该章节在此阐明了关于已经接受信仰之后又背弃信仰者的裁决。
The sūrah outlines here the rulings concerning anyone who disavows faith after having accepted it:
至于那些在信仰之后否认真主的人——这并不适用于在被迫之下说出的人，其心仍然坚定于信仰；而是适用于那些心甘情愿地向不信敞开胸怀的人——这些人将承受真主的震怒，并将遭受巨大的惩罚。这是因为他们贪恋今世的生活，胜过后世。真主不引导不信的人。这些人，真主封住了他们的心、耳和眼；他们正是疏忽的人。毫无疑问，在后世，他们必是亏损者。
As for anyone who denies God after having accepted the faith — and this certainly does not apply to one who does it under duress, while his heart remains true to his faith, but applies to him who willingly opens his heart to unbelief— upon all such falls God’s wrath, and theirs will be a tremendous suffering. This is because they love the life of this world better than the lift to come. God does not bestow His guidance on those who reject the truth. Such are those whose hearts and ears and eyes are sealed by God; such are the heedless. Without doubt, in the lift to come they will be the losers.
（第106-109节）
(Verses 106-109)
早期在麦加的穆斯林遭受了极其残酷的压迫，这种苦难只有那些下定决心为追求来世更高的归宿而献出生命的人才能忍受。这样的人宁可承受不信道者加在他们身上的种种暴行，也不愿回到异教信仰之中。
The early Muslims in Makkah were subjected to such brutal oppression as could only be endured by those who had made up their minds to sacrifice their lives in pursuit of a higher destiny in the life to come. Such people endure all the atrocities the unbelievers perpetrate against them, rather than revert to pagan faith.
该章节以极其可怖的笔触描绘了这样一种罪行：人在认识了真理、宣告了信仰并体验过信仰的恩惠之后，又重新堕入不信。这样的人之所以重返不信，只因他宁愿选择今世的安逸与享乐，而不愿追求后世的福乐。因此，这类人将遭到真主的震怒和极其严厉的刑罚，并且失去真主的引导。经文形容他们疏忽怠慢，心、耳、目都被封闭，并且在后世必定是彻底的亏损者。
这里的要点在于：信仰绝不能用于讨价还价，也不能用盈亏得失去衡量。当一个人的心灵与理智臣服于信仰时，便不容许世俗的影响介入其中。今世有它的价值与考量，信仰也有它自己的标准。二者不能交叠，也没有任何共同之处。信仰不可被当作儿戏：不是今天订立、明天又反悔的交易，而是远为珍贵的东西。正因如此，这种罪行才被描绘得如此可怖，其惩罚也才显得格外严厉。
The sūrah paints in ghastly colours the crime of the person who reverts to unbelief after having known the true faith, declared his acceptance of it and experienced its blessings. Such a person only reverts to unbelief because he prefers the comforts and pleasures of this world to the happiness of the life to come. Hence such people are threatened with God’s wrath and tremendous suffering, in addition to being deprived of God’s guidance. They are described as heedless, as having sealed their hearts, ears and eyes, and as being certain losers in the life to come. The important point here is that faith must never be subject to bargaining or to a balance of profit and loss. When a person’s heart and mind submit to faith, they do not admit any worldly influence. This world has its values and considerations, while faith has its own. The two sets cannot overlap or have anything in common. Faith must not be treated in a trifling way. It is not a bargain that you make one day and reverse the next. It is far more precious. Hence the crime is painted in such ghastly colours and the punishment is seen to be extremely stern.
唯一可以免于这种谴责的，是在极度胁迫之下，仅为保全自己免遭必死之祸而公开声称放弃信仰的人，而他的内心仍然充满信仰，确信这才是真理。据传，这一裁定是因`Ammār ibn Yāsir（阿玛尔·本·雅西尔）而降示的。al-Ţabarī（塔巴里）援引Muĥammad（穆罕默德）——即`Ammār之子——的传述称：“麦加的多神教徒不断地拷打他的父亲`Ammār ibn Yāsir，直到他对他们的某些要求作出让步。他随后把这件事告诉了先知ﷺ，先知ﷺ问他：‘你内心深处感觉如何？’他说：‘我的心充满信仰，毫无丝毫怀疑。’先知ﷺ对他说：‘如果他们再次施压，你就照样做。’这是一种让步，适用于处于类似情形的任何人。”1
The only exception from such condemnation is the one who professes, under utter duress, to have rejected the faith only to save himself from certain death, while his heart remains full of faith, certain that it is the truth. It is reported that this ruling was revealed in connection with `Ammār ibn Yāsir. Al-Ţabarī reports on the authority of Muĥammad, `Ammār’s son, that “the unbelievers in Makkah tortured his father, `Ammār ibn Yāsir, continuously until he gave in to some of their demands. He then reported this to the Prophet who asked him: ‘How do you feel deep at heart?’ He said: ‘My heart is full of faith, entertaining no doubt whatsoever.’ The Prophet said to him: ‘If they try again, do likewise.’ This was a concession, and it applies to anyone in similar circumstances.’ 1
然而，许多信士宁死也不肯屈从于施刑者，即便只是口头上顺从他们的要求，他们也不愿。`Ammār 的父母正是如此。他的母亲Sumayyah坚决抵抗到底，以至于被人用长矛刺穿阴部，殉道而死。他的父亲也遭受酷刑折磨致死，始终没有屈服。Bilāl同样如此，他还遭受了特殊的折磨。不信道者把他放倒在阿拉伯夏季炽热的沙地上，在他胸前压上一块大石头并拖拽他，命令他放弃信仰，但他拒绝了，并宣告："唯有独一的真主。"随后他对他们说："如果我知道还有什么话能让你们更加恼怒，我也会说出来。"
另一个例子是Ĥabīb ibn Zayd al-Anşārī的事迹。当自称是真主使者的骗子Musaylamah问他："你相信Muĥammad是真主的使者吗？"Ĥabīb回答："是的，确实如此。"Musaylamah又问："你相信我也是真主的使者吗？"Ĥabīb说："我听不到什么。"Musaylamah于是下令肢解Ĥabīb的身体。他不断追问，Ĥabīb也不断给出同样的回答，直至在这样的酷刑下死去。
Yet many believers refused to satisfy their torturers, preferring to die rather than give in, even only verbally, to their demands. This was the stance taken by `Ammār’s own parents. His mother, Sumayyah, was so resolute in her resistance that she was stabbed with a spear in her vagina and died a martyr. His father also was tortured to death without giving in. Similarly did Bilāl, who was singled out for a special treatment. The unbelievers laid him down on the burning sands in the summer heat of Arabia and put on his chest a large rock and dragged him along, ordering him to reject his faith, but he refused and declared: “He is only One God.” He then said to them: “Had I known anything that would give you more displeasure, I would have said it.” Another example is that of Ĥabīb ibn Zayd al-Anşārī, when Musaylamah, the liar who claimed to be a messenger of God asked him: “Do you believe that Muĥammad is God’s Messenger?” Ĥabīb said: “Yes, indeed.” Musaylamah asked him: “Do you believe that I, too, am God’s messenger?” Ĥabīb said: “I hear nothing.” Musaylamah then ordered that Ĥabīb be dismembered. He kept asking him and he kept giving the same replies until he died under such torture.
`Abdullāh ibn Ĥudhāfah，属古莱什部落的萨哈姆支系，是先知的一位教友。他曾被拜占庭人俘虏，被带到他们的统治者面前。统治者提议分给他一半王国，并把自己的女儿嫁给他，条件是他皈依基督教。`Abdullāh说：“即使你把你的整个王国，以及所有阿拉伯人的全部财富和资产都给我，只要我为此放弃穆罕默德ﷺ的信仰，哪怕只是一眨眼的工夫，我也不会接受。”拜占庭统治者说：“如果你拒绝，我就杀了你。”`Abdullāh说：“你想怎样就怎样吧。”统治者随即下令将他钉在十字架上。士兵们随后向他射箭，箭穿透了他的双腿和双臂，但尽管遭受了这一切，他仍拒绝改信基督教。
`Abdullāh ibn Ĥudhāfah of the Sahm clan of the Quraysh was a companion of the Prophet who was once taken captive by the Byzantines. He was taken to their ruler who offered him a share in his kingdom and that he would give him his own daughter as a wife if he would embrace Christianity. `Abdullāh said: “If you were to give me all your kingdom and all the wealth and property of all Arabs in return for disowning the faith of Muĥammad, (peace be upon him), I would not accept for even a blink of an eye.” The Byzantine ruler said: “If you refuse, then I will kill you.” `Abdullāh said: “Do what you like.” The ruler then ordered that he should be crucified. Soldiers then shot at him with arrows piercing his legs and arms, but he refused to convert to Christianity despite all this.
然后，统治者下令将他从十字架上放下来。人们把一口大铜锅架在旺火上，直到锅里的水沸腾翻滚。接着，另一名穆斯林俘虏被投入锅中，不久他的骨头便已显露出来。
The ruler then ordered that he should be brought down from the cross. A large pan made of copper was put over a great fire until it was boiling fiercely. Another Muslim captive was then thrown into the pan and soon his bones were visible.
随后,有人让阿卜杜拉改信基督教,并威胁说如果他不改,就会遭受同样的命运。他拒绝了,于是统治者下令把他扔进锅里。当他被吊起来时,统治者注意到他的眼中含着泪水。他下令把他放下来。然后他与他交谈,却对阿卜杜拉解释自己哭泣的原因感到惊讶。阿卜杜拉说:"我哭泣只是因为我只有一个灵魂,我却因为我的信仰而遭受这种酷刑。我希望自己有与我身上毛发数量一样多的灵魂,而每一个灵魂都遭受同样的命运。"另有一种记载说,那位拜占庭统治者随后把阿卜杜拉·本·忽达法囚禁了好几天,不给他食物和水。然后他又给他送去酒和猪肉。
`Abdullāh was then told to convert to Christianity, threatened that he would suffer the same fate if he did not. He refused, and the ruler ordered that he should be thrown into the pan. As he was being lifted, the ruler noticed that his eyes were tearful. He ordered that he should be brought down. He then spoke to him only to be astonished by `Abdullāh’s explanation of his crying. `Abdullāh said: “I only cried because I have one soul, and I am subjected to this torture for my faith. I wish I had as many souls as the number of hairs on my body and each one of them was subjected to the same fate.” Another report suggests that the Byzantine ruler then imprisoned `Abdullāh ibn Ĥudhāfah for several days without food or water. He then sent him wine and pork.
`Abdullāh 没有碰这些东西。随后他被带到统治者面前，统治者问他为什么不吃也不喝。`Abdullāh 说："在我这种情况下（即饥饿几近死亡的情形下），你送来的那些本被禁止的食物对我来说是可以吃喝的。但我不会让你因为我的意志被动摇而感到得意。"统治者暗中佩服 `Abdullāh 在压力之下表现出的强大意志。他对他说："亲吻我的头，我就放你走。"`Abdullāh 说："如果你也释放你所扣押的所有其他穆斯林俘虏，我就这样做。"统治者同意了，`Abdullāh 亲吻了他的头。统治者信守诺言，释放了所有人。`Abdullāh 把他们全部带回麦地那，并将所发生的事情报告给哈里发 `Umar ibn al-Khaţţāb。他说："每位穆斯林都有义务亲吻 `Abdullāh ibn Ĥudhāfah 的头。我将第一个这样做。"然后他站起身来，亲吻了 `Abdullāh 的头。
`Abdullāh touched nothing of this. He was then taken to the ruler who asked him why he did not eat or drink. `Abdullāh said: “In my condition, [i.e. a case of starvation approaching death] it is lawful for me to eat and drink the otherwise forbidden things you sent me. But I will not give you the pleasure of feeling that you have broken my resolve.” The ruler secretly admired `Abdullāh for his great resistance under pressure. He said to him: “Kiss my head and I will set you free.” `Abdullāh said: “I will do so if you will also set free all the other Muslim captives you hold.” The ruler agreed and `Abdullāh kissed his head. The ruler was true to his promise and set them all free. `Abdullāh took them all to Madinah and reported what happened to the Caliph, `Umar ibn al-Khaţţāb who said: “It is the duty of every Muslim to kiss `Abdullāh ibn Ĥudhāfah’s head. I will be the first to do so.” He then stood up and kissed `Abdullāh’s head.
这表明信仰是一件极其重要的事情，在其上不能有任何妥协。坚守信仰可能需要付出沉重的代价。但对穆斯林而言，信仰远比任何代价都更加珍贵。在真主看来也是如此。信仰是一份托付，只有那些愿意为它献出生命的人，才能真正担当这份托付。的确，今世的生活以及它所能提供的一切享乐，与信仰相比，微不足道。
This shows that faith is a matter of grave importance. There can be no compromise about it. To uphold it may require paying a heavy price. But, to a Muslim, faith is far more valuable than any price. It is so also in God’s view. It is a trust honoured only by one who is prepared to sacrifice his life for it.2 Indeed the life of this world and all the comforts it may provide is of little consequence compared with faith.
然而,你的主对那些在遭受考验和迫害之后离开家园、为主道努力奋斗并在逆境中保持忍耐的人,必定是至恕的,是至慈的。在这一切之后,你的主必定是至恕的,是至慈的。
But then, your Lord [grants forgiveness] to those who forsake their homes after enduring trials and persecution, and strive hard [in God’s cause] and remain patient in adversity. After all this, your Lord is certainly Much-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
那一日，每个灵魂都会为自己辩解而来。每个灵魂都将获得其所作所为的全部报应，没有人会受到不公的对待。（第110-111节）
One day every soul will come pleading for itself. Every soul will be repaid in full for all its actions, and none shall be wronged. (Verses 110-111)
这里所指的是一些信士，他们属于阿拉伯社会中较为弱势的群体。他们遭受了巨大的压迫，不得不放弃自己的信仰。然而，此后他们迁徙出来，一有机会便加入了信士的行列。他们为伊斯兰的事业竭力奋斗，一路上忍受了许多艰辛。这节经文向他们报喜：主的宽恕和丰盛的恩典属于他们，“在这一切之后，你的主确是至赦的，确是至慈的。”（第110节）
The reference here is to some believers who were among the weaker elements of Arabian society. They were subjected to great pressure and had to renounce their faith. However, they subsequently migrated and joined the believers when they had a chance to do so. They strove hard for the cause of Islam, enduring much hardship along the way. The verse gives them the good news of God’s forgiveness and an abundance of His grace: “After all this, your Lord is Much-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” (Verse 110)
这件事将发生在一个每个灵魂都只顾着自己事情的日子里。它无暇顾及他人。经文"每个灵魂都将为自己而辩白"让我们感受到整件事的严肃性。每个人都会竭力拯救自己，免于不义者所将遭受的痛苦。然而，此时的辩白将毫无用处，因为这是清算与报应的时刻。因此经文说："每个灵魂都将得到其所行的全部报酬，而且他们不会受到丝毫的亏枉。"（第111节）
This will take place on a day when every soul will be preoccupied with its own affairs. It has no time for anyone else. The statement, “every soul will come pleading for itself,” gives us a sense of the seriousness of the whole matter. Everyone will be trying hard to save themselves from the suffering that awaits the wrongdoers. But pleading will be of no avail, for it is the time of reckoning and reward. Hence: “Every soul will be repaid in frill for all its actions, and none shall be wronged.” (Verse 111)