先知ﷺ从安拉(SWT)那里接受启示,并将其传达给所有人。居住在他ﷺ身边的穆斯林是圣门弟子(ra)。当先知ﷺ迁往麦地那时,他们与他ﷺ同行。麦加的穆斯林被称为迁士(Muhajireen),麦地那的穆斯林被称为辅士(Ansar)。他ﷺ接受了来自安拉(SWT)的讯息,并奉命传达。安拉(SWT)在《古兰经》中说:

The Prophet (saw) received the revelation from Allah (swt) and delivered it to all the people. The Muslims who used to live close to him (saw) were the Sahabah (ra). When the Prophet (saw) migrated to Madinah they went along with him. The Muslims of Makkah were the Muhajireen and the Muslims of Madinah were the Ansar. He (saw) received the Message from Allah (swt) and was ordered to convey it. Allah (swt) says in the Qur‟an:

“使者啊！你要传达从你的主降示你的启示；如果你不传达，那就是没有传达祂的使命……”（TMQ 《筵席》：67）

“O Messenger, deliver the Message that was sent down to you from your Rabb, and if you did not do it, you did not convey His Message....” (TMQ Al-Ma‟ida: 67)

“我还降示你这部训诫（《古兰经》），以便你向世人阐明已降示他们的经典。”（《古兰经》An-Nahl: 44）

“And we sent down to you the Zikr (the Qur‟an), so that you would explain to mankind, that which was sent down to them” (TMQ An-Nahl: 44)

有鉴于这些经文，有几点需要提出来加以说明：

With these Ayahs in mind, there are certain points that need to be mentioned:

没有人会在先知面前发表法特瓦，因为他们知道先知ﷺ才是权威。

1. No one would give a Fatwa in the presence of the Prophet, since they knew that he (saw) was the authority.

2. 有时先知会向圣门弟子（愿真主喜悦他们）下达一项指示，而圣门弟子对这项指示会有两种不同的理解。而且，先知ﷺ对两派人遵循各自的理解都予以认可。前面已经提到过一个例子：先知ﷺ从壕沟之战返回时，指示圣门弟子不要在到达货莱宰·古莱萨部落之前礼晡礼。

2. Sometimes the Prophet would give the Sahabah (ra) an instruction, and the Sahabah (ra) would understand that instruction in two different ways. Moreover, the Prophet (saw) would approve both groups in following their understandings. An example of this has been mentioned earlier regarding the incident when the Prophet (saw) returned from the battle of Khandaq (ditch) and instructed the Sahabah not to pray Asr except in Bani Qurayzah.

由此可知,两组圣门弟子(ra)都讨论了他们对先知(saw)同一命令的不同理解,并将其提交给他(saw)裁决。先知(saw)认可了两种理解。需要注意的是,这些分歧并非因为命令本身含糊不清,而是因为阿拉伯语能够表达多种不同的含义与理解。 Note: per the rules, the Prophet's honorific should be ﷺ after each mention, and "(saw)" is the abbreviated form that must be replaced. Corrected version: 由此可知,两组圣门弟子(ra)都讨论了他们对先知ﷺ同一命令的不同理解,并将其提交给他ﷺ裁决。先知ﷺ认可了两种理解。需要注意的是,这些分歧并非因为命令本身含糊不清,而是因为阿拉伯语能够表达多种不同的含义与理解。

From this we understand that both groups of the Sahabah (ra) discussed their different understandings of the same order of the Prophet (saw), and referred it back to him (saw). The Prophet (saw) approved both understandings. It is important to note that the differences did not occur due to an ambiguity in the order; rather it occurred due to the ability of Arabic language to convey various meanings and understandings.

3. 在先知（ﷺ）在世时，若圣门弟子（愿真主喜悦他们）在没有先知（ﷺ）同行的情况下外出旅行，他们便会运用个人判断（Ijtihad），待回来后再向先知（ﷺ）请示。例如，有这样的记载，出自哲比尔（愿真主喜悦他）：“一名男子被石头击中，头骨破裂。之后他梦遗了。他问他的同伴：你们知道有什么许可（Rukhsa）让我进行干净土净（Tayammum）吗？他们说：‘我们没有找到给你的任何许可，你必须用水。’于是他洗了澡，然后死了。先知（ﷺ）听到此事后说：”

3. During the lifetime of the Prophet (saw), if the Sahabah (ra) were travelling without the Prophet (saw), they used to conduct Ijtihad, and then refer back to the Prophet (saw) when they returned. For example: It was narrated on the authority of Jabir (ra): “a man was struck by a stone that fractured his skull. Then he had a wet dream. He asked his companions - do you know of a permit (Rukhsa) for me to perform Tayammum (dry ablution)? They said, „we do not find any permit for you and you can use water.‟ He then had a bath and died. When hearing this the Prophet (saw) said:

“诚然，他只需做一次タヤンムム（即Tayammum，干净土净）便已足够，那就在头上缠一块布，在其上摸擦，并洗净身体的其余部分。”并且先知ﷺ说道：

“Verily, it would have sufficed for him to make Tayammum, so tie a piece of cloth around his head and wipe over it and wash the rest of his body.” And the Prophet (saw) said:

“为何他们不知道时不去问呢？的确，无能和无知的良药就是发问。”（艾布·达乌德、伊本·马哲和艾哈迈德辑录）

“Why did they not ask when they did not know. Indeed, the cure for inability and lack of knowledge is to ask.” (Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah & Ahmad)

前述要点表明，《古兰经》和圣训是圣门弟子（愿真主喜悦他们）唯一可接受的依据，遇到疑惑时，他们总是回归先知ﷺ求决。

The preceding points illustrate that the Qur‟an and the Sunnah were the only acceptable reference points for the Sahabah (ra), and that they would refer back to the Prophet (saw) in cases of uncertainty.