حرّم الإسلام تعذيب الناس وإيذاءهم. روى مسلمٌ عن هشام بن حكيم، قال: «أشهد أني سمعتُ رسولَ الله ﷺ يقول: إنّ الله يعذّب الذين يعذّبون الناسَ في الدنيا». وقال ﷺ أيضًا: «صنفانِ من أهل النار لم أرهما بعدُ: قومٌ معهم سياطٌ كأذنابِ البقر يضربون بها الناس». [Narrated by Muslim from Abu Hurairah]

Islam has forbidden the torturing and harming of people. Muslim narrated from Hisham bin Hakeem, who said; “I bear witness that I heard the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) say; ‘Allah will punish those who punish the people in the Dunya.’” He (pbuh) also said; “There are two types of the people of Hellfire I have not seen yet; some people who have whips like the tails of oxes by which they flog the people.” [Narrated by Muslim from Abu Hurairah]

لقد حرّم الإسلام أيضاً انتهاك حرمات الناس وكرامتهم وأموالهم وأعراضهم، وهتك حرمة بيوتهم. قال رسول الله ﷺ: «كُلُّ المسلمِ على المسلمِ حرامٌ: دمُه وماله وعِرضُه»، وهو حديث رواه مسلم عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه. وقال ﷺ أيضاً وهو يطوف بالكعبة:

Islam has also forbidden the violation of people’s sanctities, dignity, funds and honour, and the dishonouring of the sanctity of their homes. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said; “All things of a Muslim are inviolable for his brother in belief: his blood, his wealth and his honour”, from a Hadith narrated by Muslim on the authority of Abu Hurairah. He (pbuh) also said while making Tawaf around the Ka’aba:

"ما أَحْسَنَكِ وما أَطْيَبَ رِيحَكِ، ما أَعْظَمَكِ وما أَعْظَمَ حُرْمَتَكِ، والذي نَفْسُ مُحَمَّدٍ بِيَدِهِ، لَحُرْمَةُ الْمُؤْمِنِ أَعْظَمُ عِنْدَ اللهِ مِنْكِ، مَالِهِ ودَمِهِ، وأَنْ نَظُنَّ بِهِ إلا خَيْرًا" ﷺ. [رواه ابن ماجه عن عبيد الله بن عمرو] وقال ﷺ: "سِبَابُ الْمُسْلِمِ فُسُوقٌ، وقِتَالُهُ كُفْرٌ". [رواه البخاري ومسلم عن عبد الله بن مسعود] وقال ﷺ في حُرْمَةِ البيوت: "لو أنَّ امْرَأً اطَّلَعَ عليك بغير إذنٍ، فخذفتَهُ بحصاةٍ ففقأتَ عينه، ما كان عليك من جُنَاحٍ". [رواه مسلم عن أبي هريرة] وروي عن سهل بن سعد الساعدي أن رجلًا اطَّلَعَ من جُحْرٍ في باب رسول الله ﷺ، وكان رسول الله ﷺ يَحُكُّ رأسَه بمِدْرًى، فقال: "لو أعلمُ أنك تنظرني لطعنتُ به في عينك، إنما جُعِلَ الاستئذانُ من أجل البصر". [رواه البخاري ومسلم] وقال ﷺ: "من اطَّلَعَ في بيت قومٍ بغير إذنهم، فقد حَلَّ لهم أن يفقأوا عينه". [رواه البخاري ومسلم] [Narrated by Ahmed from Abu Hurairah]

“How splendid you look, and how sweet is your scent. How grand you are and how grand is your sanctity. By Whom in Whose Hand is the soul of Muhammed, the sanctity of the believer is greater to Allah than yours, (that is) his wealth and his blood, and not to think of Him except good.” [Narrated by Ibnu Majah on the authority of Ubaid Allah bin Amru] He (pbuh) also said; “Abusing the Muslim is an aggression and fighting Him is disbelief.” [Narrated by Al-Bukhari and Muslim on the authority of ‘Abdullah bin Mas’ood] He said regarding the sanctity of the houses; “If a person were to cast a glance in your house without permission and you hit Him with a stone and thus gouged out his eyes, there would be no blame on you.” [Narrated by Muslim from Abu Hurairah] It has been reported on the authority of Sahl Ibnu Sa’d Al-Sa’idi that a man once peeped through the hole of the door of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was at the time scratching his head with a fork. He (pbuh) said; “If I were to know that you had been peeping through the door, I would have thrust this into your eyes. Indeed , seeking permission was made to protect against the glance.” [Narrated by Al-Bukhari and Muslim] He (pbuh) also said; “He who peeps into some people’s house without their permission, it is allowed for them to gouge out his eye.” [Narrated by Ahmed from Abu Hurairah]

لقد نهى الإسلام أيضاً عن التجسس على المسلمين، ومراقبتهم، وتتبّع عوراتهم، والبحث في أسرارهم وأخبارهم الخاصة. كما نهى المسلمَ أن يكون جاسوساً على غيره من المسلمين. قال الله تعالى: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اجْتَنِبُوا كَثِيرًا مِّنَ الظَّنِّ إِنَّ بَعْضَ الظَّنِّ إِثْمٌ ۖ وَلَا تَجَسَّسُوا﴾ [سورة الحجرات: 12]. [TMQ Al-Hujurat: 12]

Islam has also forbidden spying on the Muslims, watching them, chasing them and looking into their confidential and personal news. It has also forbidden the Muslim from being a spy on other Muslims. Allah (swt) says; “O you who believe, avoid suspicion as much as possible, for suspicion in some cases is a sin, and do not spy on each other.” [TMQ Al-Hujurat: 12]

قال رسول الله ﷺ: «إيَّاكُم والظَّنَّ، فإنَّ الظَّنَّ أكذَبُ الحديثِ، ولا تَجَسَّسُوا، ولا تَحَسَّسُوا، ولا تَنافَسُوا، ولا تَحاسَدُوا، ولا تَدابَرُوا، ولا تَباغَضُوا، وكونوا عِبادَ اللهِ إخوانًا». [رواه البخاري ومسلم عن أبي هريرة] وقال ﷺ أيضًا: «يا معشرَ مَن آمَنَ بلسانِه ولم يَدخُلِ الإيمانُ قلبَه، لا تَغتابوا المسلمين، ولا تَتَّبِعوا عوراتِهم، فإنَّه مَن تَتَبَّعَ عَورةَ أخيه المسلم، تَتَبَّعَ اللهُ عورتَه، ومَن تَتَبَّعَ اللهُ عورتَه يَفضَحْه ولو في جوفِ رَحلِه». [Narrated by Ahmad from Abu Barza Al-Aslami]

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said; “Avoid suspicion, for suspicion is the gravest lie in talk, and do not be inquisitive about one another and do not spy on one another, and do not turn one’s back to each other, do not hate each other, and be servants to Allah and be brothers.” [Narrated by Al-Bukhari and Muslim from Abu Hurairah] And He (pbuh) also said; “O you people who believed with your tongue, and Iman has not yet entered your hearts, do not backbite the Muslims, and do not search for their weaknesses. For He who sought the Awraat (the defects) of the Muslims Allah would follow his, and He whom Allah follows his Awra (defect), He would also expose Him even in his own home.” [Narrated by Ahmad from Abu Barza Al-Aslami]

تنهى الآيةُ والأحاديثُ المسلمين عن التجسس على المسلمين واتباع عوراتهم (عيوبهم). ويحذّرون من أن مَن يتبع عورات المسلمين يتبع اللهُ عورتَه ويفضحه. وقد رُوي أحاديثُ أخرى تنهى المسلمين عن العمل لدى أجهزة المخابرات للتجسس على المسلمين. وروى المِسْوَر أن رسولَ اللهِ ﷺ قال: «مَن أكل طعامًا بإيذاء مسلم، فإن اللهَ يُطعمه مثلَه من جهنم، ومَن لبس ثوبًا بإيذاء مسلم، فإن اللهَ يُلبسه مثلَه في جهنم». ﷺ [Narrated by Abu Dawood and Ahmad]

The Ayah and the Ahadith forbid the Muslims from spying against the Muslims and from following their ‘Awraat’ (defects). They warn that He who follows the ‘Awraat’ (defects) of the Muslims, Allah will follow his Awraat (defects) and will expose him. Other Ahadith have been reported forbidding the Muslims from working for the intelligence agencies to spy on the Muslims. Al-Miswar reported that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said; “Whoever ate something by harming a Muslim, Allah will indeed feed Him the like of it from Jahannam. And whoever clothed himself with a dress by harming a Muslim, indeed Allah will clothe Him a dress similar to it in Jahannam.” [Narrated by Abu Dawood and Ahmad]

وبالمثل يُحرَّم التجسس على المواطنين من أهل الذمة، لأنهم مساوون للمسلمين في المعاملة والحقوق والعدل. وقد أمر رسول الله ﷺ بحسن معاملة أهل الذمة ونهى عن إيذائهم، فقال ﷺ: «من آذى معاهدًا، أو كلّفه فوق طاقته، فأنا حجيجه يوم القيامة». [رواه يحيى بن آدم في كتاب الخراج] وقال عمر: «أوصي الخليفة من بعدي بأن يُحسن إلى من في ذمة رسول الله ﷺ، وأن يفي لهم بعهدهم، وأن يُقاتل من ورائهم، وألا يُكلَّفوا فوق طاقتهم». [رواه يحيى بن آدم] إن الآية والأحاديث - وإن كانت عامة في تحريم التجسس - تستثني التجسس على الكفار المحاربين، سواء كانوا محاربين بالفعل أو محتملين. وهناك أحاديث أخرى تخصص تحريم التجسس بغير الكفار المحاربين. والتجسس على الكفار المحاربين ليس محرمًا، بل هو واجب، ولذلك يجب على الدولة الإسلامية القيام به. وذلك لأن رسول الله ﷺ بعث عبد الله بن جحش في ثماني فرق من المهاجرين إلى نخلة بين الطائف ومكة لمراقبة تحركات قريش وجمع الأخبار عنهم. والتجسس على العدو الكافر أمر لا غنى عنه للقوات المسلحة الإسلامية والدولة الإسلامية.

It is similarly forbidden to spy on the citizens from the people of the Dhimmah, for they are equal to the Muslims in terms of dealing and being dealt with fairly. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ordered that the Dhimmah should be treated nicely and He forbade harming them, He (pbuh) said; “He who harms a person under covenant, or charged Him more than He can, I will argue against Him on the Day of Judgement.” [Narrated by Yahya bin Adam in the book of Al-Kharaaj] ‘Umar said; “I recommend to the Khaleefah after me to be good to those who are under the protection of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), He has to fulfil to them their covenant (oath), to fight for protecting them and to not be charged more than they can afford.” [Narrated by Yahya bin Adam] The Ayah and the Ahadith - although they are general about the unlawfulness of spying-exclude the spying against the belligerent disbelievers, whether they were actually or potentially belligerent. There are other Ahadith that specify the prohibition of spying to other than the belligerent disbelievers. Spying against the belligerent disbelievers is not forbidden, rather it is an obligation, and so the Islamic State must do that. This is because the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh with eight bands of people from the Muhajireen, to Nakhla between Al-Taif and Makkah to monitor the movements of Qur’aysh and gather news about them. Spying against the disbelieving enemy is a matter that the Islamic armed forces and the Islamic State cannot do without.

يُعدّ التجسس على الأعداء الكفار من الواجبات التي يجب على الدولة الإسلامية القيام بها، ومن واجبها أيضًا أن تكون لديها خدمة استخبارات مضادة لمكافحة أي تجسس يتعرض له المسلمون من الكفار. وذلك لما رواه البخاري عن سلمة بن الأكوع رضي الله عنه قال: «أتى النبي ﷺ عينٌ وهو في سفر، فجلس عند أصحاب النبي ﷺ يتحدث، ثم انسل، فقال النبي ﷺ: اطلبوه فاقتلوه. فسبقتُه إليه فقتلته، فنفلني سلبه». وروى أحمد حادثة عن فرات بن حيان قال: «أمر النبي ﷺ بقتله، وكان عينًا ولحيفًا لأبي سفيان، فمرّ بحلقة من الأنصار، فقال: إني مسلم. فقال رجل من الأنصار: يا رسول الله، إنه يقول إنه مسلم. فقال النبي ﷺ: إن فينا رجالًا نكِلُهم إلى إيمانهم، منهم فرات بن حيان». وروى البخاري عن علي بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه قال: «بعثني رسول الله ﷺ أنا والزبير والمقداد بن الأسود، وقال: انطلقوا حتى تأتوا روضة خاخ، فإن بها ظعينة معها كتاب، فخذوه منها. فانطلقنا تعادى بنا خيلنا حتى انتهينا إلى الروضة، فإذا نحن بالظعينة، فقلنا: أخرجي الكتاب. فقالت: ما معي من كتاب. فقلنا: لتخرجن الكتاب أو لتُلقِيَنّ الثياب. فأخرجته من عقاصها، فأتينا به رسول الله ﷺ». هذه الوقائع تدل على أن الحكم في الإسلام ليس حكمًا جائرًا، ولا يجوز أن يكون كذلك، لأن الحكم الجائر يُلحق ضررًا عظيمًا بالمسلمين، ويخالف أحكام الشريعة، ويتعارض أيضًا مع القاعدة الشرعية التي تقول: «لا ضرر ولا ضرار».

Spying against the disbelieving enemies is a duty that the Islamic State must perform. It is also its duty to have a counter intelligence service to combat any spying it is subjected to by the disbelievers. This is because Al- Bukhari reported on the authority of Salama Ibnu Akwa’, who said; “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) encountered a spy while on a journey; the spy sat among some of the Prophet’s companions talking and then He snuck away. Upon this the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said; ‘Go after Him and kill him.’ So I beat everyone to Him and I killed him, so the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) gave me the booty of that spy.’” Ahmed narrated an incident from Furat Ibnu Hayyan, who said, “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ordered his killing. He was a spy, and an ally of Abu Sufyan and He passed by a circle of the Ansar and said; ‘I am a Muslim.’ A man from the Ansar said; ‘O Messenger of Allah (pbuh) He says that He is a Muslim.’ The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) replied; ‘There are men among you whom we entrust to their belief, and Furat Ibnu Hayyan is one of them.’” Al- Bukhari reported on the authority of ‘Ali bin Abi Talib (rta), who said; “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent me together with Az-Zubair and Al-Miqdad bin Al-Aswad, and said; ‘Go forth until you reach the garden of Khakh, you will find a tha’ina (a woman riding a camel) who is carrying a letter, so take it from her.’ We set off riding at high speed until we reached the garden, and we found the tha’ina. We said to her; ‘Get out the letter.’ She said; ‘I have no letter.’ We said; ‘Get it out or else we take off the dress. So she got it out of her braid and we brought it back to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh).” These incidents’ indicate that ruling in Islam is not an oppressive rule, and it is forbidden for it to be such, for oppressive ruling brings grave harm to the Muslims, contradicts the Shari’ah rules, and also disagrees with the Shari’ah principle that states “no harming and no self-inflicted harm”, “La Dharara Wala Dhirar”.

ويدلّ ذلك أيضاً على أنّه يحرم على الدولة الإسلامية أن تُنشئ جهازاً استخباراتياً يتجسّس على المواطنين، مسلمين وغير مسلمين على حدٍّ سواء، وأنّه يحرم إيذاؤهم.

It also indicates that it is forbidden for the Islamic State to set up an intelligence organisation to spy against the citizens, Muslims and non- Muslims alike, and that it is forbidden to harm them.

يجب على الدولة أن تُنشئ جهازاً استخباراتياً للتجسس على الكفار وجمع المعلومات عنهم، ولمكافحة التجسس الذي يقومون به ضد الدولة.

It is the duty of the State to set up an intelligence service in order to spy against the Kuffar and gather information about them and to combat the espionage they carry out against the State.