ʿAbbādān — Fors ko‘rfazining boshida, hozirgi Eron janubi-g‘arbida joylashgan shahar; Abbosiylar davrining dastlabki yillarida zohidlar (q.v.) to‘planadigan joy bo‘lgan.

ʿAbbādān town at the head of the Persian Gulf, in the southwest of what is now Iran; in early Abbasid times a gathering place for renunciants (q.v.).

ʿAbbāsah bint al-Faḍl — Ibn Ḥanbalning birinchi xotini va uning o‘g‘li Ṣāliḥning onasi.

ʿAbbāsah bint al-Faḍl Ibn Ḥanbal’s first wife, and mother of his son Ṣāliḥ.

Abbosiylar (xalifalik) — Payg'ambarning amakisi al-Abbos avlodidan bo'lgan xalifalar sulolasi (q.v.). U 132/749 yilda Umaviylar sulolasi ag'darilgandan keyin tashkil topgan va 237/851 yilgacha asosan shia (q.v.) mazhabida bo'lgan; undan keyin to Bag'dod mo'g'ullar tomonidan qulatilgunga qadar, ya'ni 656/1258 yilgacha, sunniy (q.v.) islomning nominal hukmdorlari bo'lgan.

Abbasid (caliphate) the line of caliphs (q.v.) descended from the Prophet’s uncle al-ʿAbbās, established in 132/749 after the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and essentially Shiʿi (q.v.) until 237/851; thereafter the nominal dynasts of Sunni (q.v.) Islam until the fall of Baghdad to the Mongols in 656/1258.

Abdulloh ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal (v. 290/903), Ibn Hanbalning o‘g‘illaridan biri va uning hadis rivoyatlarining asosiy naqlchisi.

ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 290/903) one of Ibn Ḥanbal’s sons, and a major transmitter of his Hadith reports.

ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak (vafoti 181/797) — mashhur taqvodor va zohid hadis olimi.

ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak (d. 181/797) a famously pious and ascetic Hadith scholar.

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī qarang: Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī.

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī see Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī.

ʿAbd al-Razzoq ibn Hammom as-San'oniy (vafoti 211/827) — yamanlik hadis olimi.

ʿAbd al-Razzāq ibn Hammām al-Ṣanʿānī (d. 211/827) a Yemeni Hadith scholar.

ʿAbd al-Vahhob al-Varroq (251/865 yoki 866) — Ibn Hanbalning yaqin do‘sti, to‘g‘ri fikrli va taqvodor kishi sifatida tanilgan.

ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Warrāq (251/865 or 866) Ibn Ḥanbal’s close friend, described as right-minded and pious.

Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī (vafoti taxminan 230/845) — Ibn Hanbal bilan uning sinovi davrida munozaralashgan huquqshunos va ilohiyotchi.

Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Shāfiʿī (d. ca. 230/845) jurist and theologian who debated with Ibn Ḥanbal during his trial.

Abū Bakr (as-Siddiq) (r. 11–13/632–4) — Payg‘ambarning ﷺ sahobasi va birinchi xalifa.

Abū Bakr (al-Ṣiddīq) (r. 11–13/632–4) a Companion of the Prophet and first caliph.

Abū Bakr Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Marrūdhiy (vaf. 275/888), Ibn Hanbalning yaqin hamrohi va uning rivoyatlarini naql qilgan kishi.

Abū Bakr Ahmad ibn Muḥammad al-Marrūdhī (d. 275/888) a close associate of Ibn Ḥanbal and a transmitter of his reports.

Abū Bakr al-Khallāl (vafoti 311/923), al-Marrūzīyning shogirdi va Hanbaliy maktabining shakllanishiga asos solgan to‘plamlar muallifi.

Abū Bakr al-Khallāl (d. 311/923) a disciple of al-Marrūdhī and author of the formative compilations of the Ḥanbalī school.

Abu Hanifa (v. 150/767) — dastlabki huquqshunos olim, sunnatdan (q.v.) ko‘ra hukm chiqarishni (ra’y) afzal ko‘rgan.

Abū Ḥanifah (d. 150/767) early legal authority who favored judgment (raʾy) over sunnah (q.v.).

Abū Khaythamah Zuhayr ibn Ḥarb (vafoti 243/847) — hadis olimi va rivoyatlar to'plovchisi.

Abū Khaythamah Zuhayr ibn Ḥarb (d. 243/847) a Hadith scholar and compiler of reports.

Abū Mushir al-G'assoniy (vafoti 218/833), Suriyalik hadis olimi. Al-Ma'mun tomonidan Qur'onning yaratilgan ekanini e'lon qilishdan bosh tortgani uchun ta'qib qilingan; uning qarshiligi al-Ma'munni Inkvizitsiya (q.v.) ni davom ettirishga undagan bo'lishi mumkin.

Abū Mushir al-Ghassānī (d. 218/833) Syrian Hadith scholar persecuted by al-Maʾmūn (q.v.) for his unwillingness to declare the Qurʾan created; his resistance may have provoked al-Maʾmūn to pursue the Inquisition (q.v.).

Abu Ubayd — qarang: al-Qosim ibn Sallom.

Abū ʿUbayd see al-Qāsim ibn Sallām.

Abu Zur'a ar-Roziy (v. 264/878), hadis ilmining yirik olimi, isnodlarni tanqidiy tekshirishi va bahsu munozaraga salbiy munosabati bilan tanilgan.

Abū Zurʿah al-Rāzī (d. 264/878) major Hadith scholar known for his critical examination of isnāds and his disapproval of Disputation.

Ahmad ibn Nasr al-Xuzoʿiy (vaf. 231/845), xalifa al-Vosiq (q.v.) ga qarshi muvaffaqiyatsiz qoʻzgʻolonning yetakchisi

Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Khuzāʿī (d. 231/845) leader of a failed rebellion against the Caliph al-Wāthiq (q.v.)

va sunniylar tomonidan ham katta hurmat bilan e'zozlangan (q.v.).

and much admired by the Sunnis (q.v.).

ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (r. 35–40/656–60) — Payg‘ambarning ﷺ kuyovi va Sunniy hisobga ko‘ra to‘rtinchi xalifa (q.v.), ba’zi Shia guruhlari bo‘yicha esa birinchi imom (q.v.).

ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (r. 35–40/656–60) the Prophet’s son-in-law and the fourth caliph (q.v.) according to the Sunni count or the first imam (q.v.) according to several Shiʿi groups.

ʿAlī ibn al-Jaʿd (vafoti 230/845) — hadis olimi; Ibn Ḥanbal uni inkvizitsiyaga bo‘ysunganligi uchun qoraladi.

ʿAlī ibn al-Jaʿd (d. 230/845) Hadith scholar condemned by Ibn Ḥanbal for capitulating to the Inquisition.

ʿAlī ibn al-Jahm — al-Mutawakkil (q.v.) saroyidagi mansabdor.

ʿAlī ibn al-Jahm an official at the court of al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī (vafoti 239/853) — hadis ilmining yirik olimi; Ibn Hanbal uning Qur’on yaratilgan ekanligini (q.v.) qabul qilgani uchun uni tanqid qilgan, deb rivoyat qilinadi.

ʿAlī ibn al-Madīnī (d. 239/853) major Hadith scholar, reportedly criticized by Ibn Ḥanbal for accepting the createdness (q.v.) of the Qurʾan.

al-Amīn (r. 193–198 AH / 809–813 CE) — Abbosiy xalifalarining oltinchisi.

al-Amīn (r. 193–8/809–13) sixth Abbasid caliph.

Dajjol (al-Dajjol) — islomiy an'anada, dunyo oxirida Iso bilan kurashish uchun paydo bo'ladigan shaxs.

Antichrist (al-Dajjāl) in Islamic tradition, a figure who will arise to battle Jesus at the end of the world.

Ashkelon (zamonaviy Ashkelon) — hozirgi Isroil hududida, O‘rta er dengizining janubi-sharqiy sohilidagi shahar.

Ascalon (modern Ashkelon) a town on the southeast Mediterranean coast in what is now Israel.

Ravotchilar bo'yicha tekshirilgan rivoyatlar (al-Musnad) — Ibn Hanbal (qq.v.) ko'rsatmasi bilan Solih, Abdulloh va Hanbal ibn Ishoq tomonidan tuzilgan hadis rivoyatlari to'plami. Asar ko'plab zamonaviy nashrlarda chop etilgan.

Authenticated Reports Listed By Transmitter (al-Musnad) a book of Hadith reports compiled by Ṣāliḥ, ʿAbd Allāh, and Ḥanbal ibn Isḥaq (qq.v.) at Ibn Ḥanbal’s direction. The work has been published in many modern editions.

Basra — Iroqning janubidagi, Fors ko‘rfazi boshida joylashgan portli shahar; ilk islom davrida yirik ilmiy markaz bo‘lgan.

Basra a port city in southern Iraq, near the head of the Persian Gulf; a major intellectual center in early Islamic times.

Bishr ibn al-Ḥorith (yalang'och Bishr) (vaf. 227/841–42) — mashhur zohid, hadis ilmini shubha bilan qaragan, ammo Ibn Hanbalni hurmat qilgan.

Bishr ibn al-Ḥārith (the Barefoot) (d. 227/841–42) famous ascetic who was suspicious of Hadith study but admired Ibn Ḥanbal.

Bishr al-Marīsī (vafoti 218/833) — Hanafiy va Murji'a mazhabidan bo'lgan, al-Ma'mun (r.a.) hukmronligi davrida katta ta'sirga ega bo'lgan olim; u Qur'onning yaratilgan ekanligiga ishongani uchun Ibn Hanbal va uning izdoshlari tomonidan yomon ko'rilgan.

Bishr al-Marīsī (d. 218/833) a Ḥanafī and Postponer influential during the reign of al-Maʾmūn (q.v.); he was hated by Ibn Ḥanbal and his followers for his belief that the Qurʾan is created.

Bug'ā al-Kabir — Abbosiy xalifalarga xizmat qilgan turk sarkardasi (vafoti: 248 hijriy / 862 milodiy).

Bughā the Elder a Turkish general who served several Abbasid caliphs (d. 248/862).

xalifa — musulmon jamoasining boshlig‘i. Sunniylar tushunchasiga ko‘ra, bu o‘z tengdoshlari tomonidan tayinlangan har qanday malakali musulmon bo‘lishi mumkin. Amalda esa xalifalar Muhammad ﷺ ning dastlabki to‘rt vorisi, so‘ngra Umayyalar sulolasi hukmdorlari, keyin esa Abbosiylar sulolasi hukmdorlari bo‘lgan. Abbosiylar hukmdorlari faqat mushkul ravishda qabul qilingan, to‘qqizinchi asrning o‘rtalarida (uchinchi hijriy asr) ular sunniylikni qabul qilgunga qadar.

caliph the head of the Muslim community, understood by Sunni Muslims to be any qualified Muslim appointed by his fellows, but in practice Muhammad’s first four successors, followed by the rulers of the Umayyad dynasty and then those of the Abbasid dynasty (who were accepted only grudgingly until they adopted Sunnism in the mid-third/ninth century).

Mo'minlar amiri — xalifaning unvoni (q.v.).

Commander of Believers the title of the caliph (q.v.).

Mo'minlar amiri — xalifaning unvoni (q.v.).

Commander of the Faithful the title of the caliph (q.v.).

jamoa (al-jamāʿah) — sunniylar uchun tarixan uzluksiz davom etib kelgan to‘g‘ri e’tiqodli mo‘minlar guruhi; kengroq ma’noda esa, shu guruh tomonidan bildirilgan barcha pozitsiyalar to‘g‘ri bo‘lgani va hanuzgacha majburiy kuchga ega ekanligi haqidagi tamoyil.

community (al-jamāʿah) for Sunnis, the historically continuous group of right-minded believers, and more broadly, the principle that all positions taken by this group were correct and remain binding.

Sahobalar — Payg'ambar Muhammad ﷺ bilan hayoti bir davrda yashagan musulmonlar.

Companions Muslims whose lives overlapped with that of the Prophet Muḥammad.

yaratilganlik (Qur'on haqida) — Xudoning Payg'ambar Muhammad ﷺ ga nozil qilgan vahiysi yaratilgan narsa, deb e'tiqod qilish; bu fikr uning ilohiy kelib chiqishi tufayli abadiy ekanligi qarashiga zid turadi.

createdness (of the Qurʾan) the belief that God’s revelation to the Prophet Muḥammad is a created thing, as opposed to being eternal by virtue of its divine origin.

tsupping (hijomah) — terining teskari qilingan shisha ostiga olov qo'yish orqali hosil qilingan vakuumni teriga qo'llash bo'lib, maqsadi tanadagi zararli moddalarni chiqarib tashlashdir.

cupping the application of a vacuum (created by placing a flame under an inverted glass) to the skin, with the aim of removing harmful substances from the body.

sikl (rakʿah) — musulmon namozining tarkibiga kiruvchi qiyom (turish), rukuʿ (egilish) va sajda (peshonani yerga qo‘yish) dan iborat har bir davra.

cycle (rakʿah) any of the rounds of standing, kneeling, and prostration that make up the Muslim ritual prayer.

dāniq (shuningdek, dānaq) — dirhamning oltidan bir qismiga teng qiymatdagi tanga.

dāniq (also dānaq) a coin equal in value to one-sixth of a dirham (q.v.).

al-Dāraquṭnī (vafoti 385/995), hadis olimi va shofiiy (q.v.) faqih, munozaraga (q.v.) qattiq qarshi bo‘lgan.

al-Dāraquṭnī (d. 385/995) a Hadith scholar and Shāfiʿī (q.v.) jurist fiercely opposed to Disputation (q.v.).

Qiyomat kuni Qur'onga ko'ra, o'liklar qayta tiriltirilib, hukm qilinadigan va shundan keyin Jannatga (q.v.) yoki Do'zaxga (q.v.) yuboriladigan kun.

Day of Resurrection according to the Qurʾan, the day when the dead are brought back to life before being judged and sent to the Garden (q.v.) or the Fire (q.v.).

dinar — 4,25 gramm og'irlikdagi oltin tanga bo'lib, Abbosiylar davrining dastlabki yillarida amalda bo'lgan eng qimmatli tanga edi.

dinar a gold coin originally weighing 4.25 grams, and the most valuable coin in use during the early Abbasid period.

dirham — gumush tanga, uchinchi hijriy asr o'rtalarigacha (milodiy to'qqizinchi asrgacha) muomalada bo'lgan, og'irligi 2,91 dan 2,96 grammgacha bo'lgan kumush tanga.

dirham a silver coin, until the mid-third/ninth century weighing between 2.91 and 2.96 grams.

Bahs (kalām; so'zma-so'z, “gapirish”) — jismoniy yoki ruhiy masalalar haqida silogistik mulohazalardan foydalangan holda olib boriladigan nutq; ilohiy yoki aqidaviy fikrlash va taxminlar.

Disputation (kalām; literally, “talking”) a discourse on physical or spiritual matters that employs syllogistic reasoning; theological or dogmatic speculation.

Xorijiy (xorijiylar) mazhablari vakillari bo‘lib, ular xalifalik uchun kurashda na ʿAliy (q.v.) ni, na Muʿoviya ni qo‘llashdan bosh tortgan va faqat ular haqiqiy musulmonlar ekanliklariga ishonganlar.

Dissident (khārijī) sectarians who refused to support either ʿAlī (q.v.) or Muʿāwiyah in the battle for the caliphate and who believed themselves to be the only true Muslims.

Muhojirlar — Payg'ambar Muhammad ﷺ Makkadan Madinaga hijrat qilganlarida (milodiy 622 yil, hijriy 1 yil) unga ergashib qo'shilgan kishilar.

Emigrants followers of the Prophet Muḥammad who joined him when he left Mecca for Medina in 1/622.

Xudoning elchisi — Payg‘ambar Muhammad ﷺ ning unvoni.

Emissary of God a title of the Prophet Muḥammad.

fatā qarang futuvva.

fatā see futuwwa.

al-Fath ibn Xoqon (vaf. 247/861–62) — al-Mutavakkil (q.v.) xizmatida bo‘lgan ma’muriyat xodimi va olim.

al-Fatḥ ibn Khāqān (d. 247/861–62) an administrator and scholar who served al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

Fotima ibn Hanbalning qizi; ehtimol, Zaynab bilan bir kishi (q.v.).

Fāṭimah Ibn Ḥanbal’s daughter; possibly the same as Zaynab (q.v.).

yoki qurbonlik bayrami, hajj ziyorati vaqtida hayvonlar so'yiladigan kun, yoki ro'za bayrami, Ramazon ro'zasi tugaganda nishonlanadigan kun.

festival either the Feast of Sacrifice, when animals are slaughtered during the pilgrimage, or the Feast of Fastbreaking, celebrated at the end of the Ramadan fast.

Qur'onga ko'ra olov (an-nor) — yovuz kishilar o'lgandan keyin abadiy qoladigan joy.

Fire (al-nār) according to the Qurʾan, the place where the wicked spend eternity after death.

Fūrān, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad (vafoti 265/879) — hadis olimi va Ibn Ḥanbalning yaqin shogirdi.

Fūrān, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad (d. 265/879) a Hadith scholar and close associate of Ibn Ḥanbal.

futuvvat — yigitlikka xos fazilatlar, ya'ni Xudo oldidagi va odamlar oldidagi burchlarini ado etadigan kishining ma'qul sifatlari.

futuwwah the virtues associated with brave young men; in religious contexts, the admirable qualities of one who fulfills his duties to God and to his fellows.

Jannat (al-jannah) — Qur'onga ko'ra, solihlar o'lgandan keyin abadiy yashaydigan joy.

Garden (al-jannah) according to the Qurʾan, the place where the blessed spend eternity after death.

ḥabbah so‘zma-so‘z “donacha”; dirhamning (q.v.) 1/48 qismiga teng tanga yoki vazn o‘lchovi.

ḥabbah literally “a grain”; a coin or measure of weight equivalent to 1/48 of a dirham (q.v.).

Hadis — hadislarning butun majmuasi (q.v.), sunnatni (q.v.) aniqlash uchun ishlatiladi.

Hadith the entire corpus of hadiths (q.v.), used to determine the sunnah (q.v.).

Hadis — Payg'ambar Muhammad ﷺ aytgan yoki qilgan narsalari haqida, shu jumladan ma'qullash yoki noma'qullashning yashirin ifodalari haqida xabar bo'lib, bu xabarning o'zi hamda uni rivoyat qilganlarning ro'yxatidan iborat.

hadith a report of something the Prophet Muḥammad said or did, including tacit expressions of approval or disapproval, consisting of the report itself as well as a list of those who transmitted it.

Hanafiy — Abu Hanifa (rahmatullohi alayh) nomi bilan atalgan huquqiy maktabga ergashuvchi kishi.

Ḥanafī a follower of the legal school named after Abū Ḥanīfah (q.v.).

Ḥanbal ibn Isḥāq (vafoti 273/886), Ibn Hanbalning amakivachchasi va Mihna (inkvizitsiya) voqeasi haqida hikoya muallifi; boshqa manbalarga nisbatan kamroq keltiriladi, ehtimol otasi Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbalning (q.v.) bu voqeadagi roli tufayli.

Ḥanbal ibn Isḥāq (d. 273/886) Ibn Ḥanbal’s cousin, and author of an account of the Inquisition; less often cited than other sources, perhaps because of his father Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal’s (q.v.) role in the episode.

al-Ḥārith al-Muḥāsibī (vafoti 243/857) — mistik ilohiyotchi.

al-Ḥārith al-Muḥāsibī (d. 243/857) mystical theologian.

Harthamah ibn Aʿyan (vafoti 200/816), Abbosiylar sarkardasi; al-Mutawakkil va uning saroyi haqidagi hikoyada anaxronizm tariqasida personaj sifatida ishlatilgan (96.9).

Harthamah ibn Aʿyan (d. 200/816) Abbasid general anachronistically used as a character in a story (96.9) about al-Mutawakkil and his court.

Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad — Ibn Ḥanbal kanizi Ḥusnning ikki o‘g‘lidan biri, ular bu nom bilan atalgan.

Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad either of two sons by this name born to Ibn Ḥanbal’s concubine Ḥusn.

Quraysh qabilasining Hoshim urug‘i, Payg‘ambar ﷺ dunyoga kelgan urug‘ edi.

Hāshim the clan of the tribe of Quraysh into which the Prophet was born.

Hoshimiy — Payg'ambar Muhammad ﷺ mansub bo'lgan qabilaning a'zosi.

Hāshimī a member of the clan to which the Prophet Muḥammad belonged.

Ansorlar (anṣār) — Muhammad ﷺ Makkadan Madinaga hijrat qilganlaridan keyin Islomni qabul qilgan Madina fuqarolari.

Helpers (anṣār) those citizens of Medina who accepted Islam after the Prophet moved there from Mecca in 1/622.

zindīq (zindiq) — dastlab manixeylik dualisti; keyinchalik esa Islomga zid aqidaga yashirincha amal qiladi, deb shubhalangan har qanday kishi.

heretic (zindīq) originally a Manichean dualist, and later anyone suspected of secretly adhering to a creed incompatible with Islam.

Hims (yoki Homs) — hozirgi Suriyaning g‘arbiy-markaziy qismida joylashgan shahar.

Hims (or Homs) a town in the west-central part of what is today Syria.

Hushaym ibn Bashīr (183/799) — hadis olimi, Ibn Hanbal unga rivoyat qilgan.

Hushaym ibn Bashīr (183/799) a Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal.

Husn ibn Hanbal ning kanizi va olti farzandining onasi.

Ḥusn Ibn Ḥanbal’s concubine and mother of six of his children.

Ibn ʿAbbās (vafot etgan yili taxminan 68/687–88) — Payg‘ambarning amakivachchasi va abbosiylar sulolasining nomiy ajdodi; keyingi avlod sunniylari (q.v.) unga Qur’on va sunnat (q.v.) bo‘yicha keng bilim berishgan.

Ibn ʿAbbās (d. ca. 68/687–88) a cousin of the Prophet and the nominal ancestor of the Abbasid line; later generations of Sunnis (q.v.) credited him with vast knowledge of the Qurʾan and the sunnah (q.v.).

Ibn Abī Duʾād (d. 240/854) — Xorijiy (q.v.) mazhabiga mansub, al-Ma'mun, al-Mu'tasim, al-Vosiq va al-Mutavakkil xalifalarining maslahatchisi; Inkvizitsiyadagi roli tufayli Ibn Hanbal va uning izdoshlari tomonidan yomon ko'rilgan.

Ibn Abī Duʾād (d. 240/854) a Secessionist (q.v.) and advisor to the caliphs al-Maʾmūn, al-Muʿtaṣim, al- Wāthiq, and al-Mutawakkil; hated by Ibn Ḥanbal and his followers for his role in the Inquisition.

Ibn Māsawayh (vafoti 243/857), bir nechta Abbosiy xalifalarning shifokori.

Ibn Māsawayh (d. 243/857) physician to several Abbasid caliphs.

Ibn Rāhawayh — qarang: Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh.

Ibn Rāhawayh see Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh.

Ibn Ṭāhir — qarang: Muhammad ibn ʿAbdulloh ibn Ṭohir.

Ibn Ṭāhir see Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṭāhir.

Ibn az-Zayyāt (vafoti 233/847), al-Mu‘tasim, al-Vosiq va al-Mutavakkil davrlarida vazir (q.q.v.).

Ibn al-Zayyāt (d. 233/847) vizier under al-Muʿtaṣim, al-Wāthiq, and al-Mutawakkil (q.q.v.).

Ibrohim (Ishoq o'g'li) al-Harbiy (vaf. 285/898–99) — hadis olimi, zohid (q.v.) va ko'p sohalarni biluvchi olim.

Ibrāhīm (ibn Isḥaq) al-Ḥarbī (d. 285/898–99) Hadith scholar, renunciant (q.v.), and polymath.

Ibrohim an-Naxaʿiy (vaf. taxminan 96/717) — Kufalik hadis rivoyat qiluvchi va mustaqil ijtihod qilishi bilan tanilgan faqih.

Ibrāhīm al-Nakhaʿī (d. ca. 96/717) Kufan Hadith-transmitter and faqīh known for his exercise of independent judgment.

imom — Muslimlarni o‘z mavqeida yetakchilik qiluvchi shaxs: jamoat namozida, muayyan talqin yo‘nalishida yoki davlat rahbari sifatida boshqa musulmonlarni boshqaradigan kishi; sunniylarda (q.v.) namunali olim; shia'larda esa Payg‘ambarning oila a'zosi bo‘lib, odatda huquq sohasidagi maxsus bilimi tufayli jamoatni boshqarishga haqli shaxs.

imam one who in his capacity as a Muslim leads other Muslims, whether in group prayer, in pursuing a particular path in interpretation, or as head of state; among Sunnis (q.v.), an exemplary scholar; among Shiʿa, a member of the Prophet’s family entitled to lead the community, usually by virtue of special knowledge of the law.

Kofir (kāfir) — Xudoga ishonishdan bosh tortadigan yoki Xudoga ishonishini e'lon qilmaydigan kishi.

Ingrate (kāfir) one who refuses to believe in, or declare a belief in, God.

bid'atchi — Ibn Hanbal va uning izdoshlari tomonidan sunnatda (q.v.) mavjud bo'lmagan va shu sababli yomon deb hisoblangan e'tiqod hamda amallarni kiritishda mas'ul deb bilgan shaxslarni qoralash uchun ishlatilgan atama.

innovator a term used by Ibn Ḥanbal and his followers to condemn persons they believed responsible for introducing beliefs and practices not present in the sunnah (q.v.) and therefore bad.

Inkvizitsiya — sudyalar, notarial guvohlar, hadis olimlari va boshqa turli shaxslarni so‘roq qilish orqali ularning Qur’on yaratilgan degan ta’limotni tan olishini, va shu bilan birga Abbosiy xalifaning e’tiqod va amaliyot masalalarida so‘nggi so‘z egasi ekanini e’tirof etishini aniqlash. Xalifa al-Ma’mun tomonidan 218/833 yilda joriy etilgan va to al-Mutavakkil tomonidan 237/851 yilda tugatilguncha vaqti-vaqti bilan amalga oshirilgan.

Inquisition the interrogation of judges, notary witnesses, Hadith scholars, and miscellaneous other persons, to determine their assent to the doctrine that the Qurʾan is created, and by extension, their acknowledgement that the Abbasid caliph had the final word in matters of belief and practice; introduced by the caliph al-Maʾmūn in 218/833 and intermittently enforced until ended by al- Mutawakkil in 237/851.

Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal, Ibn Ḥanbalning amakisi; uning sud jarayoniga tortilishida mas'ul bo'lgan deb rivoyat qilinadi va u Ibn Ḥanbalni Inkvizitsiya bilan kelishishga undagan deb tasvirlanadi.

Isḥāq ibn Ḥanbal Ibn Ḥanbal’s uncle; reportedly responsible for having him put in trial, and described as urging him to compromise with the Inquisition.

Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm (vafoti 235/849), al-Ma’mun, al-Mu’tasim, al-Vosiq va al-Mutavakkil (q.q.v.) davrida Bag‘dod hokimi.

Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm (d. 235/849) governor of Baghdad under al-Maʾmūn, al-Muʿtaṣim, al-Wāthiq, and al- Mutawakkil (q.q.v.).

Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh (vafoti 238/853), Ibn Hanbal ga rivoyat qilgan hurmatli hadis olimi.

Isḥāq ibn Rāhawayh (d. 238/853) respected Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal.

Ismoil ibn Uloyya (vaf. 193/809) — Ibn Hanbalga rivoyat qilgan hadis olimi.

Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUlayyah (d. 193/809) Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal.

Ītākh (vafoti 235/849) — Abbosiy xalifalar al-Mu'tasim, al-Vosiq va al-Mutavakkil (q.v.) davrida xizmat qilgan xazar harbiy qo'mondoni.

Ītākh (d. 235/849) Khazar military commander under the Abbasid caliphs al-Muʿtaṣim, al-Wāthiq, and al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

Jahm ibn Ṣafwān (vafoti 128/745) — erta islom mutafakkiri. Unga bir qator ta'limotlar nisbat berilganki, ular Ibn Ḳanbal va uning izdoshlariga yoqmas edi, xususan, Qur'onning asl nusxasi (al-lavh) ma'lum bir paytdan boshlab mavjud bo'lgan, degan da'vosi.

Jahm ibn Ṣafwān (d. 128/745) early Muslim thinker to whom are attributed a number of teachings hateful to Ibn Ḥanbal and his associates, particularly the claim that the prototype of the Qurʾan began to exist only at a particular point in time.

jinn — olovdan yaratilgan, ongli mavjudot bo‘lib, ko‘pincha inson ishlariga aralashadi, deb tasvirlanadi.

jinni a sentient creature made of fire, often described as interfering in human affairs.

fiqh (fikh) — eng keng ma'noda, diniy, huquqiy va axloqiy masalalarda to'g'ri harakat yo'lini ajrata olish qobiliyati; torroq ma'noda, matnga asoslangan rasmiy huquqiy mulohaza yuritish.

jurisprudence (fiqh) most broadly, the ability to discern the right course of action in ritual, legal, and ethical matters; more narrowly, formal text-based legal reasoning.

al-Karābīsī (vaf. 245/859 yoki 248/862) — Qur'onning, shuningdek Xudoning kalomi uning yaratilmagan ekanligini, lekin uni insonning talaffuz qilishi yaratilgan ekanligini ta'kidlagan faqih va mutakallim.

al-Karābīsī (d. 245/859 or 248/862) a jurist and theologian who argued that God’s speech (including the Qurʾan) is uncreated but human utterance of it is not.

al-Karkh — Bag'dodning Dumaloq shahar (Round City) ichidagi xalifalik majmuasidan janubda joylashgan hududining umumiy nomi.

al-Karkh the general name for the region of Baghdad south of the caliphal compound in the Round City.

al-Xadir (shuningdek, al-Xizr) — Qur'onda (Kahf surasi, 18:60–82 oyatlar) zikr etilgan va Musoga yo'l-yo'riq bergan shaxs; xalq e'tiqodiga ko'ra, muhtojlik paytida musulmonlarga yo'l-yo'riq ko'rsatib turuvchi, doimo qayta-qayta paydo bo'ladigan shaxs.

al-Khaḍir (also called al-Khiḍr) a figure who appears in the Qurʾan (Q Kahf 18:60–82) and guides Moses; in popular belief, a perennially recurrent figure who provides guidance to Muslims in time of need.

al-Xallol — qarang: Abu Bakr al-Xallol.

al-Khallāl see Abū Bakr al-Khallāl.

Xuroson — hozirgi shimoliy-sharqiy Eron, Afg'oniston va Markaziy Osiyoning ayrim hududlarini o'z ichiga olgan mintaqa.

Khurasan a region that includes what is today northeastern Iran, Afghanistan, and parts of Central Asia.

al-Xuzāʿiy — qarang: Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Xuzāʿiy.

al-Khuzāʿī see Aḥmad ibn Naṣr al-Khuzāʿī.

Iroqning markaziy qismida, Dajla daryosi bo‘yida joylashgan Kufa shahri; islom tarixining dastlabki davrlarida muhim ilm markazi bo‘lgan.

Kufa city in central Iraq, on the Tigris River; an important center of learning in early Islamic times.

Kunya — Abū («… otasi») yoki Umm («… onasi») so'zlari bilan boshlanib, shu kishining farzandi yoki unga yaqin bog'liq boshqa shaxsning ismi bilan davom etadigan murojaat shakli. Kunyadan foydalanish samimiylikni, hurmatni yoki ikkalasini birga ifodalashi mumkin.

kunyah a form of address consisting of Abū (“father of”) or Umm (“mother of”) followed by the name of that person’s child or other figure closely associated with them. The use of a kunyah can convey intimacy, respect, or both.

Majusiylar (majūs) — tashqaridagilar Zardushtiylarga nisbatan qo'llagan atama.

Magians (majūs) a term used by outsiders to refer to Zoroastrians.

Molik ibn Anas (vafoti 179/795) — Madina ahlining amaliyoti eng yaxshi dalil bo‘ladi, degan qarashga bog‘liq bo‘lgan dastlabki huquqshunos olim.

Mālik ibn Anas (d. 179/795) early legal thinker associated with the doctrine that the practice of the people of Medina constituted the best precedent.

al-Ma'mun (h. 198–218/813–33) — Abbosiy xalifalarning yettinchisi.

al-Maʾmūn (r. 198–218/813–33) seventh Abbasid caliph.

Inoyatning namoyon bo'lishlari — inoyat belgilarini ko'ring.

manifestations of grace see signs of grace.

al-Mansur masjidi, ikkinchi Abbosiy xalifa (hukmronligi 136–158 hijriy / 754–775 milodiy) tomonidan qurilgan masjid. Xalifalar maxsus qurilgan Dumaloq shaharni tark etganidan keyin ham, bu masjid juma namozlari uchun markaz bo‘lib xizmat qilishda davom etdi.

al-Manṣūr, mosque of the mosque built by the second Abbasid caliph (r. 136–58/754–75). The mosque continued to serve as a center for Friday worship even after the caliphs moved out of the purposebuilt Round City.

al-Marīsī — qarang: Bishr al-Marīsī.

al-Marīsī see Bishr al-Marīsī.

al-Marrūdhī — Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī ga qarang.

al-Marrūdhī see Abū Bakr al-Marrūdhī.

Ma'ruf al-Karkhi (vafot etgan 200/815–16) — Bag'dodlik zohid, tasavvuf (tasavvufiy) an'analarida taniqli shaxs.

Maʿrūf al-Karkhī (d. 200/815–16) a Baghdadi ascetic prominent in Sufi (mystical) traditions.

Marv — hozirgi Turkmanistondagi shahar; ilk islom davrida Xuroson (q.v.) poytaxti.

Marv city in what is now Turkmenistan; in early Islamic times, the capital of Khurasan (q.v.).

al-Miṣṣīṣah — Turkiya hududida, hozirgi Turkiyaning shimoli-sharqiy O‘rta yer dengizi sohilidagi shahar; Abbosiylar davrining dastlabki yillarida esa Vizantiya bilan chegarada joylashgan.

al-Miṣṣīṣah town near the northeast Mediterranean coast in what is today Turkey, and in early Abbasid times on the frontier with the Byzantines.

mitqol — og‘irlik birligi, arpaning altmish donasiga teng (boshqa ta’riflari ham bor).

mithqāl a unit of weight equal to sixty grains of barley (among other definitions).

Muhammad ibn Abdulloh ibn Tohir — Bag‘dodda harbiy qo‘mondon bo‘lgan va Ibn Hanbalning janozasida al-Mu‘tasim (q.v.) vakili bo‘lgan.

Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ṭāhir military commander in Baghdad and representative of al-Muʿtaṣim (q.v.) at Ibn Ḥanbal’s funeral.

Muhammad ibn Idris — qarang: al-Shofi'iy.

Muḥammad ibn Idrīs see al-Shāfiʿī.

Muhammad ibn Nuh (218/833) — hadis ilmidan oz xabardor bo‘lgan yosh kishi, u Qur’onni yaratilgan deb e’lon qilishdan bosh tortgan Ibn Hanbal bilan birga bo‘lgan.

Muḥammad ibn Nūḥ (218/833) a young man of little Hadith-learning who joined Ibn Ḥanbal in refusing to declare the Qurʾan created.

Muhammad ibn Zubaydah, qarang: al-Amīn.

Muḥammad ibn Zubaydah see al-Amīn.

al-Muḥosibiy — qarang: al-Horits.

al-Muḥāsibī see al-Ḥārith.

al-Muhtadī (h. 255–256 / m. 868–870) — Abbosiylar xalifasining o‘n to‘rtinchi xalifasi.

al-Muhtadī (r. 255–56/868–70) fourteenth Abbasid caliph.

Munkar — qabrda o‘liklarni so‘roq qilishi aytilgan ikki farishtadan biri.

Munkar one of the two angels said to interrogate the dead in their graves.

Musaddad ibn Musarhad (v. 228/842–43) — Basra shahridagi, hadis rivoyat qilishda obro'li rovi.

Musaddad ibn Musarhad (d. 228/842–43) well-respected Basran Hadith transmitter.

Al-Musnad — qarang: Ravilar bo‘yicha tartiblangan sahih rivoyatlar

al-Musnad see Authenticated Reports Listed By Transmitter.

al-Muʿtaṣim (r. 218–27/833–42) — Abbosiylar xalifaligining sakkizinchi xalifasi.

al-Muʿtaṣim (r. 218–27/833–42) eighth Abbasid caliph.

al-Mutawakkil (hukmronlik davri 232–247/847–61) — Abbosiylar xalifaligining o‘ninchi xalifasi.

al-Mutawakkil (r. 232–247/847–61) tenth Abbasid caliph.

Nakīr — qabrda o‘liklarni so‘roq qilishga yuborilgan ikki farishtadan biri.

Nakīr one of the two angels said to interrogate the dead in their graves.

Nishapur — Eron shimoli-sharqida, hozirgi Mashhad yaqinidagi shahar.

Nishapur a town in northeastern Iran near present-day Mashhad.

notariy-guvoh — sudya tomonidan shartnoma majburiyatlarini bajarilishiga yoki sud huzurida paydo bo'ladigan shaxslarning xulq-atvoriga oddiy guvoh sifatida xizmat qilish uchun jalb qilingan shaxs.

notary-witness a person engaged by a judge to serve as a regular witness to the undertaking of contractual obligations or to the character of persons who appear in court.

Nuʿaym ibn Ḥammād (vafoti 228/843?) — Qur'onning yaratilgan ekanligini e'lon qilishdan bosh tortgani uchun qamoqqa tashlangan hadis olimi; shuningdek, qiyomat alomatlari haqidagi rivoyatlarni to'plovchi sifatida ham mashhur.

Nuʿaym ibn Ḥammād (d. 228/843?) a Hadith scholar imprisoned for refusing to declare the Qurʾan created; also famous as a compiler of apocalyptic traditions.

Avtodlar (avtād) — tasavvuf ierarxiyasida to‘rtta kardinal yo‘nalish bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan, shuningdek, sufiy shayxlar tartibida uchinchi o‘rinni egallaydigan to‘rt shaxsdan biri.

Pegs (awtād) one of four figures associated with the cardinal points of the compass and occupying the third rank in the hierarchy of Sufi masters.

Murjiʾah (qoldiruvchilar) — ulardan maqsad: so'nggi davr musulmonlari sahobalarni hukm qila olmaydi yoki ularni ajratgan nizolarni hal qila olmaydi, va bunday hal qilish Qiyomat kuniga qadar kechiktirilishi kerak, deb hisoblaydiganlar.

Postponers (murjiʿah) those who hold that latter-day Muslims cannot judge the Companions or resolve the disputes that divided them, and that any such resolution must be postponed until Judgment Day.

Yaratilgan kalom tarafdori — Qur'onning Alloh bilgan holdagi ko'rinishi yaratilmagan, ammo odamlar tomonidan ovoz chiqarib o'qilayotgan Qur'on yaratilgan narsadir, deb hisoblovchi kishi.

Proponent of Created Utterance one who believes that, while the Qurʾan as known to God is uncreated, the Qurʾan as spoken aloud by humans is a created thing.

al-Qoʻim bi-Amr Alloh (h. 422–467/1031–1075) — Abbosiy xalifalarning yigirma oltinchisi.

al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh (r. 422–67/1031–75) twenty-sixth Abbasid caliph.

al-Qosim ibn Sallom (v. 224/838) — huquqiy va lingvistik masalalar bo‘yicha asarlar tuzgan olim.

al-Qāsim ibn Sallām (d. 224/838) compiler of works on legal and linguistic issues.

Qatiʿat al-Rabiʿ — Bag‘dodning bir tumani bo‘lib, Dumaloq shahardan janub-g‘arbda, al-Karkh hududida joylashgan (q.v.).

Qaṭīʿat al-Rabīʿ a district of Baghdad, located southwest of the Round City in al-Karkh (q.v.).

al-Qawārīrī (vafoti 235/850) — Bag‘dodlik hadis olimi. U avvaliga Qur’on yaratilgan ekanligini tan olishdan bosh tortgan, so‘ngra majburlash ostida buni tan olgan.

al-Qawārīrī (d. 235/850) Baghdadi Hadith scholar who at first refused, then agreed under duress, that the Qurʾan is created.

Qazvin — Eron markazining shimoliy qismida, hozirgi Tehrondan g‘arbda joylashgan shahar.

Qazwīn a town in north-central Iran west of present-day Tehran.

qīrāṭ — dirhamning o‘n ikkidan bir qismiga teng tanga (q.v.).

qīrāṭ a coin worth one-twelfth of a dirham (q.v.).

qiṭʿah — tanga yoki kesilgan yoxud qirqilgan kumush tangadan olingan bo‘lak yoki parcha.

qiṭʿah a coin, or a scrap or shard made by cutting or trimming a silver coin.

kvira (juz') — qo'lyozma yoki kitobning bir qismini tashkil etuvchi varaqlar to'plami.

quire (juzʾ) a grouping of sheets that makes up part of a manuscript or book.

Quraysh — Payg'ambar Muhammad ﷺ mansub bo'lgan qabila.

Quraysh the tribe to which the Prophet Muḥammad belonged.

rakʿah — sikl (siklga qarang)

rakʿah see cycle.

Ar-Raqqa — Suriyaning shimoliy-markaziy qismida, Furot daryosi bo‘yida joylashgan shahar; Bag‘dod va Vizantiya chegarasi o‘rtasidagi yo‘lda odatiy to‘xtash joyi.

al-Raqqah a town located on the Euphrates River in north-central Syria; a common stopping point on the journey between Baghdad and the Byzantine frontier.

al-Rashīd (h. 170–193/786–809) — Abbosiylar sulolasining beshinchi xalifasi.

al-Rashīd (r. 170–93/786–809) fifth Abbasid caliph.

Rayḥanah Ibn Ḥanbal — uning ikkinchi xotini va o‘g‘li ʿAbdulloh onasi.

Rayḥanah Ibn Ḥanbal’s second wife and mother of his son ʿAbd Allāh.

Rafḍ (rad) — Shiʼalikka nisbatan qo‘llaniladigan haqorat ma’nosidagi atama. U shialarning Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthmon va Muoviya ni qonuniy xalifalar sifatida rad etishlariga ishora qiladi.

Rejection (rafḍ) a disparaging term of reference to Shiʿism, referring to its rejection of Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, and Muʿāwiyah as legitimate caliphs.

Rofiziy (rofiḍiy) — shia (q.v.) ga nisbatan tahqirli ma’noda ishlatiladigan atama.

Rejectionist (rāfiḍi) a term of disparaging reference to a Shiʿi (q.v.).

Zuhd (zuhd) — hozirgi dunyodan voz kechish, odatda qulaylikdan yuz o‘girish, tana istaklarini bostirish va odamlar bilan muloqotdan saqlanishni o‘z ichiga oladi; Allohning shariatiga sadoqat belgisi.

renunciation (zuhd) disengagement from the present world, usually entailing the shunning of comforts, the suppression of bodily urges, and the avoidance of company; a sign of devotion to God’s law.

Rey — Eron shimoli-markaziy qismida, hozirgi Tehrondan janubda joylashgan shahar.

Rey city in the north-central part of what is now Iran, just south of modern Tehran.

Ridvon — musulmon an'anasida jannatga solihlarni kiritadigan farishta (q.v.).

Riḍwān in Muslim tradition, the angel who receives the blessed into the Garden (q.v.).

To'g'ri yo'lda yurgan xalifalar — Abu Bakr, Umar, Usmon va Ali (r.a.) ga nisbatan ishlatiladigan, Ahli sunnat (q.v.) tomonidan qo'llaniladigan ibora.

Righteous Caliphs the Sunni (q.v.) form of reference to Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, and ʿAlī (q.v.).

ritual prayer — Islomning belgilangan besh vaqt namozlaridan biri (ixtiyoriy duo, ya'ni "duo" — istalgan vaqtda qilinishi mumkin bo'lgan ibodatdan farqli o'laroq).

ritual prayer one of Islam’s five prescribed daily prayers (as opposed to duʿāʾ, “supplication,” which may be performed at any time).

ar-Ruṣāfa — Bag‘dodning katta qismi bo‘lib, Dajla daryosining sharq sohilida joylashgan hudud.

al-Ruṣāfah the part of greater Baghdad that lay on the east bank of the Tigris River.

Saʿīd ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal — Ibn Ḥanbalning o‘g‘illaridan biri, otasi vafot etishidan oz oldin tug‘ilgan.

Saʿīd ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal one of Ibn Ḥanbal’s sons, born shortly before his father’s death.

Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab (vafoti 93/711–12), Madinadagi yetakchi tobeʿiy va hadis rivoyatlarining mashhur manbai.

Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab (d. 93/711–12) leading Successor (q.v.) of Medina and noted source of Hadith reports.

Sajjāda, al-Ḥasan ibn Ḥammād (vafoti 241/855) — Bag‘dodlik hadis olimi. U avvaliga Qur’on yaratilgan ekanligini tan olishdan bosh tortgan, keyin esa majburlash ostida buni tan olishga rozi bo‘lgan.

Sajjādah, al-Ḥasan ibn Ḥammād (d. 241/855) Baghdadi Hadith scholar who at first refused, then agreed under duress, that the Qurʾan is created.

Ṣāliḥ ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (vafoti 265/879) — Ibn Hanbalning eng katta o‘g‘li va uning hadis rivoyatlarining yirik naqlchisi; Isfahonda qozi bo‘lib xizmat qilgan.

Ṣāliḥ ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 265/879) Ibn Ḥanbal’s eldest son and a major transmitter of his Hadith reports; served as judge in Isfahan.

Samarqand — hozirgi O‘zbekiston hududida joylashgan shahar.

Samarqand a city located in what is now Uzbekistan.

Samarra — Markaziy Iroqdagi maxsus qurilgan shahar bo‘lib, 221/836 yildan 279/892 yilgacha Abbosiylar poytaxti vazifasini o‘tagan; xalifa al-Mutavakkil (q.v.) Ibn Hanbalni Bag‘doddan shu yerga olib kelishni buyurgan.

Samarra purpose-built city in central Iraq that served as the Abbasid capital from 221/836 to 279/892; the caliph al-Mutawakkil (q.v.) had Ibn Ḥanbal brought here from Baghdad.

Sanaa — Yamandagi shahar.

Sanaa a town in Yemen.

vara' (ortiqlik) — haromga yo'l qo'ymaslik va faqat harom bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan, shubhali yoki halolligi noma'lum bo'lgan narsa va ishlardan ham o'zini tiyish bo'lgan diniy taqvodorlik amali.

scrupulosity (waraʿ) the pious practice of shunning not only forbidden objects and activities but also those which are merely suspicious or of unknown legality.

Ajralib chiquvchilar (al-mu'tazilah, "o'zlarini bir-biridan ajratib olganlar") — ratsionalistik yondashuvga, umuman olganda, ega bo'lgan olimlarga berilgan nom. Masalan, ular Xudoning ko'rinishda jismoniy bo'lib tuyulgan sifatlarini majoziy talqin qilishni ma'qul ko'rganlar.

Secessionists (al-muʿtazilah, “those who sent themselves apart”) a name applied to scholars who were, broadly speaking, rationalist in their approach. For example, they favored metaphorical explanations for the apparently physical attributes of God.

al-Shāfiʿī, Muhammad ibn Idris (vafoti 204/820) — huquqshunos nazariyotchi; sunniy fiqhning asosini qo‘yganlikda e’tirof etilgan, Qur’ondan va sunnatdan huquqiy hukmlarni chiqarish usullarini ishlab chiqqan.

al-Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs (d. 204/820) legal theorist credited with laying the foundation for Sunni jurisprudence by developing methods for deriving law from the Qurʾan and sunnah.

Shofiʼiy — al-Shofiʼiy nomi bilan atalgan huquqiy maktabga ergashuvchi.

Shāfiʿī a follower of the legal school named after al-Shāfiʿī (q.v.).

Shiʿi (ko‘plik shakli Shiʿa) — Payg‘ambarning oila a’zolaridan ayrimlarigina Muslim jamoasining yagona qonuniy rahbarlari, odatda ular Alloh qonunini alohida tushunganliklari sababli, deb e’tiqod qiluvchi kishi.

Shiʿi (pl. Shiʿa) one characterized by the belief that certain members of the Prophet’s family are the only legitimate leaders of the Muslim community, usually because of their special understanding of God’s law.

Karomatlar (karāmāt) — odatdagi sabab-natija qonuniyatining buzilishi bo‘lib, inson Xudoning alohida inoyatiga sazovor ekanligiga dalil bo‘ladi. Ular odatda yashirin bo‘ladi va payg‘ambarlar ko‘rsatgan dalil-mo‘jizalardan farq qiladi.

signs of grace (karāmāt) violations of accustomed causality that serve as evidence that a person enjoys God’s special favor. These are generally concealed, and differ from the evidentiary miracles performed by prophets.

"Stopper" (vaqifiy) — kimki Qur'on haqida so'ralganda, "U Alloh kalomidir" deb aytib, to'xtab qoladigan kishi. Ibn Hanbalga ko'ra, u "yaratilmagan" so'zini qo'shishi kerak. Sufiylik tafakkurida abdol (abdāl) — Allohning cheksiz miqdordagi taqvodor bandalaridan biri bo'lib, u vafot etganda, xuddi shunchalik fazilatli boshqa kishi uning o'rnini egallaydi; hadis olimlari orasida bu atama, ko'rinishidan, o'ta taqvodor musulmonlarga nisbatan qo'llanilgan bo'lib, ularning kimligi sir tutilishi kerak deb hisoblanadi.

Stopper one who, when asked about the Qurʾan, says “It is the speech of God,” and stops. According to Ibn Ḥanbal, he should add “uncreated.” Substitutes (abdāl) in Sufi thought, one of a limited number of pious servants of God who, when he dies, is replaced by another of equal merit; among Hadith scholars, a term evidently applied to Muslims of great piety whose identity is supposed to be a secret.

Tobi'un — sahobalardan keyin keladigan musulmonlar avlodi (q.v.).

Successors the generation of Muslims after the Companions (q.v.).

Sufiy — dastlab Iroq maktabiga mansub musulmon mistik; Ibn Hanbal davrida bu maktab hali shakllanish jarayonida edi. Keyinchalik esa, har qanday musulmon mistigi.

Sufi originally a Muslim mystic of the Iraqi school, which in Ibn Ḥanbal’s time was still in the process of formation; in later usage, any Muslim mystic.

Sufyon, as-Savriy (vaf. 161/778) — hadis rivoyat qiluvchi va faqih; sunniylar uning hadisga birinchilardan bo‘lib alohida e’tibor qaratgani hamda Umaviylarga moyilligi va Abbosiylarga qarshi kayfiyati uchun uni hurmat qilishadi.

Sufyān, al-Thawrī (d. 161/778) transmitter and jurisprudent admired by Sunnis for his pioneering emphasis on Hadith as well as his pro-Umayyad and anti-Abbasid sentiments.

Sufyon ibn Uyayna (vafoti 196/811) — Makkalik hadis olimi.

Sufyān ibn ʿUyaynah (d. 196/811) Meccan Hadith scholar.

sunnat — Payg'ambarning ﷺ o'rnak bo'luvchi amaliyoti bo'lib, u hadis (q.v.) da saqlangan va huquqiy manba sifatida ishlatilgan; ba'zan u erta davr musulmonlarining amaliyotini ham o'z ichiga oladi (odatda akhbār yoki āthār deb ataladigan rivoyatlarda saqlangan).

sunnah the exemplary practice of the Prophet, preserved in the Hadith (q.v.) and used as a source of law; sometime also includes the practice of the early Muslims (preserved in narratives usually called akhbār or āthār).

Sunnat (sifat: sunniy) — "sunnat ahli va jamoat" deb o‘zini e’lon qilgan harakatning yetuk shakli; uni tarixiy xalifalik bilan birdamlik, imomiylikni (qarang: "imom") rad etish va bahsga (q.v.) emas, balki hadisga (q.v.) tayanish belgilaydi.

Sunnah (adj. Sunni) the mature form of the movement that began by proclaiming itself “the people of sunnah (q.v.) and Community (q.v.)”; it is characterized by solidarity with the historical caliphate, rejection of imamism (see “imam”), and reliance on Hadith (q.v.) rather than Disputation (q.v.).

Tarsus — O‘rta er dengizi bo‘yidagi, bugungi Turkiya hududidagi shahar; Vizantiyaga qarshi chegara urushlarida qatnashishni istagan taqvodor musulmonlar orasida mashhur manzil.

Tarsus town on the Mediterranean coast of what is today Turkey; a popular destination for pious Muslims seeking to join the frontier wars against the Byzantines.

Tūzūn — 331/943 yilda Bag‘dodni qo‘lga kiritgan turk generali.

Tūzūn a Turkish general who siezed control of Baghdad in 331/943.

ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Khāqān (vafoti 263/877), al-Mutavakkil (q.v.) vaziri.

ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Khāqān (d. 263/877) vizier of al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

ʿUkbarā — Tigris daryosining sharqiy qirg‘og‘ida, Bag‘dodning shimolida joylashgan shahar.

ʿUkbarā town on the east bank of the Tigris north of Baghdad.

ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz (h. 99–101 / m. 717–720) — taqvosi va adolati bilan mashhur Umaviy xalifa.

ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (r. 99–101/717–20) Umayyad caliph renowned for his piety and justice.

ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (r. 13–23/634–44) — Payg‘ambar ﷺ sahobasi va ikkinchi xalifa; sunniylar orasida adolatli hukmronlikning namunasi.

ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (r. 13–23/634–44) Companion of the Prophet and second caliph; among Sunnis, an exemplar of just rule.

ʿUsmon ibn ʿAffon (r. 23–35/644–56) — Payg‘ambarning sahobiysi va uchinchi xalifa; ko‘pincha Alī ibn Abu Tolibning (q.v.) tarafdorlariga qarshi turish uchun sunniylar tomonidan o‘z xizmatlaridan ortiqroq maqtaladi.

ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān (r. 23–35/644–56) Companion of the Prophet and third caliph; often praised beyond his merits by Sunnis eager to counter the partisans of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (q.v.).

variant readings (of the Qur’an) — In Aḥmad’s time, any of several different traditions of reading aloud (and sometimes writing) the text of God’s revelation to Muḥammad ﷺ. The different traditions were partially standardized by Ibn Mujāhid (d. 324/936), though up to fourteen different ones remained acceptable.

variant readings (of the Qurʾan) In Aḥmad’s time, any of several different traditions of reading aloud (and sometimes writing) the text of God’s revelation to Muḥammad. The different traditions were partially standardized by Ibn Mujāhid (d. 324/936), though up to fourteen different ones remained acceptable.

Vakiʿ ibn al-Jarroh (vafoti 197/812), taqvodor hadis olimi va Ibn Hanbalga rivoyat qilgan ravi.

Wakīʿ ibn al-Jarrāḥ (d. 197/812) pious Hadith scholar and transmitter to Ibn Ḥanbal.

Vasīf (vafot 253/867) — Mutavakkil (q.v.) xizmatida bo‘lgan, keyinchalik unga xiyonat qilgan turk sarkardasi.

Waṣīf (d. 253/867) Turkish general who served and subsequently betrayed al-Mutawakkil (q.v.).

Vosit — Tigris daryosi bo‘yida, Iroqning markaziy qismida joylashgan qishloq xo‘jaligi shahri va ma’muriy markaz. U taxminan 80/700 yilda asos solingan bo‘lib, so‘nggi marta X/XVI asrda aholi yashagan ko‘rinadi.

Wāsiṭ an agricultural town and administrative center located on the Tigris River in central Iraq. It was founded around 80/700 and seems to have last been inhabited in the tenth/sixteenth century.

al-Vōsiq (hukmronlik davri 227–232 h./842–847 m.) — Abbosiylarning to‘qqizinchi xalifasi.

al-Wāthiq (r. 227–32/842–47) ninth Abbasid caliph.

Vitr — toq sonli rak'atlardan iborat, kechasi ado etiladigan, ixtiyoriy, lekin juda savobli namoz.

witr a voluntary but very meritorious prayer consisting of an odd number of cycles (q.v.) performed at night.

ibodatchi (ʿābid) — olim bo'lmagan, lekin alohida taqvodor har qanday musulmon.

worshipper (ʿābid) any especially pious Muslim who was not a scholar.

Yaḥyā ibn Khāqān — al-Muʿtaṣim (q.v.) saroyidagi amaldor.

Yaḥyā ibn Khāqān an official at the court of al-Muʿtaṣim (q.v.).

Yahyo ibn Ma'in (vafoti 233/848) — hadis ilmining mashhur olimi.

Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn (d. 233/848) famously learned Hadith scholar.

Yazīd ibn Hārūn (vaf. 206/821), Ibn Hanbalga rivoyat qilgan taqvodor hadis olimi; xabarlarga ko‘ra, Qur’on yaratilgan deb e’lon qilish haqida al-Ma’mūnni (q.v.) bu fikridan qaytarishga urinib ko‘rgan.

Yazīd ibn Hārūn (d. 206/821) pious Hadith scholar who transmitted to Ibn Ḥanbal; reportedly tried to dissuade al-Maʾmūn (q.v.) from declaring that the Qurʾan is created.

Zaynab Ibn Ḥanbal’ning qizi.

Zaynab Ibn Ḥanbal’s daughter.

Zuhayr ibn Ṣāliḥ (v. 303/915–16) — Ibn Ḥanbalning nabirasi va uning ayrim rivoyatlarini naql qilgan kishi.

Zuhayr ibn Ṣāliḥ (d. 303/915–16) Ibn Ḥanbal’s grandson and transmitter of some of his reports.