3.4 库斯曼最初所在之处
3.4 The Things In Which Cuthman Was First
al-cAskari在《al-Awa’il》(《首创之事》)中说:他是第一个分配(通过圣战获得的)土地的人,第一个划出牧场的人(为缴纳天课的牲畜以及用于圣战的马和骆驼而设),第一个在takbir中压低声音的人,第一个为(麦地那)清真寺熏香的人,第一个在主麻日下令增加第一次宣礼的人,第一个为宣礼员提供薪俸的人,第一个在呼图白时沉默不语的人,之后他说:“众人啊,初次登台总是艰难的,今天之后还有其他日子;如果我活着,你们将按照应有的方式听到呼图白。我们从来不是善于演讲的人,安拉会教导我们。”他是第一个在开斋节礼拜前宣讲呼图白的人,第一个把缴纳天课的事务交给民众自行负责的人,第一个在母亲在世时执掌哈里发职务的人,第一个任命警察长的人,第一个在清真寺中划出一个隔间的人,因为他担心会发生像欧麦尔所遭遇的事情。以上是al-cAskari所提到的,他还说:在乌玛中,第一次有人指责他人犯错、因而产生分歧的情况,发生在他的时代,争议的是人们因之而责备他的事情。在此之前,人们的分歧只是关于教法学(fiqh),没有人指责他人犯错。
Al-cAskari said in al-Awa’il (The Firsts): He was the first to grant lands (taken in jihad), and the first who enclosed pastures (for the animals paid in zakat and for the horses and camels for jihad), the first to lower his voice in the takbir, the first to perfume the mosque (of Madinah), the first to command the first call to prayer on the Jumucah, the first to provide for the mu’adhdhins, the first to be speechless in the khutbah, and then he said, ‘People, the first time of mounting is hard, after today there are other days, and if I live you will have the khutbah in its proper manner. We were never public speakers and Allah will teach us.’ He was the first to place the khutbah on the cEid before the prayer, the first to entrust to the people the payment of their own zakat, the first to take charge of the khilafah during the life of his mother, the first to appoint a chief of police, and the first to set apart an enclosure in the mosque from fear that there should happen to him what happened to cUmar. This is what al-cAskari mentioned and he also said: The first disagreements in the ummah in which some would accuse others of errors were in his time, concerning things for which they blamed him. Before that they used to disagree about fiqh and no-one would accuse others of errors.
他的首创之举中,还有一桩值得一提:他是这个乌玛中第一个为了真主而携家带口迁徙的人,前文已有提及;他也是第一个让众人统一于同一种诵读方式的人。
I say: Of his firsts there remain that he was the first of this ummah to emigrate with his family for the sake of Allah, as has preceded, and he was the first to unite people on one manner of recitation.
据伊本·阿萨尔(Ibn cAsakir)记载,哈基姆·伊本·阿巴德·伊本·哈尼夫(Hakim ibn cAbbad ibn Hanif)说:当世间财富充盈、人们的富足达到极点时,麦地那最早出现的一件应受谴责的事情,是放飞鸽子和用弩箭射击(以泥丸为赌注)。于是,奥斯曼在其哈里发任期的第八年,委派了一名来自白努·莱斯(Banu Layth)的男子,他剪断鸽子的翅膀,并折断了弩弓。
Ibn cAsakir narrated that Hakim ibn cAbbad ibn Hanif said: The first reprehensible thing that appeared in Madinah when the world was overflowing (with wealth) and the fatness of people reached a limit, was the flying of pigeons and archery with crossbows (firing clay bullets, for bets), so cUthman appointed a man from Banu Layth in the eighth year of his khilafah who clipped them (the wings of the pigeons) and broke the crossbows.