这一章名为《穆罕默德》，是在麦地那降示的。它还有另一个名称，叫《战斗》（al-Qitāl），意为“战斗”。这一次要的名称非常贴切，因为战斗是本章的主题，为其提供了大部分的意象，并赋予它独特的节奏。本章开篇阐明了不信道者与信道者的真实本质：前者受到道义上的斥责，后者则受到颂扬。其明确的含义是：安拉是不信道者的敌人，是信道者的保护者。此外，这在安拉看来是一个确定的事实。因此，本章的开头宣告了安拉对敌视其信仰之敌人的宣战：“不信道而阻止人遵循安拉之道的人，安拉必使他们的善功归于徒劳；而信道并行善，且信奉降示穆罕默德ﷺ的启示——那确是来自他们主的真理——的人，安拉必消除他们的罪恶，并使他们的境况得以改善。这是因为不信道者遵循虚妄，而信道者遵循来自他们主的真理。安拉就这样为世人阐明他们的准则。”（第1–3节）

This surah, Muhammad, was revealed in Madinah. It also goes by another name, al-Qitdl, meaning ‘Fighting. This secondary title is very apt because fighting is the surah's subject matter providing most of its images and giving it its distinctive beat. It begins with an explanation of the true nature of both the unbelievers and the believers which takes the form of a moral attack on the former and a monologue of praise of the latter. The clear implication is that God is the enemy of the unbelievers and the protector of those who have faith. Furthermore, this is a true fact in Gods sight. Thus, the opening of the surah serves as a declaration of war by God against His enemies who are hostile to His faith: “ Those who disbelieve and debar others from God's path will have their deeds brought to nothing by Him, whereas those who have faith and do righteous deeds, and believe in what has been revealed to Muhammad, for it is indeed the truth from their Lord - He will forgive them their bad deeds and bring them to a happy state. This is because the unbelievers follow falsehood, whereas those who believe follow the truth from their Lord. Thus does God lay down for mankind their rules of conduct.” (Verses 1-3)

一旦这项对不信道者宣战的声明发出，信士们便接到明确而响亮的命令，要他们参加对他们的这场战争。这一命令之后，接着概述了血战结束后适用于战俘的规则："当你们在战场上遇到不信道者时，就砍他们的颈项，直到你们把他们彻底制服，那时就把他们捆绑结实。此后，或施恩释放，或收取赎金释放，直到战争放下它的重担。"（第4节）在这一命令之外，还有关于战斗目的的说明，鼓励信士们投身其中、努力行善，并允诺为阵亡的殉道者赐予荣誉。另有承诺，给予那些为主道而参战的人以帮助，并附加了一句申明，说明不信道者必将被消灭，他们的功业也将化为乌有。

Once this declaration of war against the unbelievers is made, an express, resounding order is given to the believers to join this war against them. This order is followed by an outline of the rules that apply to captives of war once the bloody battle is over: “Now when you meet the unbelievers in battle, smite their necks. Then when you have thoroughly subdued them, bind them firmly. Thereafter, set them free either by an act of grace or against ransom, until war shall lay down its burden.” (Verse 4) Added to this order is an explanation about the purpose of fighting and encouragement to the believers to join with it and do well, and a promise of honour for those who fall as martyrs. A further promise of help is given to those who join the fighting in support of Gods cause, with an added rejoinder making clear that the unbelievers will be destroyed and their deeds will come to nothing:

"如此。若真主意欲，祂本可亲自惩罚他们，但祂的旨意是借你们彼此相互考验。

“ Thus [shall it be]. Had God so willed, He could have punished them Himself, but it is His will that He tests you all by means of one another.

至于那些为主的事业而牺牲的人，主绝不会使他们的善功白费。他将引导他们，使他们的境况安好，并将他们带入他已为他们昭示的乐园。信士们啊！如果你们扶助主的事业，他就会扶助你们，并使你们的脚步坚定。至于不信道的人，他们必遭厄运，主也会使他们的善功归于虚无。这是因为他们憎恶主所降示的经典，所以主使他们的善功白费。

And as for those who are slain in God's cause, never will He let their deeds go to waste. He will grant them guidance, and bring them to a happy state, and will admit them to the Garden He has already made known to them. Believers! If you support [the cause of] God, He will support you and will make your steps firm; but as for the unbelievers, ill fortune awaits them as He will bring their deeds to nothing. This is because they hate what God has bestowed from on high, and thus He causes their deeds to go to waste.” (Verses 4-9)

对不信道者发出了严厉的警告,同时宣告了真主对信士的庇护。因此,不信道者将失去一切,他们将软弱无力,四面八方都得不到任何支援:"难道他们没有在大地上旅行,看看在他们之前的人的下场如何吗?真主彻底毁灭了他们。不信道者也将遭遇类似的命运。这是因为真主庇护信士,而不信道者却没有任何人庇护他们。"(第10-11节)另一段警告则特别针对那座驱逐了先知的城市:"我毁灭了多少比你这座驱逐你的城市更强大的城市,而它们却没有任何人帮助。"(第13节)

A strong warning is issued to the unbelievers, coupled with a declaration from God about His protection of the believers. The unbelievers will, thus, lose all; they will remain weak and lack support from any quarter: “Have they never travelled through the land and seen what was the end of those who lived before their time? God destroyed them utterly. A similar fate awaits the unbelievers. This is because God protects the believers, while the unbelievers have no one to protect them.” (Verses 10-11) A further warning singles out the city which drove the Prophet out: “How many cities of greater power than this your city which has driven you out have We destroyed, and they had none to help them.” (Verse 13)

在对不信者进行了如此有力的斥责之后,本章又展开了一段关于信仰与不信的多层次论述,描述信士与不信者在今世和后世的不同境况。它区分了信士享用美好事物的方式与不信者享受今世享乐的方式——后者与牲畜无异:“真主必定使信道并行善者入下临诸河的乐园;不信道者则尽情享受,像牲畜一样地吃喝,火狱是他们的归宿。”(第12节)经文还描述了信士在乐园中所饮用的饮品:纯净的清水、味道不变的牛奶、令人愉悦的美酒,以及纯净澄清的蜂蜜。这些饮品极其丰足,如河流般涌流。此外,他们还拥有各种果实,并得到真主的赦宥与喜悦。随后经文提出一个修辞性的反问:“难道他们与永居火狱、饮用滚烫的开水以致肠子被割断的人相等吗?”(第15节)

Having opened with such a strong attack on the unbelievers, the surah adds a varied discourse on faith and unbelief, describing the states of the believers and the unbelievers both in this world and in the life to come. It distinguishes between a believer’s enjoyment of goodly things and the way unbelievers enjoy the pleasures of this world in a way that does not differ from that of cattle: “God will indeed admit those who believe and do righteous deeds into gardens through which running waters flow, while those who disbelieve will enjoy their life [in this world] and eat as cattle eat; but the fire shall be their abode” (Verse 12) It describes what the believers will drink in heaven, variously pure water, milk with unaltered taste, delightful wine and pure, clarified honey. These drinks are so plentiful that they flow like rivers. Moreover, they have plenty of every type of fruit, together with God’s forgiveness and His being pleased with them. A rhetorical question is then added: “Are they to be compared to those who are to abide in the fire and be given a drink of scalding water that tears their bowels?' (Verse 15)

这第一轮信士与不信士之间永无休止的战斗已经结束,本章开始新的一轮,针对的是伪信士。他们与麦地那的犹太人一道,对穆斯林群体构成了威胁。他们所造成的问题,并不亚于从麦加及其周边地区公开向伊斯兰发动战争的多神教徒。本章所提及的事件表明,它讲述的是白德尔之战之后、壕沟之战之前的时期。壕沟之战给犹太人带来了惨败,也使伪信士遭受了严重挫折,详见我们对第33章的注释,第十四卷。

This first round in the ever-raging battle between the believers and the unbelievers over, the surah starts another round with the hypocrites who, together with the Jews in Madinah, represented a danger to the Muslim community. The problem they posed was no less serious than that of the idolaters who were waging open war on Islam from Makkah and its surrounding areas. The events to which the surah refers suggest that it talks about the period that followed the Battle of Badr but prior to the Encounter of the Moat.1 The latter heralded a crushing defeat for the Jews and a serious setback for the hypocrites, as explained in our commentary on Surah 33, Volume XIV.

在这一章中，关于伪信者的论述，与全章其他部分一样，带有针锋相对、直面斗争的口吻。这一点从他们第一次被提及时就很明显：经文描述他们与先知同坐时心不在焉，并指出他们偏离正道、随从私欲：“他们中有人听你讲话，但一离开你的座席，便对那些蒙受知识的人嘲讽地说：‘他刚才说的是什么？’这些人，是真主封住了他们的心、并且随从私欲的人。”（第16节）经文警告他们，末日必然降临，那时他们连醒悟的机会也没有：“他们是在等待末日突然降临到他们身上吗？它的预兆已经来临了；但它一旦到来，他们即便觉悟，又有什么益处呢？”（第18节）

References to the hypocrites are made in the same confrontational and fighting manner as the rest of the surah. This is noticeable right from their first mention, which describes how they are absent minded when they sit with the Prophet and its comment that describes them as being far astray, following their desires: “Some of them listen to you, but no sooner do they leave your presence than they [scornfully] say to those endowed with knowledge: 'What is it that he said just now?' Such are the ones whose hearts God has sealed, and who follow their desires." (Verse 16) They are warned that the Last Hour will inevitably come, and, then, they will not even be able to take heed: "Are they waiting for the Last Hour to come upon them of a sudden? Its portents have already come; but once it has arrived, what benefit will it then be to them if they take heed?' (Verse 18)

接着，该章描述了他们在面对明确的古兰经战斗命令时的惊慌。他们假装是信士，而该章在此清楚地揭示了他们与真正信士之间的区别："信道的人们说：'为什么不降示一章经文呢？'当一章明确的经文降示，其中提到战斗时，你看见心中有病的人，像临死的人那样向你张望。"（47:20）在他们被勉励顺从真主和他的使者，并保持诚实与坚定之时，该章谴责了他们的行为，并向他们宣战。

The surah then describes their panic when they are confronted with an express Qur’anic order to fight. They have pretended to be believers, and here we see how the surah makes abundantly clear the difference between them and true believers: “ The believers say: 'Would that a surah had been revealed.’ Yet when a surah of clear import is revealed, and fighting is mentioned in it, you see those who are sick at heart staring at you like one who is about to faint for fear of death." verse 20) While they are urged to obey God and His messenger and to be truthful and firm, the surah condemns their behaviour and declares war against them.

他们被逐出真主的慈悯："服从和得体的言辞对他们更好。事情既已决定，如果他们对真主忠诚，对他们会更好。如果你们此时转身离去，你们岂不会在大地上作恶，并断绝亲属关系吗？正是这样的人，真主弃绝了他们，使他们聋而盲。"（见第20至23节）

They are expelled from God’s mercy: "Far better for them would be obedience and an appropriate word. Moreover, when fighting is decided upon, it is better for them to be true to God. If you turn away now, is it to be expected of you that you will spread corruption in the land and break your ties of kinship? It is such as these whom God rejects, leaving them deafand blind." verses 20-23)

伪信者的阴谋已被揭露：他们听从撒旦，与犹太人结交，并与他们一同策划对付信士。因此，他们被警告，在临终时将遭受惩罚。他们还被警告，将在他们假装属于、实则并非其中一员的穆斯林群体中暴露身份。相反，他们却在策划反对这一群体： "那些在正道已经明白之后仍然转身背弃的人，是撒旦诱惑了他们，并给他们以虚妄的希望。那是因为他们对那些厌恶真主所降示之物的人说：'我们在某些事上会听从你们。'真主洞悉他们的秘密阴谋。当天使在他们死时抓取他们，击打他们的面孔和脊背时，他们将会怎样呢？那是因为他们追随了触怒真主的事，厌恶了使真主喜悦的事，所以，真主必使他们的一切善功归于无效。心存疾病的人难道以为真主永远不会揭露他们的怨恨吗？倘若我愿意，我必使你指出他们，你必凭他们的面貌认识他们；但你必定凭他们言语的口吻认识他们。真主知道你们所做的一切。我必定考验你们，以便知道你们中谁是奋力者，谁是坚忍者，并检验你们的言行。"（第25至31节）

The hypocrites’ schemes are exposed: they listen to Satan and befriend the Jews and conspire with them against the believers. Therefore, they are warned about torture that would be inflicted on them at the point of death. They are also warned about exposure within the Muslim community to which they pretend to belong when they are not really part of it. On the contrary, they scheme against it: “ Those who turn their backs after guidance has been given to them are seduced by Satan who fills them with false hopes. That is because they say to those who abhor all that God has revealed, 'We will obey you in some matters, ’ but God knows all their secret schemes. How will they feel when the angels gather them in death, striking their faces and their backs? That is because they follow what incurs God's anger, and hate what pleases Him. Therefore, He will surely make all their deeds come to nothing. Do those who are sick at heart assume that God will never bring their malice to light? Had We so willed, We could have pointed them out to you, and you would have recognized them by their marks; but you will most certainly recognize them by the tone of their speech. God knows all that you people do. Most certainly We shall put you to the proof to see who of you strive hard and remain firm; and We shall test the truth of your assertions. ” (Verses 25-31)

该章的第三个也是最后一个段落，再次针对古莱什和犹太人中的不信者展开抨击：“不信道而阻止人遵循真道，并在引导的光明显现之后仍与先知为敌的人，绝不能伤害真主分毫；真主必使他们的一切善功归于徒劳。”（第32节） 它警告信士们，不要落入与敌人相同的陷阱：“信道的人们啊！你们当服从真主，服从使者，不要使你们的善功归于徒劳。不信道而阻止人遵循真道，并至死都是不信道者的人，真主绝不宽恕他们。”（第33-34节） 在战斗中，它鼓励信士们坚定不移：“所以，你们不要畏弱，也不要求和，你们必定占优势，真主与你们同在，他绝不使你们的善功落空。”（第35节）

The surah's third and final round again takes up the attack against the unbelievers from among the Quraysh and the Jews: “ Those who disbelieve and debar others from the path of God, and take a hostile stand against the Prophet after they have seen the light of guidance, can in no way harm God; but He will surely make all their deeds come to nothing." (Verse 32) It warns the believers against falling into the same traps as their enemies: “Believers, obey God and obey the messenger, and do not let your deeds come to nothing. Those who disbelieve and debar others from the path of God, and in the end die unbelievers shall not be granted forgiveness by God." (Verses 33-34) They are encouraged to remain firm during the fight: “ Therefore, do not lose heart or sue for peace. It is you who have the upper hand, and God is with you. He will never let your deeds go to waste." (Verse 35)

今世生活被描述为微不足道。信士被劝勉要拿出一部分钱财来支持真主的事业。他们并不需要把所有财产都献出；真主知道人性的弱点，知道如果要求他们做出如此的牺牲，他们会觉得太过艰难："今世生活只是游戏和娱乐，但你们如果信道并敬畏主，他将赐给你们报酬，他不要求你们献出全部财产。如果他要求你们献出全部财产，并且苦苦相逼，你们就会吝啬，他也会暴露你们的怨恨。"（第36-37节） 本章以对穆斯林的警告作结：如果他们吝啬，不愿为真主的事业拿出一部分钱财："你们被召唤为主道而施舍，但你们中间有些人却吝啬。吝啬的人只是吝啬自己。真主是富足的，而你们是贫穷的。如果你们背弃，他将以别的民众代替你们，他们不会像你们一样。"（第38节）

The life of this world is shown to be trivial. Believers are urged to spend some of their money to support Gods cause. They are not meant to give away all they have; God knows their human nature and that they would find it too difficult to make such a sacrifice should it be asked of them: “ The life of this world is but play and amusement, but if you believe and are God fearing, He will grant you your reward. He does not ask you to give up all your possessions. If He were to ask you all and press you hard, you would grow tight-fisted, and He would bring your malice to light." (Verses 36-37) The surah concludes with a note of warning to the Muslims, should they be niggardly, unwilling to spend some of their money for Gods cause: “ You are called upon to give in God's cause, but some among you will turn out to be niggardly. Whoever h niggardly [in God's cause] is niggardly towards himself. God is the source of all wealth, whereas you are the ones in need. If you turn away, He will substitute other people for you, and they will not be like you." (Verse 38)

这一章从头至尾都弥漫着战斗的气息,这是其每一段落的特征。章中每节经文的结尾都像重型炮火般轰鸣。即便将这些结尾放缓语气,读来仍像在空中刻下的利剑。章中所描绘的意象,与表达它们的词语一样刚硬。提及实际的战斗时,本章说:“你们在战场上遇到不信道者的时候,就砍他们的颈项。”(第4节)杀戮与俘获的情景也被描绘得淋漓尽致:“待你们大获全胜的时候,你们应当把他们捆绑结实。”(第4节)对不信道者的谴责,同样以极具力量的措辞表达:“至于不信道者,他们将遭遇厄运,真主将使他们的善功归于虚无。”(第8节)早先民族的命运,也以在措辞与内涵上都极为震撼的方式被记载下来:“真主彻底毁灭了他们。”

The air of battle colours the surah from start to finish; it is characteristic of its every section. The ending of its verses sound like heavy bombardments. When such endings are given a softer tone, they seem like swords branded in the air. The images the surah draws are as hard as the words expressing them. When referring to actual fighting, the surah says: “when you meet the unbelievers in battle, smite their necks.” (Verse 4) The actual killing and the taking of prisoners is described graphically: “ Then when you have thoroughly subdued them, bind them firmly” (Verse 4) The condemnation of the unbelievers is expressed in equally powerful words: “As for the unbelievers, ill fortune awaits them as He will bring their deeds to nothing” (Verse 8) The fate of earlier communities is also documented in a highly resounding way, both in words and connotations: “God destroyed them utterly.

类似的命运也等待着不信道者。”（第10节）不信道者在火狱中受苦时，经文描绘他们“被赐饮沸水，它将割裂他们的肠子”（第15节）。同样，伪信者所陷入的惊恐状态也被生动地描绘出来：“你看见那些心中有病的人，因惧怕死亡而像昏厥的人那样看着你。”（第20节）甚至对信士不可背离的温和警告，也是以决断性的威胁形式给出的：“如果你们背弃，他将以别的民众代替你们，他们将不会像你们这样。”（第38节）

A similar fate awaits the unbelievers.” (Verse 10) As they are made to suffer in hell the unbelievers are shown as being “given a drink of scalding water that tears their bowels” (Verse 15) Likewise, the state of panic that overtakes the hypocrites is drawn intensely: “you see those who are sick at heart staring at you like one who is about to faint for fear of death.” (Verse 20) Even the gentle warning to the believers against turning away is given in the form of a decisive threat: “If you turn away, He will substitute other people for you, and they will not be like you” (Verse 38)

由此可见，整部章节中贯穿着完美的和谐，其主题、意象、寓意与韵律彼此相融。

Thus we see perfect harmony permeating the surah-, its subject matter, images, connotations and rhythm.