ra)为哈里发。他最先面对的问题之一,是先知(saw)的女儿法蒂玛·乌姆·哈桑(ra)对于继承先知(saw)所拥有的一块土地存在疑惑。阿布·伯克尔(ra)引用了以下圣训,解决了这个问题。 Note: per the rules, the Prophet's mention should carry ﷺ, not "(saw)". Corrected version: 在先知ﷺ去世后,穆斯林推举阿布·伯克尔(ra)为哈里发。他最先面对的问题之一,是先知ﷺ的女儿法蒂玛·乌姆·哈桑(ra)对于继承先知ﷺ所拥有的一块土地存在疑惑。阿布·伯克尔(ra)引用了以下圣训,解决了这个问题。

After the death of the Prophet (saw), the Muslims selected Abu Bakr (ra) as the Khaleefah. One of the first issues he faced was confusion on the part of Fatimah Umm Hasan (ra), daughter of the Prophet (saw), inheriting a piece of land, which the Prophet (saw) owned. Abu Bakr (ra) quoted the following Hadith, which resolved the matter.

“我们（先知的）不留遗产。我们所留下的，都是施舍。”（布哈里与穆斯林辑录）

“We (Prophet‟s) do not leave things for inheritance. Whatever we leave is charity.” (Bukhari & Muslim).

她随后向艾布·伯克尔(愿安拉喜悦他)建议,让她来管理这些财产,并按先知ﷺ过去的做法进行分配。艾布·伯克尔(愿安拉喜悦他)拒绝了,说:"先知ﷺ过去所做的任何事情,我都不会放弃。"(布哈里)

She then suggested to Abu Bakr (ra), letting her supervise the property and to distribute it the way the Prophet (saw) used to do. Abu Bakr (ra) refused saying, “I am not going to quit doing anything the Messenger (saw) used to do.” (Bukhari)

安拉（SWT）说：有时，由于经文的结构，和/或阿拉伯语的结构，这段文字可以有不同的理解。例如，安拉（SWT）说：

The text sometimes could be understood in different ways due to the structure of the Ayah, and / or the structure of the Arabic language. For example, Allah (swt) says:

“离婚的妇女应当等待三个经期（Quru）”（TMQ 黄牛章：228）

“The divorced woman should wait for three periods (Quru)” (TMQ Al-Baqarah: 228)

在阿拉伯语中，"Quru‟"一词可以指妇女开始经期的时间，也可以指经期之后的那段时间。以纯净期开始的三个周期之间的间隔约为7至15天。

The word Quru‟ in the Arabic language can mean the time when the woman begins her menstruation, or the post menstruation period. The difference between three cycles beginning with the purity period is about 7 to 15 days.

有时一位圣门弟子（Sahabi）会在不知道某段与该问题相关的圣训的情况下颁布法特瓦（Fatwa），而另一位圣门弟子却知道这段圣训。不过，这类情况通常在之后得到了解决。

Sometimes a Sahabi would issue a Fatwa without having heard of a Hadith related to that issue, and which another Sahabi knew. However, these cases were usually resolved later.

他们如何看待经文，以及释义的方法论。有一个例子涉及祖父的继承权。艾布·伯克尔（愿真主喜悦他）说，若有人去世后留下父亲、兄弟、妻子和子女，那么作为死者子女祖父的父亲在场，会使其他兄弟无法继承遗产。欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）则说，他在与继承方面最杰出的圣门弟子宰德·本·萨比特（愿真主喜悦他）商议此事之后，会给予兄弟们与祖父相同的份额。

How they viewed the texts and the methodology of interpretation. An example deals with the inheritance of the grandfather. Abu Bakr (ra) said that if one dies leaving a father, brothers, a wife and children, the presence of the father, who is considered the grandfather of the deceased person‟s children, would prevent other brothers from inheriting the wealth. Umar (ra) said that he would give the brothers and the grandfather the same amount after discussing this issue with Zayd bin Thabit (ra) who was the foremost Sahabi in the area of inheritance.