在铁器时代的大部分时期(约公元前1200年至前600年),非利士地区依靠强大的国际贸易联系而繁荣发展。正如我们下文将看到的,它在公元前6世纪末至前5世纪初发展出了巴勒斯坦地区最早的货币体系。陆上考古发掘与非利士沿海沉船的水下考古都表明,非利士人是一个高度文明的民族。

Throughout much of the Iron Age (c. 1200‒600 BC) Philistia flourished on strong international trade links and, as we shall see below, developed the first monetary system of Palestine in the late 6th‒early 5th century BC. Terrestrial excavations and underwater archaeology of shipwrecks of Philistia have revealed that the Philistines were a highly civilised people.

他们是技艺高超的航海者，也是造诣很深的建筑师和城市规划者，同时还是极具艺术造诣的陶工、织工以及象牙和金属工匠（Dothan 1992）。与腓尼基人一样，非利士人发展出了先进的航海技术，这很可能进一步巩固了他们作为航海民族的声誉。尽管学界对其起源（爱琴海地区还是近东）存在激烈争论（Berlin 1997），最新研究则认为他们是黎凡特本土民族（Evian 2017），但有充分理由推测，巴勒斯坦地区高度发达的非利士城邦的演变，在某种程度上与古希腊高度发达的城邦（polis）的演变颇为相似。随着时间推移，尤其是在希腊化和罗马时期，巴勒斯坦的若干城市，特别是南部的阿什凯隆和北部的托勒密（阿卡），逐渐发展成为典型的希腊城邦。希腊语术语polis（复数poleis），即“城邦”，在古代时期的发展过程中，逐渐成为city（城市）、state（国家）以及最终citizenship（公民身份）的词源；希腊语polis（阿拉伯语madinah）延续至希腊化、罗马和拜占庭时期，并成为罗马和希腊语拜占庭巴勒斯坦地区城市命名的通用词；在现代巴勒斯坦城市纳布卢斯的名称中仍可见到它的痕迹，该名称源自Neapolis。

They were sophisticated seafarers and highly accomplished architects and urban planners, highly artistic potters and weavers and ivory and metalworkers (Dothan 1992). Like the Phoenicians, the Philistines developed advanced naval technology which probably enhanced their reputation as seafaring people. Although their origin (Aegean or Near Eastern) has been seriously disputed among scholars (Berlin 1997) – with the most recent research suggesting they were an indigenous people of the Levant (Evian 2017) – there are good reasons to assume that the evolution of the highly advanced Philistine city-states in Palestine resembled, to some extent, the evolution of the sophisticated ancient Greek polis. In time, and more noticeably during the Hellenic and Roman periods, several cities in Palestine, especially Ascalon in the south and Ptolemais (Acre) in the north, would evolve into typical Greek poleis. The Greek term polis (plural poleis), ‘city-state’, continued to evolve in the course of the ancient period as the ancestor of city, state and eventually citizenship; the Greek term polis (Arabic madinah) persisted into the Hellenic, Roman and Byzantine periods and became common to the naming of cities in Roman- and Greek-speaking Byzantine Palestine; it is also found in modern Palestine in the adapted name of the Palestinian city of Nablus (originally Neapolis).

然而，纳布卢斯（意为“新城”）以及伊利亚/古德斯/耶路撒冷逐步演变为巴勒斯坦重要的阿拉伯伊斯兰城市（madina），这一历史进程并未使这些城市与早先的希腊-罗马-拜占庭城邦（polis）有太大差别。

However, the historical evolution of Nablus (‘new city’) and Iliya/al-Quds/ Jerusalem into the key Arab Islamic madinas in Palestine did not result in cities very different from the earlier Greco-Roman-Byzantine poleis.

希腊—罗马—拜占庭时期的城市规划在伊斯兰统治下得到了繁荣发展，至今在阿拉伯伊斯兰中世纪的耶路撒冷老城中仍清晰可见，该老城是世界上保存最完好的中世纪城市之一。与加沙、凯撒利亚·马里提马以及巴勒斯坦的其他城邦（poleis）/城市（madinas）一样，纳布卢斯、加沙、阿斯卡伦、阿卡（Acre）和中世纪伊斯兰耶路撒冷城都是典型范例，它们既体现了历史的延续性，也体现了巴勒斯坦丰富的城市景观持续不断的适应与转变过程。此外，希腊—罗马城邦由少数城市社会精英主导，随着城市中象征“国家”的治理中心的发展而演变和变化，这种治理城市及其周边乡村的形式在拜占庭和伊斯兰时期的巴勒斯坦同样可见。

Greek‒Roman‒Byzantine urban planning flourished under Islam and is still much in evidence today in the Arab Islamic medieval Old City of Jerusalem, one of the best preserved medieval cities in the world. Like Gaza, Caesarea Maritima and other poleis/madinas in Palestine, Nablus, Gaza, ‘Asqalan, Akka (Acre) and the medieval Islamic City of Jerusalem are classic examples which exhibit both historical continuities and continuous processes of adaption and transformation of the rich urban landscape of Palestine. Furthermore, the Greco-Roman poleis, dominated by small urban social elites, evolved and changed with the development of the centre of governance in the city to signify ‘state’, which included its surrounding villages, and this form of governance (the city with its surrounding villages) is also evident in Byzantine and Islamic Palestine.

然而，应当指出，希腊的城邦（poleis）与近东地区那些早期的古代城邦（如西顿和推罗）并不相同。后者由国王或小型寡头集团统治，而希腊城邦则是由其公民群体统治的政治实体。

However, it should be pointed out that the Greek poleis were unlike other primordial ancient city-states in the Near East like Sidon and Tyre, which were ruled by a king or a small oligarchy, but rather were political entities ruled by their bodies of citizens.

近年来的考古发掘已经证实了这一时期非利士人繁荣的贸易传统和技术革新,以及非利士文明的性质——一个高度发达且具有影响力的地中海文化与政体。对非利士地区的考古研究表明,非利士城邦拥有高度复杂的文化,在城市发展和技术水平(从铁器到陶器)方面,实际上远比当时巴勒斯坦的其他地区先进。 在特拉维夫现代城市北边界之外,以色列人发掘出了非利士海岸高度发展的考古证据。特拉维夫是由东欧犹太移民于1909年创建的以色列大都市(即“母城”),直到1948年之前实际上是巴勒斯坦犹太复国主义移民殖民地(Yishuv)的首都。这些证据来自特勒卡西勒(Tel Qasile)的遗址,那是一座非利士城镇,在公元前12至10世纪间是一个繁荣的港口城镇。这些考古发现被收藏于“以色列遗产博物馆”(Eretz Israel Museum)中,该博物馆位于特拉维夫大学校园内,是一座历史与考古博物馆,坐落于特拉维夫的拉玛特阿维夫街区。特拉维夫大学校园本身便建在一座古代非利士城镇和一个现代巴勒斯坦村庄(al-Shaykh Muwannis)的废墟之上,该村庄于1948年3月被哈加纳组织驱离并使其无人居住。

The strong tradition of trading and the technological innovation of Philistia during that period, and the nature of Philistine civilisation – a highly developed and influential Mediterranean culture and polity – have all been confirmed by recent archaeological excavations. The archaeology of Philistia has shown that the Philistine city-states had a highly sophisticated culture, in fact far more advanced in urban and technological development (from iron to pottery) than other contemporary regions of Palestine. Israeli- excavated archaeological evidence for this high level of development of the coast of Philistia was found outside the northern border of the modern city of Tel Aviv (the Israeli metropolis – ‘mother city’ – founded by East European Jewish settlers in 1909 and effectively the capital of the Zionist Yishuv settler colony in Palestine until 1948) in the remains of Tel Qasile, a Philistine town which formed a thriving harbour town through the 12th‒10th centuries BC. These archaeological discoveries were deposited in ‘the Eretz Israel Museum’ on the campus of Tel Aviv University, a historical and archaeological museum in the Ramat Aviv neighbourhood of Tel Aviv. The campus of Tel Aviv University itself was constructed on the ruins of an ancient Philistine town and a modern Palestinian village, al-Shaykh Muwannis, depopulated by the Haganah in March 1948.

在整个铁器时代,非利士地区以其南北两侧的天然边界为界,作为一个独立的政治实体崛起,夹在两个强大的贸易邻邦埃及和腓尼基之间。同时,它向西与爱琴海地区、向南与阿拉伯半岛开展着繁荣的国际贸易。非利士人精明地利用了这一地理位置,借此发展其国际贸易联系、经济,以及独特的地缘政治区域和物质文化(Ben-Shlomo 2010; Thompson 2016)。以贸易为基础的经济也是非利士这一国家的主要凝聚力量,而这个国家的形成受到多神信仰和文化混合的影响。非利士人与其他当地族群相互融合,居住在沿海港口城镇及其周边村落中。他们的主要城市由自治的国王统治,人口构成混杂,并与巴勒斯坦的其他本土居民相互融合。在加沙、雅法、以革伦、亚实突、亚实基伦和迦特等古代城市中出土的陶器,上面饰有程式化的鸟类图案,为古代巴勒斯坦高度发达的非利士城市提供了考古学证据。航行于埃及与腓尼基之间东地中海沿岸的船只,利用非利士的港口(加沙、亚实基伦、亚实突、雅法和Tantur/Dor)补充给养,并在暴风天气中避风。尤为关键的是,非利士的城市控制着国际贸易路线"海路"(Via Maris,即"非利士人之路"),并对途经该地区的商队征收过路费(Gallagher 1999: 113)。

Throughout the Iron Age Philistia, with its southern and northern natural borders, emerged as a distinct polity nestling between two powerful trading neighbours, Egypt and Phoenicia, but also cultivated flourishing international trade with the Aegean region in the West and Arabia in the south. This neighbourhood was shrewdly exploited by the Philistines, who used it to develop their international trade links, economy and a distinct geo-political region and material culture (Ben-Shlomo 2010; Thompson 2016). The trade-based economy of Philistia was also a major unifying factor in a country which was shaped by polytheism and cultural hybridity. The Philistines integrated with other local populations and lived in coastal port towns and their surrounding villages. Their key cities were ruled by autonomous kings and their populations were mixed and inteThe grated with other indigenous populations of Palestine. Pottery remains excavated in ancient cities such as Gaza, Jaffa, Ekron, Ashdod, Ascalon and Gath, decorated with stylised birds, provide archaeological evidence for highly developed Philistine cities in ancient Palestine. Ships sailing along the Eastern Mediterranean coast between Egypt and Phoenicia used the harbours of Philistia (Gaza, Ascalon, Ashdod, Jaffa and Tantur/Dor) to replenish supplies and take shelter in stormy weather. Crucially, the cities of Philistia controlled the international trade route of the Via Maris (‘Way of the Philistines’) and charged the trade caravans tolls for passing through their region (Gallagher 1999: 113).

古代非利士的大型贸易城市不仅被认为将铁制武器和战车引入古代巴勒斯坦,而且正如下文将要看到的,还被认为创立了巴勒斯坦最早的货币和铸币体系,时间在公元前5至4世纪。区域贸易与远程贸易是塑造古代巴勒斯坦历史的关键因素,必然促成了非利士铸币的出现;这些钱币也被称为腓尼基-阿拉伯钱币(Philisto-Arabian coins),铸造于公元前538至332年间(见下文)。[非利士人]与当地土著人口的融合,形成了一个在地理上独具特色、但在民族上几乎并不独特的非利士地区,该地区与国际贸易路线紧密相连。

The great trading cities of Philistia were not only credited with introducing iron weapons and chariots to ancient Palestine, but, as we shall see below, also with the creation of the earliest monetary and coinage system in Palestine in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Regional and distant trade was a key factor in shaping the history of ancient Palestine and must have contributed to the introduction of the coinage of Philistia, which also became known as Philisto-Arabian coins, struck in the period 538‒332 BC (see below); [The] integration [of the Philistines] with the indigenous population resulted in the geographically, but hardly ethnically, distinctive region of Philistia, which was tightly linked to the international trade routes.

这些商路一方面经由耶斯列平原通往美索不达米亚北部,即沿用"海路"(Via Maris)之名的那条道路;另一方面则沿海岸线继续延伸,通往巴勒斯坦北部和黎巴嫩南部的腓尼基海港。在亚述的庇护之下,巴勒斯坦广泛的贸易政治不仅主导了沿海经济,而且在铁器时代第二期(Iron II)的进程中,形成了一个一体化的南部地区。

These followed the Via Maris, on the one hand, through the Jezreel and in the direction of northern Mesopotamia, and, on the other hand, continued along the coast to the Phoenician seaports of northern Palestine and southern Lebanon. Under Assyrian patronage, Palestine’s expansive trading politics not only dominated the coastal economy but, over the course of the Iron II period, created an integrated South.

阿拉伯的贸易支撑了谷物、牲畜和水果的加工，这些产品来自内盖夫北部和沿海平原；同时，来自犹大山麓和高地的绵羊、羊毛、橄榄和葡萄酒也参与了这一贸易。南部沿海最重要的城镇包括雅法、亚弗、以革伦、亚实突、Gimti（Tall as-Safi）、亚实基伦和加沙。(Thompson 2016: 165)

Arab trade supported the processing of grains, cattle and fruits from the Northern Negev and coastal plain with the sheep and wool, olives and wines from the Judean foothills and highlands. Among the southern coast’s most important towns were Jaffa, ‘Aphek, Ekron, Ashdod, Gimti (Tall as-Safi), Askelon and Gaza. (Thompson 2016: 165)

在公元前712年，非利士城市亚实突（Ashdod）发动起义，并得到埃及的军事支持。此后，亚述国王萨尔贡二世（在位时间为公元前722–705年）

In 712, after an uprising by the Philistine city of Ashdod, supported militarily by Egypt, the Assyrian King Sargon II (reigned 722–705 BC)

亚述人入侵了非利士，以驱逐亚实突国王亚雅马尼，并吞并了整个地区；非利士被置于亚述的直接控制之下，实际上成为一个亚述行省（Thompson 2016: 165），不过亚实突国王仍被允许留在王位上（Gallagher 1999: 115）。到萨尔贡二世去世时，他在非利士拥有两个行省：多尔（坦图尔）

invaded Pilishte to oust the King of Ashdod Iamani and annexed the whole region; Philistia was brought under direct Assyrian control, in effect becoming an Assyrian province (Thompson 2016: 165), although the King of Ashdod was allowed to remain on the throne (Gallagher 1999: 115). By the time Sargon II died, he ‘had two provinces in Philistia: Dor (Tantur)

以及亚实杜德，即加沙一位可靠的国王，以及与埃及清楚界定的边界（Gallagher 1999: 115）。

and Ashdod, a reliable king in Gaza and a clearly defined border with Egypt (Gallagher 1999: 115).