adhan - 宣礼（adhan），即召唤礼拜的呼声 mu’adhdhin - 宣礼员（mu’adhdhin），即召唤人们礼拜的人

adhan - the call to prayer, mu’adhdhin - the one who calls to prayer.

后世——即随之而来的来世，也就是后来的生命。

Akhirah - what comes later, the next life.

calim 的复数形式是 culama，意为有学识的人，即学者。 “学者只是知道的人，然后依其所知而行，并且他的知识与他的行为相符。”——这是 Sayyiduna cAli（阿里）的话。 amir：统帅、长官。Amir al-Mu'minin：信士们的长官，是授予哈里发的尊称。Imarah：埃米尔制（酋长国、长官辖区）。

calim pi. culama - a man of knowledge. ‘The ‘calim is only someone who knows, then acts according to what he knows, and whose knowledge is in accord with his action,’ Sayyiduna cAli, amir — commander. Amir al-Mu’minin — the Commander of the Believers, a title of respect given to the khalifah. Imarah — amirate.

Ansar（字面意为"辅助者"）：指麦地那的穆斯林，他们接纳并帮助了安拉的使者ﷺ。另见Muhajirun（迁士）。

Ansar - lit. Helpers, the people of Madinah who welcomed and aided the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. See also Muhajirun.

Aqiqah(ʿAqīqah) —— 在孩子出生时，剃去婴儿的头发，并将头发重量的银子作为施舍分发，同时宰杀一只羊，将羊肉分给他人并施舍出去。

caqiqah - at the birth of a child when the head is shaved and the hair’s weight in silver given away as sadaqah, and a sheep sacrificed and the meat shared with others and given away.

阿拉法特——朝觐者在朝觐的关键日子里站立祈祷与祈求的平原。

Arafah - the plain upon which the pilgrims stand during the pivotal day of the Hajj in prayer and supplication.

ayah pi. ayat——迹象、奇迹，以及《古兰经》中的一节经文。

ayah pi. ayat - a sign, miracle and a verse of the Qur’an.

al-Bait al-Maqdis——字面意为“圣洁的居所”，即耶路撒冷的清真寺，或指整个耶路撒冷。

al-Bait al-Maqdis - lit. The Purified Dwelling, i.e. the mosque of Jerusalem or all of Jerusalem.

Bait al-mal——字面意为“财产之家”，指穆斯林收集的天课以及其他收入被储存、等待分配的地方。

bait al-mal - lit. House of Property, where the collected zakat of the Muslims and other revenues are stored while awaiting distribution.

al-Baqic(阿尔-白格IE) — 麦地那的墓地，许多圣门弟子（愿真主喜悦他们）安葬于此。 Wait, I should correct that: the transliteration should be clean and the honorific stays as words. Final translation: 阿尔-白舍尔（al-Baqic）——麦地那的墓地，许多圣门弟子（愿真主喜悦他们）安葬于此。

al-Baqic- the graveyard of Madinah where many of the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, are buried.

达贾尔——字面意为“骗子”，即虚假的弥赛亚，其出现预示着世界末日的临近。

Dajjal - lit. Liar, the false Messiah whose appearance marks the imminent end of the world.

deen——生活的交易，字面意为两方之间的交换之债（dayn），在此用法中指造物主与受造物之间的交易。

deen - the life-transaction, lit. the debt (<dayn) of exchange between two parties, in this usage between the Creator and the created.

dhikr(ذكر)——字面意为"记忆"、"提及"。从广义上讲,一切崇拜行为都属于dhikr。在通常用法中,它指通过重复真主的尊名或特定的赞词来祈求真主。

dhikr - lit. remembrance, mention. In a general sense all acts of worship are dhikr. In common usage it has come to mean invocation of Allah by repetition of His names or particular formulae.

dhimmah（迪玛）——义务或契约，特指为居住在穆斯林统治地区的非穆斯林提供保护的协议。

dhimmah - obligation or contract, in particular a treaty of protection for non-Muslims living in Muslim territory.

第纳尔——一种金币，约值107美元/57.4英镑（2008年）。

dinar - a gold coin of approximate value $107/£57.4 (2008).

迪拉姆——一种银币，2008年的近似价值为3.18美元／1.76英镑。注意：仅就天课而言，10迪拉姆等于1第纳尔。

dirham - a silver coin of approximate value $3.18/£1.76 (2008). Note that for zakat purposes only, 10 dirhams equals 1 dinar.

“Dunya”是指较低、较近的事物，即“今世”。这个词多用作“生活”的修饰语，因此意为“较低的生活”，即“今世的生活”。

Dunya — what is lower and closer to hand, the ‘world’. The word is most often an adjective o f‘life’, thus meaning the ‘lower life’.

Eid(开斋节/宰牲节)——即斋月结束后以及朝觐结束后的庆祝节日,以全体穆斯林共同的礼拜、赞念安拉(dhikr)以及相互探访和款待为标志。

cEid - the celebration at the end of Ramadan and also at the end of the Hajj, marked by a general public prayer, dhikr and mutual visiting and hospitality.

faqih（复数 fuqaha'）——精通伊斯兰教法知识（fiqh）的学者。

faqih fuqaha'- a man learned in knowledge offiqh (see below).

fatwa——由获得埃米尔（amir）授权的穆夫提（Mufti）所作出的一种权威法律意见或裁定，作出者为一位教法学家（faqih）。

fatwa - an authoritative legal opinion or judgement made by a faqih who is a Mufti authorised by an amir.

fiqh（伊斯兰法学）——指对沙里亚（Shari'ah，伊斯兰教法）的理解之学，内容包括义务（wajib）、推荐行为（mustahabb）、逊奈（sunnah）、许可之事（mubah）、被厌恶之事（makruh）以及被禁止之事（haram）。

fiqh - science of understanding the sharicah in terms of the obligations, recommendations, sunnahs, permitted matters, disapproved and forbidden matters.

fitnah（فِتْنَة）——指一种考验或磨难，借此人被检验或证明其品格；也指诱惑、内乱与纷争、派系斗争和流血杀戮。该词原源于表示“燃烧”的词根，含有像燃烧黄金以去除杂质那样的意思。

fitnah - a trial or affliction whereby one is tried or proved, a temptation, civil war and strife, faction and slaughter. Originally derived from a root meaning ‘burning’, with the sense of the burning of a metal such as gold to remove the dross.

ghusl（沐浴）——为使全身得以洁净而进行的全身洗涤，适用于入教时、性交或射精之后，或为每周的主麻（Jumu'ah）聚礼和开斋节、宰牲节两节的礼拜做准备时。

ghusl - a washing of the entire body in order to enter Islam, after sexual intercourse or ejaculation, or preparatory for the weekly Jumucah and ‘Eid prayers.

hadd 复数 hudud。字面意思是界限，即真主为合法与非法所设定的界限。hadd 刑罚是伊斯兰教法为特定罪行规定的固定刑罚。

hadd pi. hudud - lit. the limits, Allah’s boundary limits for the halal and the haram. The hadd punishments are the specific fixed penalties laid down by sharicah for specified crimes.

hadith 复数 ahadith —— 指所传述的言论，尤指先知穆罕默德ﷺ的言论。不应与 Sunnah（逊奈）混淆。

hadith pi. ahadith — reported speech, particularly of the Prophet Muhammad, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. Not to be confused with Sunnah.

朝觐——每年前往麦加的朝圣。 Hajj（朝觐）：每年前往麦加的朝圣。 哈拉勒（halal）——伊斯兰教法允许的； 哈拉姆（haram）——伊斯兰教法禁止的； 同时也指神圣不可侵犯的地方或事物。

Hajj — the yearly pilgrimage to Makkah halal - permitted by the sharicah haram - forbidden by the sharicah-, also an inviolable place or object.

hasan - 字面意为“好”“美”，因此指一类圣训，其可靠性良好，但传述链（isnad）并非完美无瑕。

hasan - lit. good, beautiful, and thus a category of hadith, which is reliable, but whose isnad is not perfect.

"哈watts"? The user wrote "hawd" — the Arabic term for the Prophet's pond. Translating faithfully: 先知穆罕默德ﷺ在末日的"Hawd"（池子），由来自乐园的河流注满，他将用它让信士们饮水。凡饮过其中之水的人，将永不再渴。

hawd - the ‘pond’ of the Prophet Muhammad, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, on the Last Day, which is replenished by rivers from the Garden and from which he will give the believers to drink. Whoever drinks from it will not thirst again.

hijab(希贾布)——面纱，指成年女性遮盖头发及身体的全部，唯脸和双手除外。

hijab - veil, the covering by adult women of their hair, and all of their bodies excepting the face and hands.

汉志——阿拉伯半岛西部地区，包括麦加和麦地那。

Hijaz - the western area of Arabia which includes Makkah and Madinah.

哈季尔（Hijr）——位于克尔白一侧的半圆形无顶围栈，其墙体勾勒出先知易卜拉欣和易司马仪（愿两位先知平安）所建原始建筑的形状。

Hijr — the semi-circular un-roofed enclosure at one side of the Kacbah, whose wall outlines the shape of the original building built by the Prophets Ibrahim and Ismacil, peace be upon them.

hijrah(希吉拉)——为了真主之道而迁徙。伊斯兰历法以先知从麦加迁往麦地那的希吉拉为纪年起点，故以AH（"希吉拉之后"）标示年份。ﷺ

hijrah - emigration in the way of Allah. Islam takes its dating (indicated by AH ‘After Hijrah’) from the Hijrah of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, from Makkah to Madinah.

ihram（入戒）——为了进行朝觐（Hajj）或副朝（cUmrah）而进入的一种状态，对男性而言，其中包括穿着两块被称为戒衣（ihram）的布。

ihram - state entered to perform Hajj or cUmrah, which includes, for males, wearing two pieces of cloth also known as ihram.

imam——领导者，常指埃米尔（amir）或哈里发（khalifah）。

imam - the one who leads, often a term for the amir or khalifah.

"领导者和贵族命令他们（民众），他们便服从。"（圣门弟子艾布·伯克尔）。如今这一术语更多地被限定用于指带领众人礼拜的人。

‘Leaders and nobles who order them (the people) and they obey them.’ (Sayyiduna Abu Bakr). It is now more often restricted to one who leads people in prayer.

imamah — 伊玛目职位（imamate，即伊玛目的职分）；iman — 信仰，即心中的确信与舌上的确认。

imamah — imamate, the office of imam, iman - belief in the heart and affirmation on the tongue.

如果真主愿意。

insha’Allah - if Allah wills.

iqamah（伊qama）——即礼拜的建立，也指在礼拜前立即发出的召唤，用以召集清真寺内的人们。

iqamah - the act of establishing the prayer, and also the call made immediately prior to prayer in order to summon the people in the mosque.

圣训的传述链（伊斯纳德）。

isnad - chain of transmission of a hadith.

以扫拉——先知（愿安拉赐福他并使他平安）从麦加夜行到耶路撒冷，再从那里登上米尔拉只（穿越诸天的升腾）。

Isra - the Night Journey of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, from Makkah to Jerusalem from whence he went on the Micraj (the ascension through the heavens).

i'tizal——即"退出"或"分离"之意，因此指那群从哈桑·巴士里（Hasan al-Basri）的讲学圈中退出的人的神学思想，这些人后来被称为穆尔泰齐拉（Mu'tazilah）。

ftizal — lit. withdrawal or secession, and thus the theology of that group which withdrew from the circle of Hasan al-Basri, who became know as Muctazilah.

Jahiliyyah — 蒙昧时代，指伊斯兰教到来之前的时期 jama'ah — 集体，尤指共同礼拜的群体

Jahiliyyah - the Time of Ignorance, before the coming of Islam jama0ah — the group, particularly referring to the group of people performing the prayer together.

圣战——奋斗、努力，特指为捍卫和确立伊斯兰教而进行的战斗。

jihad - struggle, particularly warfare to defend and establish Islam.

精灵（Jinn）——由无烟之火创造、与人类共同居住在地球上的无形生灵。

jinn - unseen beings created of smokeless fire who cohabit the earth with mankind.

jizyah(吉兹亚)——一种向信奉前世经典、与穆斯林统治者订立契约、愿意在穆斯林统治下生活的人所征收的税。(参见 dhimmah,即"齐玛"。)该税额为每位成年男子每年四第纳尔。值得注意的是,按2008年的价值折算,这一数额约合428美元或230英镑。

jizyah - a tax levied on people of previous revelations who make a contract to live under Muslim rule (see dhimmah). The tax was four dinars per adult male per year. It is interesting to note that this sum in present terms (2008) is approximately $428/£230.

Jumada al-Ula 是穆斯林阴历中的一个月份。

Jumada al-Ula - a month of the Muslim lunar calendar.

Jumada al-Akhirah 是伊斯兰阴历中的一个月份。

Jumada al-Akhirah - a month of the Muslim lunar calendar.

主麻——即星期五，尤指当天举行的礼拜。凡成年男子，在有能力且满足其条件的情况下，都必须参加此礼拜。

Jumucah - Friday, and particularly the prayer performed on that day which it is necessary for all adult males to attend if they are able and if its conditions are fulfilled.

junub——指行房或射精之后所处的一种状态，需要以洗浴全身的方式即沐浴（ghusl）来洁净。

junub - condition after sexual intercourse or ejaculation, requiring the complete washing of the body known as ghusl.

كفر – 他掩盖了真相，他忘恩负义，他不信，因此 kufr（كفر）即不信，kajir（كافر）即不信者，复数 kajirun/kujfar（كافرون/كفار）。

kafara - he covered over the truth, he showed ingratitude, he disbelieved, thus kufr disbelief, kajir disbeliever pi. kajirun/kujfar.

kalam——字面意为“言语”，但也指研究信仰（iman）信条的学问。

kalam - lit. speech, but also the science of investigating the tenets of iman.

khalifah 复数 khulafa’——字面义为继承者、接替者。它既指亚当这类人作为人类的身份，即代替真主在其创造物中行事的人，也指先知的哈里发或继承者。愿真主赐福于他并赐予他平安ﷺ。

khalifah pi. khulafa’ — lit. successor, both the rank of Adamic man, one who stands in for Allah in His creation, and a Caliph or successor of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace.

哈里发制度——哈里发的职位。

khilafah - the office of the khalifah.

哈瓦利及（Khawarij）——一个宗派，他们认为犯下大罪会使穆斯林成为不信道者。

Khawarij—a sect who believed that committing major wrong actions turns a Muslim into an unbeliever.

al-Khulafa’ ar-Rashidun（正统哈里发）——（见上文 khalifah）即遵循正道的哈里发们。

al-Khulafa’ ar-Rashidun - (see khalifah above) the khulafa’ who took the right way.

讲道（Khutbah）——公开演讲，特别是在星期五的清真寺聚礼或开斋节、宰牲节（ʿĪd）的礼拜中进行的演讲。

khutbah — public address, particularly in the mosque on Friday or one of the cEid prayers.

kunyah（尊称）——一种尊敬而亲切的称呼方式，例如“某某之父”、“某某之母”或“某某之子”、“某某之女”。

kunyah - a respectful and affectionate way of calling, such as the ‘father of so-and-so’, the ‘mother of so-and-so’ or the ‘son or daughter of so-and-so’.

ma'rifah——字面意为“认识”，就其初级层面而言，是对真主及其使者（愿主赐福他们平安）所必须知道之事的理性认知；此后它可以深化，成为一种证悟（ma'rifah），而非经院式的知识。

ma.crifah - lit. recognition, which in its first level is a rational knowledge of what is necessary to know about Allah and His Messengers, peace be upon them, and which can then deepen to become gnosis rather than scholastic knowledge.

马格里布——指西方，特指西北非地区。

Maghrib - the West, specifically northwest Africa.

al-Masjid al-Haram——麦加的禁寺（Masjid al-Haram）。

al-Masjid al-Haram - the Inviolable Mosque of Makkah.

marfūʿ——一段归于先知ﷺ的圣训。

marfuc— a tradition ascribed to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace.

mawla——"主人"，也指获释的奴隶，同时也指他从前的主人。

mawla - ‘a master’, the freed slave but also his former master.

讲坛（Minbar）——主麻日（星期五）聚礼时，伊玛目为宣讲呼图白（讲道）所站立的台阶。

minbar — steps on which the imam stands to deliver the khutbah on the day of Jumucah.

穆哈吉伦（Muhajirun）——在麦地那之外接受伊斯兰教、并迁居麦地那的圣门弟子，尤其是那些与安拉的使者一同从麦加迁来的人。ﷺ

Muhajirun - Companions of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, who accepted Islam outside Madinah and emigrated to Madinah, particularly those who came with him from Makkah.

穆哈兰姆月——伊斯兰太阴历的第一个月。

Muharram - the first month of the Muslim lunar year.

mu'min,复数 mu'minun 和 mu'minin——信士(参见上文"信仰"/"眼"的条目,即 iman)。

mu’min, pi. mu’minun and mu’minin - a believer (see iman above).

穆尔吉埃（al-Murji’ah）——一个以对错误行为持宽容态度为特征的教派，他们认为“信士”不会因所犯的错误行为而减损其信仰（iman）。

al-Murji ’ah - a sect which was characterised by an indulgent attitude towards wrong action in the sense that they felt that ‘believers’ would not be diminished in their iman by the wrong actions they did.

**مرسل**:指被归于先知本人的圣训,由一位再传弟子或再传弟子的再传弟子直接叙述,而不知其从哪位圣门弟子传来。 Note: the translation above follows the rules, with ﷺ placed after the Prophet's mention as the rules require.

mursal- a hadith attributed directly to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, by one of the Followers or Followers of the Followers when it is not known from which Companion it was transmitted.

mushaf——《古兰经》的书面抄本。

mushaf- a written copy of the Qur’an.

Musnad(مسند)——一种按圣训的传述系统（isnad）编排圣训的典籍。例如，作者提到《Musnad as-Siddiq》，其中收录的是艾布·伯克尔（愿真主喜悦他）所传述的圣训。

musnad - a book containing ahadith arranged according to their isnad, e.g. the author mentions the Musnadas-Siddiq which contains ahadith narrated by Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him.

mut'ah——一种在伊斯兰教以前阿拉伯人中常见的临时婚姻形式，先知ﷺ禁止了这种婚姻。

mufah - a temporary form of marriage common among pre-Islamic Arabs which was prohibited by the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace.

mutawatir——即最强的圣训传述链。指一批圣门弟子将某段圣训的内容传述给大量有学识的再传弟子，这些再传弟子各自又传给众多后来的学生，如此层层相传，使该圣训不存在任何可疑之处。

mutawatir - the strongest isnad possible for a hadith. This is when a number of Companions have narrated the text of the hadith to large numbers of knowledgeable Followers who each in turn transmitted it to numbers of later students, etc., so that there is no possible doubt about the hadith.

卡达利耶派（al-Qadariyyah）——穆斯林中的一个派别，他们更重视人的自由意志，而不是前定。

al-Qadariyyah - sect of Muslims who believe more in man’s freewill than in predestination.

法官

qadi — a judge.

拉菲達派（ar-Rafidah）——什叶派中的一个派别，以拒斥艾布·伯克尔、欧麦尔以及奥斯曼而著称（与接受他们的宰德派什叶不同）。

ar-Rafidah — a group of the Shicah known for rejecting Abu Bakr and cUmar as well as cUthman (as opposed to the Zaydiyyah Shicah who accept them).

rak'ah（拉克阿）：完整的一个礼拜单元，包括站立、鞠躬和两次叩头。

rafcah pi. rakaca t- a complete unit of salah consisting of standing, bowing and two prostrations.

ar-Riddah——先知去世后沙漠阿拉伯人的叛教或背教行为，愿安拉赐福于他并使他平安ﷺ。

ar-Riddah - the reneging or apostasy of the desert Arabs after the death of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace.

Ruh al-Quds——圣洁之灵，即天使吉卜利勒。

Ruh al-Quds — the Spirit of Purity, the angel Jibril.

sabeel —— 一条道路，常指圣战，即"安拉之道"。

sabeel — a way, often jihad, ‘the way of Allah’.

as-Sabiqun al-Awwalun（先行者，最先的人）——指在攻克麦加之前就接受伊斯兰教，并以生命和财产为主道而奋斗的那些穆哈吉尔和安萨尔。 Sadaqah（复数 sadaqat）——为主道而施舍，常与 zakat（天课）同义使用。

as-Sabiqun al-Aivwalun — the First Foremost ones, i.e. those Muhajirun and Ansar who accepted Islam before the conquest of Makkah and strove with their lives and their wealth in jihad, sadaqah pi. sadaqat - giving in the way of Allah, often used synonymously with zakat.

Sahih——意为“真实”或“可靠”。这是圣训学（hadith）中的一个术语，用来表示圣训isnad（传述系统）的强度。

sahih - authentic or sound. A technical term of the science of hadith which indicates the strength of the isnad.

as-Sakinah——字面意为“安宁”。有时以某种迹象显现的安拉的临在，也指内心的平静与安定之感。

as-Sakinah -lit. tranquillity. The presence of Allah sometimes made clear by a sign, also the feeling of peace of mind and security.

Salah（礼拜）——即由站立诵读《古兰经》、鞠躬、叩头和坐姿组成的拜功。

salah - the prayer consisting of standing reciting Qur’an, bowing, prostrating and sitting.

Salat at-Tarawih（塔拉维哈礼拜）——斋月期间在宵礼（ʿIshāʾ）之后所做的礼拜。

salat at-tarawih - the prayers performed after the cIsha{night) prayer during Ramadan.

as-Saqifah——有顶的建筑，特指巴尼·萨伊代（Bani Sacidah）的有顶回廊。在先知ﷺ去世后，安萨尔（Ansar）和部分迁士（Muhajirun）曾在此聚会，以推选哈里发。

as-Saqifah - roofed building, particularly the roofed gallery of Bani Sacidah in which the Ansar and some of the Muhajirun met after the death of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, to choose a khalifah.

Shahadah（作证）——即作证并见证：除安拉外别无应受崇拜者，穆罕默德是安拉的使者ﷺ。这是伊斯兰教的第一根支柱。

shahadah - witnessing and bearing witness that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, i.e. the first pillar of Islam.

sharifah——字面意思是“道路”，特指通往绿洲饮水处的小径。它是基于某民族先知所受启示而确立的法律体系。历史上最后一部沙里尔阿（sharī‘ah，教法）是伊斯兰教的教法，它废止了此前所有的沙里尔阿。

sharifah - lit. a road, and in particular the pathway leading down to drinking water at an oasis. It is the legal modality of a people based on the revelation of their Prophet. The last sharicah in history is that of Islam, which abrogates all previous shari‘ahs.

The reply should be the translation only: 伊斯兰历中紧接在斋月之后的月份——沙瓦鲁月。

Shawwal - the month of the Islamic lunar calendar immediately following Ramadan.

Shaykh - 字面意为“年长者”。用来尊称学识渊博或在其族群中居于领导地位的人的称谓。 shaytan - 恶魔，特指易卜劣斯（Iblis）。

Shaykh - lit. an old man. Title of respect used for a man of great knowledge or a leader among his people shaytan - a devil, particularly Iblis.

什叶派（Shīʿah）——这是一个教派，他们因指称阿里（愿真主喜悦他）对哈里发职位享有优先权而与穆斯林产生分歧。

Shicah - the sect which differed from the Muslims over their allegation of the prior right of cAli, may Allah be pleased with him, to the khilafah.

shirk——以任何事物与真主并列为伙伴，并将其与祂一同崇拜，这是不可原谅的罪行。

shirk - the unforgivable wrong action of associating something in partnership with Allah and worshipping it or them along with Him.

sidq(صدق)——诚实，即 sadiq（诚实的人）与 siddiq（极度诚实且坚守真理的人）。

sidq - truthfulness and thus sadiq - a truthful one and siddiq - one eminently truthful and affirmative of the truth.

“siwak”和“miswak”——从辣木树（caraq）上切下的牙签枝。

siwak and miswak - toothstick cut from the caraq tree.

苏丹——统治者。

Sultan — the ruler.

**Sunnah**（复数 *sunan*）——字面意为“方式”“惯常的做法”，指某人或某群体的惯行。该词几乎专指先知穆罕默德ﷺ的做法，但也包括哈里发四大正统哈里发以及麦地那第一代穆斯林的惯行。*Sunan*也常被用作某些圣训集的名称。

Sunnah pi. sunan - lit. a form, the customary practice of a person or group of people. It has come to refer almost exclusively to the practice of the Messenger of Allah, Muhammad, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, but also comprises the customary practice of al-Khulafa ar-Rashidun and of the first generation of Muslims in Madinah. Sunan is also a title often used for certain collections of hadith.

sūrah（章）——《古兰经》中由主题内容相连的较大单元，由若干段节（āyah）组成。《古兰经》共有114章。

surah - a large unit of Qur’an linked by thematic content, composed of ay at. There are 114 surahs in the Qur’an.

takbīr（塔克比尔）——宣礼词，即宣称“安拉至大”（Allahu Akbar）——安拉至大 talbiyah（塔尔比叶）——朝觐者高呼的祈祷词：“Labbayk Allahumma labbayk”（“主啊，我听候您的召唤，我听候您的召唤……”） taqwā 或 tuqā（台格瓦）——字面意为自我保护，指敬畏顺服安拉：远离一切被禁止的事物，履行一切被要求的义务。

takbir - the declaration Allahu Akbar - Allah is Greater’ talbiyah - the cry of the pilgrim to Makkah ‘Labbayk Allahumma labbayk At Your service, O Allah, at Your service ...’ taqiva or tuqa — lit. self-protecting, fearful obedience of Allah in avoiding all that is forbidden and undertaking all that is obligatory.

然后更高的层次在于远离被厌恶的行为，并履行被推荐的善行，依此类推。

Higher degrees then involve avoiding that which is disapproved of and undertaking that which is recommended, and so on.

at-Tasawwuf——苏菲主义。学者们认为它是“fard cayn”，即每一位穆斯林男女都有个人义务去掌握的学问。

at-Tasawwuf— Sufism. It is held by the culama to be a fard cayn - a science which is an individual obligation on every Muslim man and woman.

at-tawfiq（塔维夫格）——蒙受引导走上正道，即真主的恩典。

at-tawfiq - being directed to the right direction, the grace of Allah.

Ummah - 一个民族。先知ﷺ的乌玛（Ummah），愿安拉赐福于他并使他平安，指的是穆斯林。

ummah - a nation. The Ummah of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, are the Muslims.

**عمرة**（小朝觐）——前往麦加的小朝，一年中任何时候都可以进行。

cUmrah - the lesser pilgrimage to Makkah which may be undertaken at any time of the year.

Wird 或 hizb——两个同义词，指一段固定的赞念（dhikr）、《古兰经》节文及祈祷词，应当在一天中的任何时间定期诵读。后者通常更特指《古兰经》的六十分之一部分。

wird or hizb - two synonymous terms for a set portion of dhikr, ay at of Qur’an and supplications to be recited regularly at any time of the day or night. The latter often more particularly is used to refer to a portion of one sixtieth of Qur’an.

wudu’ – 在礼拜前对脸和四肢所做的小净，即小洗。

wudu’ - the minor washing of the face and limbs in preparation for the salah.

天课（Zakat）——一种财富税。它是对安拉的一种崇拜行为，也是伊斯兰教的基本支柱之一（arkan，不可或缺的支柱）。它征收于某些可储存的农作物、牲畜及其他家畜、金银、商品等财产。

zakat - a wealth tax. It is an act of worship of Allah and one of the arkan (indispensable pillars) of Islam. It is levied on certain storable crops, cattle and other livestock, gold and silver, items of trade, etc.

并分配给若干类别的人，包括贫困者和失去依靠者、旅途中的人、负债者、用于解放奴隶，以及用于安拉之道（圣战）{jihad}。

and distributed among a number of categories including the needy and the bereft, travellers, the indebted, for the freeing of slaves, and in the way of Allah {jihad).