7.3 马穆鲁克时期耶路撒冷的主导地位：马穆鲁克巴勒斯坦的首府与“无城墙之城”（1260‒1517） - 巴勒斯坦:四千年的历史 | Quran Course

7.3 马穆鲁克时期耶路撒冷的主导地位：马穆鲁克巴勒斯坦的首府与“无城墙之城”（1260‒1517） - 巴勒斯坦:四千年的历史 | Quran Course

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7.3 马穆鲁克时期耶路撒冷的主导地位：马穆鲁克巴勒斯坦的首府与“无城墙之城”（1260‒1517）

7.3 The Leading Role Of Al-quds Under The Mamluks: The Capital Of Mamluk Palestine And The ‘city Without Walls’ (1260‒1517)

by Nur Masalha2 min readViewed 149 times

以埃及为基地的马穆鲁克苏丹们延续并加速了阿尤布王朝在巴勒斯坦所引入的许多革新。事实上,马穆鲁克王朝是中世纪巴勒斯坦历史上最重要的穆斯林王朝之一。他们在1260年于巴勒斯坦的艾因扎鲁特战役中阻止了可怕的蒙古大军向近东的推进,由此赢得了声望与合法性,并产生了持久的影响。这是蒙古军队第一次遭受重大失败。他们还根除了拉丁十字军在巴勒斯坦以及沿巴勒斯坦、黎巴嫩和叙利亚海岸其他地区的存在。马穆鲁克在巴勒斯坦取得的辉煌军事胜利,发生在蒙古人攻占并洗劫阿拔斯哈里发国首都巴格达的两年之后。

Based in Egypt, the Mamluk Sultans maintained and accelerated many of the innovations ushered in by the Ayyubids in Palestine. In fact, the Mamluks were one of the most important Muslim dynasties in the history of medieval Palestine. They gained fame and legitimacy and produced lasting impact in stopping the terrifying Mongol advance into the Near East at the Battle of ‘Ain Jalut in Palestine in 1260 – which was the first time that the Mongol army had suffered a major defeat – and for eradicating the Latin Crusader presence in Palestine and elsewhere along the Palestinian, Lebanese and Syrian coasts. The Mamluk’s spectacular military successes in Palestine came only two years after the Mongol capture and sacking of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.

在倭马亚王朝之后,马穆鲁克王朝对耶路撒冷(Al-Quds/Jerusalem)产生了最为持久的影响。在马穆鲁克统治的近三百年间,这座城市繁荣兴盛。马穆鲁克人为该地区带来了令人欢迎的稳定,城市因此得以发展,成为一座“没有城墙的城市”——唯有圣殿山(Haram al-Sharif,高贵圣所)周围的城墙得以保留。对于一座规模、地位和中心性都如耶路撒冷这般的中世纪都城而言,这是非同寻常、绝无仅有的。1187年拉丁十字军遭遇第一次重大失败后,阿尤布王朝为防止十字军再次对城市展开毁灭性围城,采取了激烈的防御措施,大体拆除了耶路撒冷的城墙。然而,这座中世纪的“没有城墙的城市”在13和14世纪的马穆鲁克统治下,却自信而壮观地成长起来。尽管每年前往麦加的朝觐(Hajj)始终是穆斯林必须履行的宗教义务,但早在十字军到来之前,耶路撒冷城就长期是伊斯兰虔诚信仰的焦点和伊斯兰朝圣的中心。十世纪时,出生于耶路撒冷的巴勒斯坦历史学家马克迪西(al-Maqdisi)将该城称为“德行崇高的伊利亚”(Iliya al-Fadila)(al-Maqdisi 2002: 135)。此后,《耶路撒冷美德书》(Fada'il al-Quds,即“耶路撒冷的优点或美德”)这类文献在穆斯林击败十字军、从其手中收复耶路撒冷的努力中也发挥了重要作用。

After the Umayyads, the Mamluks had the most lasting impact on al-Quds/Jerusalem, which had, for nearly 300 years, so prospered under Mamluk rule. The latter brought welcome stability to the region, so that the city grew and became a ‘city without walls’ – with the exception of the walls surrounding the Haram al-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary) – something extraordinary and totally unique for a medieval capital city of the size, importance and centrality of Jerusalem. After the first major defeat of the Latin Crusaders in 1187 the walls of al-Quds had been largely demolished by the Ayyubids as a drastic defensive measure designed to prevent another destructive siege of the city by the Crusaders. However, this medieval ‘city without walls’ grew confidently and spectacularly under the Mamluks in the 13th and 14th centuries. Although the annual pilgrimage, Hajj, to Mecca was always a mandatory religious duty for Muslims, the city of al-Quds had long been a focus of intense Islamic devotion and the centre of Islamic pilgrimage, long before the Crusaders, and in the 10th century al-Maqdisi, the Jerusalem-born Palestinian historian, refers to the city as ‘virtuous Iliya’ (Iliya al-Fadila) (al-Maqdisi 2002: 135). Subsequently the Fada’il al-Quds (‘Merits or Virtues of Jerusalem’) literature also played an important role in the Muslim efforts to defeat the Crusaders and recapture Jerusalem from them.

伊斯兰的《圣城功德》文献以及与拉丁十字军的斗争，提升了伊斯兰信仰的热忱，也增加了前往耶路撒冷朝圣的穆斯林人数。此外，对中世纪的穆斯林而言，清洁的流水与卫生、浴室和喷泉，一直是这座圣城繁荣的最重要因素之一。阿拉伯的浴室后来被法兰克骑士学去，并带回了欧洲。在马木路克王朝统治下，圣城（al-Quds）经历了密集的建设过程，成为巴勒斯坦城市生活与学术的中心，拥有众多经学院（madrasah）、华丽的建筑、浴室、精美的喷泉、宣礼塔以及朝圣者的旅舍。Hammam al-ʿAyn 浴室以其精美绝伦而著称，是耶路撒冷最杰出的浴室之一，也是在其长达700年的历史中持续运营时间最长的一座，其壮观景象至今犹存（Asali 1990）。穆斯林朝圣者在耶路撒冷从十字军手中解放之后纷纷涌入这座城市。从建筑角度看，耶路撒冷历史上最为壮观的时代之一是马木路克时期，其独特的粉、黑、白相间图案的建筑与市场即出自这一时期（Irving 2011: 96）。

The Islamic Fada’il al-Quds literature and the struggle with the Latin Crusaders heightened the intensity of Islamic devotion, and increased the number of Muslim pilgrims to Jerusalem. Also, for medieval Muslims, clean running water and hygiene, bath houses and fountains had always been among the most important elements in the prosperity of the sacred city. The Arab bath houses are something the Frankish knights picked up and took back to Europe. Under the Mamluks, al-Quds underwent an intensive process of construction and became the focus of urban life and learning in Palestine, with numerous madrasahs, architectural splendour, bath houses, beautiful fountains, minarets and hostels for pilgrims. The splendour of Hammam al-ʿAyn, one of the most exquisite bathhouses in Jerusalem and the longest to remain in operation, throughout its 700-year history, can still be seen today (Asali 1990). Muslim pilgrims flocked to the city after its liberation from the Crusaders. Architecturally one of the most spectacular eras of Jerusalem’s history is that of the Mamluk period, and its distinctive pink, black and white patterned buildings and markets date from this era (Irving 2011: 96).