4. （三合一）巴勒斯坦行省 - 巴勒斯坦:四千年的历史 | Quran Course

4. （三合一）巴勒斯坦行省 - 巴勒斯坦:四千年的历史 | Quran Course

拜占庭基督教徒取代罗马人之后,巴勒斯坦(Palaestina)及其主要城市——凯撒利亚-巴勒斯坦(Caesarea-Palaestina)、耶路撒冷、加沙、新城(Neapolis,即纳布卢斯)、司基托波利斯(Scythopolis,即贝桑)、提比里亚和贝特吉布林(Eleutheropolis)——在古代经历了最为繁荣昌盛的发展时期。在早期基督教和拜占庭时期,即公元4至7世纪,"巴勒斯坦"始终是该地区占主导地位且被广泛使用的名称。罗马时期的"叙利亚-巴勒斯坦"行省被拜占庭基督教徒分割,他们也重新划分了该国的行政区域。巴勒斯坦被重组为三个分区。希腊语和阿拉姆语基督教在东地中海、近东和罗马阿拉伯行省[1]的传播,以及公元4世纪大巴勒斯坦的形成,进一步扩展了罗马早期的巴勒斯坦概念,也扩大了古典希腊作家如希罗多德自公元前5世纪中叶起所使用的这一称谓的范围。这个大巴勒斯坦由第一巴勒斯坦(位于该国中部)、第二巴勒斯坦(包括加利利的大部分地区)和救赎巴勒斯坦(位于南部和东南部)组成。

After the Christian Byzantines replaced the Romans, Palaestina and its major cities – Caesarea-Palaestina, Jerusalem, Gaza, Neapolis (Nablus), Scythopolis (Beisan), Tiberias and Beit Jibrin (Eleutheropolis) – experienced their greatest growth and prosperity in Antiquity. Throughout the early Christian and Byzantine period, the 4th to the 7th centuries AD, Palaestina remained the dominant and universally applied name for this region. The former Roman provinces of ‘Syria Palaestina’ were split by the Christian Byzantines, who also redrew the administrative regions of the country. Palaestina was reorganised into three subdivisions. The spread of Greek- and Aramaic-speaking Christianity in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East and Roman Provincia Arabia1 and the creation of greater Palestine in the 4th century AD further expanded the early Roman concept of Palestine and the designation employed by classical Greek writers such as Herodotus from the mid-5th century BC onwards. This greater Palestine consisted of Palaestina Prima (in the centre of the country), Palaestina Secunda (much of the Galilee) and Palaestina Salutaris (in the south and south-east).

Palaestina Salutaris(创建于4世纪,后来也被称为Palaestina Tertia)包括原罗马行省阿拉伯(Ward 2008)、以东(Idumaea)、内盖夫(Naqab/Negev)、西奈半岛部分地区、外约旦西南部、死海以南地区以及阿拉伯彼得拉(Arabia Petraea),其中纳巴泰人的首都在公元2世纪初为佩特拉(Petra)。该省在公元6世纪从阿拉伯彼得拉分出(Shahin 2005: 8)。佩特拉随后成为Palaestina Salutaris的首府。有趣的是,“三个巴勒斯坦”(Prima、Secunda和Tertia)的命名受到古典和早期基督教“三位一体”观念的启发。这一希腊-拜占庭概念最著名的类比便是三位一体的神学思想,该思想于公元325年尼西亚会议上确立并编纂成教义。关键在于,“三个巴勒斯坦”并非被视为完全独立的行省。在政治、军事、文化和教会事务上,它们被构想、发展、管理和捍卫为巴勒斯坦“三位一体”的行省。“三个巴勒斯坦”在四个不同方面紧密相连:

• Palaestina Salutaris (created in the 4th century and later became known also as Palaestina Tertia) included the former Roman Provincia Arabia (Ward 2008), Idumaea, the Naqab/Negev, parts of Sinai, south-west of Transjordan, south of the Dead Sea and Arabia Petraea,4 whose Nabataean capital at the beginning of the 2nd century AD was Petra. It was split from Arabia Petraea in the 6th century AD (Shahin 2005: 8). Petra became the capital of Palaestina Salutaris Interestingly, the naming of the ‘Three Palestines’ (Prima, Secunda and Tertia) was inspired by classical and early Christian representation of ‘Three in One’. The most famous analogy of this Greco-Byzantine concept was the theological idea of Trinity which was settled and codified at the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD. Crucially the ‘Three Palestines’ were not conceived as totally separate provinces. Politically, militarily, culturally and ecclesiastically they were conceived and evolved, managed and defended as ‘Three in One’ provinces of Palaestina. The ‘Three Palestines’ were closely linked in four different areas: