9.4 Sumber rezeki para hakim
9.4 The judges’ means of living
Peraturan-peraturan bagi para hakim:
Provisions of the judges:
Al-Hafiz menyebut dalam Al-Fath: rezeki (rizq) ialah apa yang ditetapkan oleh imam dari bait al-mal kepada sesiapa yang menguruskan kepentingan orang Islam. Kehakiman termasuk antara tugas yang dibenarkan untuk diwajibkan rezeki kepadanya dari bait ul-mal, iaitu satu fungsi yang Negara gunakan mereka untuk kepentingan orang Islam. Sesiapa yang diambil bekerja untuk melaksanakan mengikut syarak apa-apa kerja yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan orang Islam, berhak mendapat upah, sama ada kerja itu ibadah atau selainnya. Dalilnya ialah bahawa Allah (SWT) menetapkan bahagian kepada mereka yang mengutip sedekah.
Al-Hafiz mentioned in Al-Fath: provision (rizq) is that which the imam appoints from bait al-mal to whoever discharges Muslims interests. Judiciary is one of the tasks which is allowed to obligate provision to it from bait ul-mal, which is a function the State employed them for of the interests of Muslims. Anyone who is employed to undertake in accordance with the shara any work relating to the interests of the Muslims, is entitled to a wage, whether this work was worship or otherwise. The evidence to this is that Allah (S.W.T) assigned a share to those who collect the sadaqah. .
Maka Dia (S.W.T) berfirman:
So He (S.W.T) says: .
"Dan golongan yang mengumpulkan zakat." [TMQ 9:60].
"And those who collect them." [TMQ 9:60].
Abu Dawud, Ibn Khuzaymah dalam Sahih-nya, serta Al-Bayhaqi dan Al-Hakim, mengesahkannya sebagai sahih menurut syarat kedua-dua syeikh, dan dipersetujui oleh Al-Dhahabi, sebuah riwayat daripada Buraydah bahawa Rasulullah ﷺ bersabda: .
Abu Dawud, Ibn Khuzaymah in his Sahih as well as Al-Bayhaqi and Al-Hakim, declare sound on the conditions of the two sheikhs, and agreed by Al- Dhahabi, a narration from Buraydah that the Messenger of Allah ( PBUH) said: .
"Mana-mana pekerja yang kami gunakan dan kami berikan kepadanya rezeki (bekalan), maka apa-apa yang dia ambil lebih daripada itu adalah khianat (ghulul)." [Abu Dawud, Sunan, #2943].
"Any employee we used and assigned to him provision, any provision he takes more than that is deception (ghulul)." [Abu Dawud, Sunan, #2943]. .
Al-Mawardi berkata dalam Al-Hawi: "Kehakiman dibenarkan untuk mengambil bekalan baginya daripada bait al-mal, kerana Allah (S.W.T) telah menetapkan bahagian daripadanya untuk para pemungut sedekah. 'Umar juga telah melantik Shurayh dan menetapkan untuk beliau bekalan sebanyak seratus dirham sebulan. Apabila khilafah sampai kepada Ali, beliau menetapkan untuknya lima ratus dirham setiap bulan, selain itu Zayd ibn Thabit mengambil upah untuk kehakiman." Al-Bukhari mengulas tentang perkara ini dengan berkata: .
Al-Mawardi said in Al-Hawi: "Judiciary is allowed to take provision for it from bait ul-mal, because Allah (S.W.T) has assigned to the collectors of Sadaqah a share from it. ‘Umar has also appointed Shurayh and assigned to him provision made of one hundred dirham monthly. When Khilafah reached Ali he assigned to him five hundred dirham every month, additionally Zayd ibn Thabit took a wage for judiciary". Al-Bukhari commented on this saying: .
"Shurayh biasa mengambil upah atas kehakiman". Al-Hafiz berkata mengulas kenyataan ini: "Mengenai riwayat Shurayh, Sa'id bin Mansur menceritakan kepada kami, bahawa Sufyan memberitahu kami daripada Mujahid, daripada Ash-Sha'bi, beliau berkata, 'Masruq tidak biasa mengambil upah atas kehakiman, sedangkan Shurayh biasa mengambilnya.'" Al-Hafiz menyebut dalam Al-Fath: "Ibn al-Mundir menyebut bahawa Zayd bin Thabit biasa mengambil upah atas kehakiman." Ibn Sa'd meriwayatkan daripada Nafi', beliau berkata: "'Umar bin Al-Khattab melantik Zayd bin Thabit sebagai hakim dan memberinya peruntukan." Para Sahabat berijmak, begitu juga mereka yang datang selepas mereka, atas keharusan mengambil peruntukan bagi kehakiman. Al-Hafiz berkata dalam Al-Fath: "Abu Ali Al-Karabisi berkata, 'Tidaklah salah bagi hakim mengambil peruntukan atas tugas kehakiman sebagaimana yang difahami oleh semua ulama, termasuk para Sahabat dan mereka yang mengikuti mereka. Inilah pendapat para fuqaha di pelbagai wilayah, tanpa diketahui sebarang perselisihan antara mereka. Masruq memang tidak menyukainya, tetapi tiada seorang pun yang melarangnya.'" Ibn Qudamah menyebut dalam Al-Mughni: "'Umar menulis kepada Mu'adh bin Jabal dan Abu 'Ubaydah ketika beliau mengutus mereka ke Syam, untuk mencari beberapa orang baik di kalangan mereka dan melantik mereka sebagai hakim. Beliau berkata, 'Berusahalah sebaik mungkin untuk mereka, berikan mereka nafkah, dan cukupkanlah mereka dengan harta Allah.'"
"Shurayh used to take a wage over judiciary". Al-Hafiz said commenting on this comment: "As regarding the report of Shurayh, Sa’id ibn Mansur told us that Sufyan informed us from Mujahid from Ash-Sha'bi, he said, “Masruq did not use to take a wage on judiciary, and Shurayh used to take." Al-hafiz mentioned in Al-Fath: "Ibn al-Mundir mentioned that Zayd ibn Thabit used to take a wage on Judiciary". Ibn Sa'd narrated from Nafi', he said: "‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab employed Zayd ibn Thabit on judiciary and he assigned provision to him." The Sahabah made ijmaa', as well as those that came after them on the permissibility of taking provision for judiciary. Al-Hafiz said in Al-Fath: "Abu Ali Al-Karabisi said,”It is not wrong that the judge takes provision for making judiciary as conceived by all the scholars, including the Sahabah and those that followed them. This is the opinion of the jurists of the various provinces, without knowing a difference between them. Masruq however disliked that, but no one prohibited it." Ibn Qudamah mentioned in Al-Mughni, "‘Umar wrote to Muadh ibn Jabal and Abu Ubaydah when he sent them to Al-Sham, to find out some good people amongst them and use them on judiciary, he said, “do your utmost for them, provide for them and satisfy them with the wealth of Allah."