9.9 Yaxshi bo‘lish uchun Xudo kerakmi? Yaxshi odam bo‘lish uchun dinga ehtiyoj bormi?
9.9 Good Without God? Do We Need Religion To Be “good People”
Yaxshi odam bo'lish uchun dinga muhtojmizmi?
Do we need religion to be “good people”?
Yo'q
No
Aslida, biz aynan Islomning yaxshi odamlar bo‘lishimizni talab qilishini kerak deb bilamiz.
In actuality, we specifically need Islam to be good people.
Ha, boshqa dinlarga mansub yaxshi odamlar bor, bu shubhasiz. Ammo men "yaxshi" so'zini texnik ma'noda ishlatyapman: u barcha asosiy axloqiy burchlarni bajaradigan yoki ularni bajarmaganidan o'zini yomon his qiladigan odamni ifodalaydi.
Yes, there are good people of other faiths, no doubt. But I am using the term “good” in a technical sense to characterize a person who fulfills all basic moral obligations or at least feels bad about not fulfilling them.
Ushbu fikrga ko'ra, faqat musulmonlargina asosiy axloqiy burchlarni bajarishga qodir, boshqa dinlar izdoshlari esa bu burchlardan mahrum, degan xulosa bugungi odamlar orasida keng tarqalgan universalizm tamoyillarini buzadi. Ko'pchilik uchun deyarli aksiom bo'lib qolgan qarash shundan iboratki, hatto dinsiz odamlar ham axloqan to'g'ri bo'lishi mumkin. Lekin bu haqiqatmi?
To suggest that only Muslims are even in a position to fulfill all basic moral obligations and that adherents of other religions are missing out on these obligations violates principles of universalism that have become so widespread among people today. It is almost a truism in the minds of people that even those without religion can be morally upright. But is this true?
Bu da'vo qiluvchilar o'z dalillarini axloqiy haqiqatlarning kichik bir to'plamiga asoslaydilar.
Those who make this claim focus their argument on a small set of moral truths.
"Albatta, qotillik yomon ekanini bilish uchun Xudoga muhtoj emasman!"
“Of course I don’t need God to know that murder is wrong!”
"Albatta, zinoning yomon ekanligini bilish uchun Xudoga muhtoj emasman!"
“Of course I don’t need God to know that rape is wrong!”
"Agar siz faqat Xudo shunday deganligi uchun qotillik va zo‘rlashdan tiyilsangiz, bu sizning haqiqatan ham nechog‘lik axloqsiz ekanligingizni ko‘rsatadi!"
“If you only refrain from murder and rape because God told you so, then that shows how truly immoral you are!”
Aslida, bu odamlarning axloq haqidagi tushunchasi qanchalik cheklangani shuni ko'rsatadi. Ularning axloqi faqat ikki banddan iborat: o'ldirma va zino qilma.
In actuality, this shows how limited these people’s understanding of morality is. Their morality only consists of two line items: don’t kill and don’t rape.
Odatda yana bir gap aytiladi: "Men hech kimga zarar yetkazmayman. Mening axloqim shunga asoslangan, va u Xudoga, ayniqsa Islomga ishonishni talab qilmaydi." Albatta, bu bahonadan boshqa narsa emas, chunki "zarar" tushunchasini juda noaniq belgilash va vaziyatga qarab turlicha talqin qilish mumkin. Nimani zararli deb hisoblash vaqt o'tishi bilan, madaniyatdan madaniyatga va hatto bir xil davr va madaniyat ichida ham shaxsdan shaxsga qarab farq qilishi mumkin.
There is usually also the platitude, “I don’t harm anyone. That’s what my morality is based on and it doesn’t require belief in God, much less Islam.” This, of course, is a cop out because “harm” can be very vaguely defined and context-dependent. What one considers harmful can vary from time to time, culture to culture, and even from person to person within a single time and culture.
Shunday qilib, hatto biz barchamiz axloqning mohiyati zararning oldini olishdan iborat ekanligiga kelishgan bo‘lsak ham, turli odamlar zarar nima ekanligi haqida keskin farqli qarashlarga ega bo‘ladi. Bundan tashqari, zarar nimadan kelib chiqishini yoki berilgan har qanday vaziyatda eng ko‘p yoki eng kam zarar nima keltirishini "hisoblab chiqish" oson emas. Odamlarning axloqiy qarashlariga muvofiq real hayotdagi xatti-harakatlariga nazar tashlasak, ular zararlarni murakkab hisob-kitob qilish asosida harakat qilayotganga o‘xshamaydi. Ko‘pincha odamlar keng ijtimoiy va madaniy me'yorlarga asoslanib harakat qiladi, so‘ngra ijtimoiy jihatdan qabul qilinmaydigan har qanday narsani "zararli" deb talqin qiladi. Bular G‘arb axloqshunosligida Zararlilik printsipi (Harm Principle) deb ataladigan qarashga qarshi bildirilgan e'tirozlardir.
So, even if we all agree that morality is simply about preventing harm, different people will have widely divergent views on harm. Furthermore, it is not easy to “calculate” what causes harm in the first place or what causes the most or least harm in any given situation. And when we look at the way people behave in real life according to their morality, it does not seem like they are acting on the basis of a complex calculation of weighing harms. Mostly it seems people act on the basis of larger societal and cultural norms of acceptable behavior and then interpret whatever is socially unacceptable as “harmful.” These are objections raised against what’s known as the Harm Principle in Western ethics.
Lekin Islom axloqi ancha boy, ancha nozik va, ha, liberal qarashlardagi Zarar tamoyilining noaniq, taxminiy fikrlaridan ancha ustun. Zarar tamoyili esa, takror aytaman, o'tkinchi madaniy his-tuyg'ularning niqobidan boshqa narsa emas.