J-2. KITAB MANDI (GHUSL) (WUDHU' BESAR)
J-2. THE BOOK OF BATHING (GHUSL) (THE MAJOR ABLUTION
Dasar bagi jenis bersuci ini adalah firman Yang Maha Tinggi, "Dan jika kamu junub, maka bersucilah."58 Pembahasan tentang hukum-hukumnya, setelah mempelajari kewajibannya, siapa yang wajib melakukannya, dan identifikasi benda yang digunakan, yaitu air yang suci dan mensucikan, dilakukan dalam tiga bab. Bab pertama berkaitan dengan identifikasi perbuatan-perbuatan dalam bersuci ini. Bab kedua berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor yang mengesahkannya. Bab ketiga membahas hukum-hukum yang membatalkan bersuci ini. Mengenai orang yang diwajibkan bersuci, ia wajib dilakukan oleh setiap orang mukallaf yang wajib salat, dan dalam hal ini tidak ada perbedaan pendapat. Demikian pula tidak ada perbedaan pendapat tentang kewajibannya, dan dalilnya sama dengan dalil wudu yang telah kami sebutkan. Begitu pula hukum-hukum yang berkaitan dengan jenis-jenis air, yang pembahasannya telah dilakukan sebelumnya.
The basis for this kind of purification are the words of the Exalted, “And if ye are involved in a major hadath, purify yourself’.58 The discussion covering its rules—after having learned its obligation, on whom it is obligatory, and the ^entification of the thing to be used, which is unadulterated water—is undertaken in three chapters. The first chapter relates to the identification of acts involved in this purification. The second relates to the factors ^validating it. The third chapter covers the ahkdm of the invalidation of this Purification. 4’ About the person on whom it is obligatory, it is incumbent upon each Person who is under an obligation to pray, and there is no dispute about this. Similarly, there is no dispute about its obligation, and its evidences are the same as those for ablution, which we have mentioned. Likewise, the ahkam relating to the categories of water, whose discussion has preceded.
1.2.1. Mengenal Pasti Perbuatan bagi Kategori Penyucian Ini
1.2.1. Identification of the Acts of this Category of Purification
1.2.1.1. Isu 1: Menyapukan tangan ke seluruh badan
1.2.1.1. Issue 1: Running the hand over the entire body
Para fuqaha berselisih pendapat sama ada menyapu tangan ke seluruh badan (iaitu menggosok kulit sementara air mengalir di atasnya) merupakan syarat bagi penyucian ini, sebagaimana halnya dalam penyucian anggota semasa berwuduk, atau memadai dengan membiarkan air mengalir ke seluruh badan tanpa menyapu tangan ke atas badan. Majoriti fuqaha berpegang bahawa membiarkan air mengalir ke atas badan sudah memadai. Malik, kebanyakan murid-muridnya, dan al-Muzani daripada kalangan murid al-Shafi'i berpendapat bahawa jika orang yang bersuci terlepas satu tempat sahaja di badannya yang tidak disapu dengan tangannya, maka penyuciannya masih tidak sempurna.
The jurists disagreed over whether running the hand over the entire body (i.e. massaging the skin while water is running over it) is a condition for this purification, as is the case in the purification of limbs while performing ablution, or whether it is sufficient to let water flow over the entire body without running the hand over the body. The majority of the jurists maintained that letting water flow over the body is enough. Malik, most of his disciples, and al-MuzanT from among the disciples of al-ShafiT held that if the person undertaking purification misses a single spot of his body over which he does not pass his hand, his purification remains incomplete.
Sebab perselisihan ialah kekaburan makna istilah *ghu$T\ dan pertentangan makna zahir hadis-hadis yang diriwayatkan mengenai penerangan tentang mandi dengan kiasan mandi berdasarkan wuduk. Dalam hadis-hadis sahih yang berkaitan dengan mandi Nabi ﷺ, yang diriwayatkan melalui ‘Aisyah dan Maimunah, tidak disebut tentang menggosok badan; hanya disebut tentang mengalirkan air ke atas badan. Dalam hadis ‘Aisyah, beliau berkata, "Apabila Rasulullah ﷺ mandi selepas bersetubuh, baginda terlebih dahulu membasuh kedua-dua tangannya. Kemudian baginda menuangkan air dengan tangan kanannya ke tangan kiri, lalu dengan tangan kiri itu baginda membasuh kemaluannya. Kemudian baginda berwuduk seperti wuduk untuk solat hariannya. Selepas itu, baginda mengambil air lalu memasukkan jari-jemarinya ke pangkal rambut, dan menuangkan tiga cedukan air ke atas kepalanya. Akhirnya, baginda membiarkan air mengalir ke atas seluruh badannya."
The reason for disagreement is the equivocality of the term *ghu$T\ and the conflict of the apparent meanings of the traditions related about the description of bathing with the analogy of bathing based upon ablution. In the established traditions relevant to the subject of the Prophet’s bath, and which are related through ‘A’isha and Maymuna, there is no mention of massaging the body; they only mention the flowing of water over it. In the tradition of ^isha, she says, “When the Messenger of Allah (God’s peace and blessings be upon him) took a bath after sexual engagement, he would first wash his hands. He then poured water from his right hand over to the left hand with which he washed his genitals. Then he performed a minor ablution, like he did for his regular daily prayers. Thereafter, taking up water he would insert his fingers down to the roots of his hair and pour three handfuls of water over his head. Finally, he would let water flow over his entire body”.
1-2.1.2. Isu 2: Niat sebagai syarat
1-2.1.2. Issue 2: Intention as a prerequisite
Mereka berselisih pendapat sama ada niat termasuk dalam syarat-syarat bersuci ini (ghusl), sama seperti perselisihan mereka dalam kes wuduk kecil. Malik, al-Shafi'i, Ahmad, Abu Thawr, Dawud, dan pengikut-pengikut mereka berpendapat bahawa niat adalah salah satu syaratnya. Abu Hanifah, pengikut-pengikutnya, dan al-Thawri berpendapat bahawa niat tidak diperlukan, sebagaimana dalam kes wuduk kecil.
They disagreed on whether intention is included in the conditions of this purification (gAus/), just like their disagreement in the case of the minor ablution. Malik, al-Shafi T, Ahmad, Abu Thawr, Dawud, and his c disciples held that intention is one of its conditions. Abu HanTfa, his disciples, and al- Thawri held that intention is not required, as in the case of minor ablution.
Sebab perselisihan dalam persoalan niat adalah sama seperti yang berlaku dalam kes wudhuk kecil, yang telah dibincangkan sebelum ini.
The reason for disagreement on the question of intention is the same as that ln the case of the minor ablution, which has preceded.
1-2.1.3. Isu 3: Berkumur-kumur dan memasukkan air ke dalam hidung
1-2.1.3. Issue 3: Rinsing of the mouth and snuffing up water into the nostrils
Mereka berselisih pendapat tentang madmadah dan istinsyaq dalam bab bersuci ini, sama seperti perselisihan mereka dalam hal wudhu kecil, iaitu sama ada keduanya wajib. Sekumpulan ahli fiqh berpendapat bahawa keduanya tidak wajib dalam mandi, manakala kumpulan lain menganggapnya wajib. Mereka yang berpendapat tiada kewajipan termasuk Malik dan al-Syafi'i, manakala mereka yang mewajibkannya termasuk Abu Hanifah dan pengikut-pengikutnya.
They disagreed about madmada and istinshaq in this category of purification like their disagreement in the case of the minor ablution, that is whether they are obligatory. A group of jurists held that these are not obligatory in bathing, while another group considered them obligatory. Those who maintained a negation of obligation include Malik and al-ShaficT, while those who made it obligatory include Abu HanTfa and his disciples.
Sebab perselisihan ialah pertentangan antara makna zahir hadis Ummu Salamah dengan hadis-hadis yang diriwayatkan mengenai huraian wuduk kecil Nabi ﷺ sebelum mandian penyucian beliau, kerana hadis-hadis yang diriwayatkan mengenai huraian wuduk kecil beliau sebelum mandian penyucian menyebut madmadah dan istinsyaq, manakala hadis Ummu Salamah tidak menyebut madmadah mahupun istinsyaq. Mereka yang menganggap hadis-hadis 'Aisyah dan Maimunah sebagai penjelasan kepada bahagian-bahagian yang tidak dijelaskan dalam hadis Ummu Salamah, dan juga sebagai penerangan terhadap firman Yang Maha Tinggi, "Dan jika kamu berhadas besar, maka bersucilah kamu,"59 menjadikan berkumur dan memasukkan air ke dalam hidung sebagai wajib, manakala mereka yang menganggap hadis-hadis tersebut bertentangan mendamaikannya dengan cara mentafsirkan implikasi hadis 'Aisyah dan Maimunah sebagai sunat, dan implikasi hadis Ummu Salamah sebagai wajib.
The reason for disagreement is the conflict of the apparent meaning of the tradition of Umm Salama with the traditions that were transmitted about the description of the Prophet’s performance of minor ablution prior to his purification (bathing), because the traditions transmitted about the description of his minor ablution prior to his purification mention madmada and istinshaq, while the tradition of Umm Salama mentions neither madmada nor istinshdq. Those who considered the traditions of cA*isha and Maymuna as elaborations of the unexplained parts of the tradition of Umm Salama, and also as an explanation of the words of the Exalted, “And if ye are involved in a major hadath, purify yourselves”,59 made rinsing of the mouth, and snuffing of water into the nostrils obligatory, while those who considered ‘ them as conflicting reconciled them so as to construe the implication of the traditions of cA*isha and Maymuna for a recommendation, and the implication of the tradition of Umm Salama as an obligation.
Oleh sebab itu, mereka berselisih pendapat mengenai hukum melepaskan rambut agar air sampai ke akar-akarnya di kepala (takhlil), iaitu sama ada ia wajib bagi kategori bersuci ini. Malik menganggapnya sunat, manakala yang lain memandangnya wajib. Mereka yang mewajibkan takhlil mengukuhkan pendapat mereka dengan riwayat daripada Nabi ﷺ, "Di bawah setiap helai rambut ada janabah (hadas besar), maka bersihkanlah kulit dan biarkan rambut itu basah."
1.2.1.4. Isu 4: Pelaksanaan berterusan dan berurutan
1.2.1.4. Issue 4: Continuous and sequential performance
Mereka berselisih pendapat tentang sama ada syarat bagi kategori penyucian ini ialah pelaksanaannya secara berterusan dan berurutan, sebagaimana perselisihan mereka dalam kes wuduk kecil. Punca perselisihan ialah sama ada perbuatan Nabi hendaklah difahami sebagai wajib atau sunat. Tidak pernah diriwayatkan daripada Nabi ﷺ bahawa baginda berwuduk melainkan secara tertib dan berurutan. Sekumpulan ahli fekah berpendapat bahawa urutan dalam kategori penyucian ini (ghusl) lebih wajar diberi perhatian berbanding urutan dalam wuduk kecil, sama ada bagi kepala dan bahagian badan yang lain, kerana sabda Nabi ﷺ dalam riwayat Umm Salamah: "Cukuplah bagi kamu untuk menyiram kepala kamu tiga cedukan air, kemudian biarkan air mengalir ke seluruh badan." Kata hubung "thumma" (kemudian) menunjukkan urutan, tanpa sebarang perselisihan, menurut ahli leksikologi.
They disagreed on whether a condition for this category of purification is continuous and sequential performance, as was their disagreement in the case of the minor ablution. The reason for disagreement is whether the acts of the Prophet are to be construed as obligatory or recommended. It has not been transmitted from the Prophet (God’s peace and blessings be upon him) that he ever performed ablution, except in an ordered and sequential manner. A group of jurists held that sequence in this category of purification (ghusl) is more pertinent than it is in the minor ablution with respect to the head and the rest of the body, because of the words of the Prophet (God’s peace and blessings be upon him) in the tradition of Umm Salama, “It is enough for you to splash over your head three handfuls of water, and then let water flow over your body”. The conjunction particle “thumma” (then) implies sequence, without dispute, according to lexicologists.