《阿迪亚特》（奔驰的战马）

《阿迪亚特》（奔驰的战马） - 《古兰经》的荫庇之下 | Quran Course

这一章以急促而猛烈的笔触呈现。文本从一个场景迅速转到另一个场景。当我们读到最后一节经文时，无论是措辞、言外之意、主题还是节奏，一切都渐渐平息下来，宛如一匹奔马抵达了终点线。

This sūrah is presented in rapid and violent strokes. The text moves swiftly from one scene to another. As we come to the last verse, everything — the verbal expressions, connotations, subject matter and rhythm — settle down in a manner similar to that of a courser reaching the finishing line.

这一章以战马的景象开篇：战马奔腾，喘着粗气，马蹄击出火星；黎明时分发动突袭，扬起一路尘土，猝然直插敌营腹地，使敌人措手不及，让他们心中充满恐惧与惊慌。

The sūrah starts with a scene of war steeds running, snorting, striking sparks of fire with their hoofs, launching a raid at dawn and blazing a trail of dust, cleaving suddenly into the centre of the enemies’ camp, taking them by surprise and striking terror and fear in their hearts.

接着是对人类灵魂的描绘:一幅忘恩负义、卑劣、贪婪和极度吝啬的图景。紧随其后的是对坟墓被掘开、其中之物被抛散、心中的秘密被倾吐出来的描述。最后,尘埃之迹、忘恩负义与吝啬、坟墓中的遗存以及被拖出的秘密,都归于同一个终点。它们来到神面前并归于安定:"那一天,他们的主[将显示]祂完全知晓他们的一切。"(第11节)

Then follows a picture of the human soul: a scene of ingratitude, ignobleness, greed and extreme miserliness. Immediately after that there is a description of graves laid open and their contents scattered, and the secrets of hearts poured out. Finally the trail of dust, ingratitude and miserliness, the contents of graves and dragged out secrets all come to the same terminus. They come to God and settle down: “On that day their Lord [will show that He] is fully aware of them?” (Verse 11)

该章的韵律雄浑而如雷霆般震响,与墓穴被翻掘、人心中的秘密被猛然掏出所营造的尘土飞扬、喧嚣嘈杂的氛围十分契合。韵律的这些特征也与忘恩负义、不知感恩和极度吝啬的画面相得益彰。这一画面的框架,则由奔腾疾驰、雷鸣般轰响的战马所组成的、尘土飞扬而混乱喧嚣的奔突场面来提供。因此,框架与画面彼此之间浑然和谐、完美契合。

The rhythm of the sūrah is robust and thunderous, and thus fits well with the dusty and clamorous atmosphere generated by the upturned graves and the secrets violently pulled out of people’s breasts. These characteristics of the rhythm are also appropriate to the picture of ingratitude, thanklessness and extreme miserliness. The framework for this picture is provided by a dusty and tumultuous stampede of horses racing and thundering. Thus the frame and the picture are in perfect harmony with each other.

以喘息的战马起誓，它们奔跑时迸出火花，在黎明时分冲锋，扬起尘土，直闯敌阵。人类确实对他的主忘恩负义，他自己也为此作证；他对财富的爱也确实极为强烈。（第1-8节）

By the snorting coursers, striking sparks of fire, rushing to assault at dawn, raising a trail of dust, storming into any army: man is surely ungrateful to his Lord, and to this he himself bears witness; and truly, he is passionate in his love of wealth. (Verses 1-8)

真主以奔驰的战马起誓，并依次描述它们的动作：

God swears by the war horses and describes their movements one after the other:

奔跑、喷鼻息、嘶鸣。它们以蹄击石，迸出火星。它们趁黎明破晓时发起冲锋，以便出其不意地攻击敌人，在突如其来的战斗中扬起一路尘土。它们迅速刺穿敌人的阵列，使其陷入混乱与惊慌。这些连续的阶段，对最早聆听《古兰经》启示的人们而言是众所周知的。真主以战马起誓，这一事实有力地暗示：所描绘的这种行动是可爱的，人们应当积极地对此作出回应。而人们只有在认识到它在真主衡量下的珍贵之后，才会这样去做，而这一点也体现在真主对它的关注之中。此外，这一场景与誓言所针对的另一些场景之间存在和谐之处，即人的灵魂缺乏信仰时的状态及其冲动。《古兰经》提请我们注意这种状态，以便我们能够集聚全部的意志力去与之搏斗。因为真主完全知晓这种状态在人身上根深蒂固到何种程度，以及它对人施加了多么巨大的压力。

running, snorting and neighing. They strike their hoofs against rocks, producing sparks of fire. They wage their attack early at dawn in order to take the enemy by surprise, producing a trail of dust during the unexpected battle. They swiftly pierce the enemy ranks creating disorder and confusion amongst them. These successive stages were well known to those who were first addressed by the Qur’ān. The fact that God swears by the horses provides an emphatic suggestion that the movement portrayed is a lovable one and that people should respond to it actively. This they do only after realizing how precious it is in God’s measure, which is reflected in His paying attention to it. Added to all this is the harmony between this scene and the scenes which are the subject of the divine oath, namely the state of the human soul when it is devoid of faith and its impetus. The Qur’ān draws our attention to this state in order that we may gather all our will-power to combat it. For God is perfectly aware of how deeply it is ingrained in man and what great pressure it exercises on him.

“人的确对他的主忘恩负义，他自己也为此作证；他对财富的爱也确实热烈。”（第8节）人对主赐予的一切恩惠都以忘恩负义相报，这是事实。他否认神赐予他的恩典。他的忘恩负义，体现在无数的行为和言语之中，这些都将成为对他不利的见证。或者，在审判日，他也可能为自己作证，承认自己的忘恩负义：“他自己也为此作证。”（第7节）因为在审判日，他会说出完全的真相，哪怕是对自己不利，也不会争辩，也不会推托。“他对财富的爱也确实热烈。”（第8节）

“Man is surely ungrateful to his Lord, and to this he himself bears witness; and truly, he is passionate in his love of wealth.” (Verses 68) It is a fact that man reacts with ingratitude to all the bounties of his Lord. He denies the favours which God confers on him. His thanklessness and ingratitude is reflected in a host of actions and verbal statements which will serve as witness against him. Or perhaps, on the Day of Judgement, he may testify against himself, admitting his ingratitude: “and to this he himself bears witness.” (Verse 7) For on the Day of Judgement he will speak the plain truth even against himself, without contention or excuse. “And truly, he is passionate in his love of wealth.” (Verse 8)

人天生是一个热爱自我的人。他所爱的，只是他想象中对自己有益的东西：财富、权力和今世的享乐。除非他拥有信仰，否则这便是他的本性。信仰会改变他的观念、价值观，甚至他所关切的事情。信仰使他由忘恩负义转为谦卑感恩，使他的贪婪与吝啬转为仁慈与怜悯。它让他认识到那些值得追求并为之展开激烈竞争的真正价值。确实，这些价值远比金钱、权力和世俗的享乐更为崇高。

Man is a passionate self-lover. But he loves only what he imagines to be good for himself: wealth, power and the pleasures of this world. This is his nature unless he has faith which changes his concepts, values and even his concerns. Faith changes his ingratitude to humble thankfulness. It changes his greed and miserliness to benevolence and compassion. It makes him aware of the proper values which are worthy of being the object of ambition and hard competition. Indeed these are much more exalted than money, power and mundane pleasures.

没有信仰的人是卑微的造物，只有琐碎的志向和微不足道的挂念。无论他的欲望多么宏大，抱负多么强烈，目标多么崇高，他依然沉陷于这个尘世的泥淖之中，被局限在今生的范围内，被囚禁于自我之中。唯有依附于一个高于此世、超越今生的世界，他才能获得解脱与升华。那个世界源自作为第一存在者的真主，又归向永恒的真主；今生与后世在其中交汇，且没有尽头。

Man without faith is an ignoble creature, having only trivial ambitions and petty concerns. However large his desires, however strong his ambitions and high his objectives may seem, he remains sunk in the cesspool of this earth, confined within the limits of this life, imprisoned in self. He cannot be freed or elevated except by an attachment to a world superior to this earth, extending beyond this life; a world which originates from God who is the First Being and returning to God the Eternal; a world into which this life and the life hereafter converge and which has no end.

因此,该章末尾的一句起到了医治忘恩、贪婪与吝啬的作用。它描绘出复活的景象,使人不寒而栗,让他心中对财富的热爱与对世俗享乐的贪求消散,解开灵魂的束缚,使其摆脱尘世的牵绊:"难道他不知道,当坟墓中的东西被翻出来,胸中所藏的都被揭示出来的那日,他们的主完全知晓他们的一切吗?"(第9-11节)

Hence, the final touch in the sūrah provides the cure for ingratitude, greed and miserliness. It portrays the scene of resurrection in a way that makes man shudder, and puts his love for wealth and indulgence in worldly riches out of his mind, unshackling hi soul and setting it free from earthly attachments: “Does he not know that when the contents of the graves are scattered about, and what is in the breasts is brought out — that on that day their Lord [will show that He] is fully aware of them?” (Verses 9-11)

这是一个暴烈而令人恐惧的场景,我们目睹坟墓中的内容被“抛散”,以及被严密守护的秘密被揭露出来。这里用来表示“抛散”和“翻检”的阿拉伯语词汇 bu`thira 和 huşşila 非常有力,暗示出一种暴力与强制的氛围。

It is a violent and frightening scene in which we witness the ‘scattering about’ of the contents of the graves and the bringing out of closely-guarded secrets. The Arabic terms, bu`thira and huşşila, used here for scattering and pulling are very forceful, suggesting an atmosphere of violence and force.

他难道不知道这件事何时发生吗？仅仅知道这一切，就足以促使人去寻求答案，并探索各种途径去追寻。因为最终，答案归于一切事务与命运得以裁定之处：“那日，他们的主将表明祂完全知晓他们”？（第11节）

Does he not know what happens when this will take place? Mere awareness of all this is enough to inspire man to seek an answer and explore every avenue in search of it. For it finally rests where every matter and destiny is settled: “on that day their Lord [will show that He] is fully aware of them?” (Verse 11)

所以，他们的归宿在于他们的主。那一天，他表明他知道他们，以及他们的一切事务和秘密。真主无论何时、在任何情况下都确定无疑地知晓一切，但提及“那一天”这一知识，其作用在于唤起他们的注意。这是一种必然导致清算与报应的知识。此处所强调的，正是这一隐含之义。

So to their Lord is their end. On that day He shows that He knows them and all their affairs and secrets. God certainly knows everything at all times and in all conditions, but knowledge of “that day” has the effect of drawing their attention. It is a knowledge which necessitates reckoning and reward. This implicit meaning is the one underlined here.

总的来说，这一章经文节奏急促、语气强烈、气息紧迫，其含义、表达与韵律都在同一时刻戛然而止。

All in all this sūrah is a swift, vehement and breathless piece, with a sudden terminus of meaning, expression and rhythm all at the same time.

《阿迪亚特》（奔驰的战马）

概述

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