伊斯兰统治下政治与宗教体制的变化，与巴勒斯坦/非勒斯坦作为领土与国家的延续性，以及其经济繁荣和以农业为主的人口之稳定，形成了鲜明对比。在超过三个世纪的时间里，伊斯兰统治下的札德·非勒斯坦省（Jund Filastin）比拜占庭时期巴勒斯坦第一省与巴勒斯坦第二省（Palaestina Salutaris）合起来的范围更大，也更为繁荣，这与一些将这一时期描绘为衰落时期的意识形态史观截然相反。

The changes in the political/religious regime under Islam contrasted with the continuity of Palaestina/Filastin as territory/country and the stability of its economic prosperity and its mainly farming people is striking. For over three centuries the province of Jund Filastin under Islam was a larger and even more prosperous country than the combination of Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Salutaris under the Byzantines, in contradistinction to various ideological histories presenting this period as one of decline.

在伊斯兰早期,行政省份菲拉斯廷(Filastin)保持其经济繁荣,一方面得益于其战略位置,处于地区与远程贸易的中心;另一方面得益于其在伊斯兰更广阔的货币区内发展出的独特货币体系。在伊斯兰统治下,金币称为第纳尔(dinar),银币称为迪拉姆(dirham),铜币称为菲勒斯(fals,复数为fulus)。

Throughout early Islam the administrative province of Filastin maintained its economic prosperity partly by being strategically located at the centre of regional and distant trade and partly by developing its own distinct monetary system, within the wider monetary zone of Islam. Under Islam, dinar coins were minted in gold, dirham coins in silver, while fals (plural fulus)

是公元7世纪末由倭马亚王朝首次铸造的一种铜币。

was a copper coin first produced by the Umayyads in the late 7th century.

"fals"这一名称源自"follis"，即罗马/拜占庭时期的一种铜币。此后各种伊斯兰铜质fals币持续铸造，直至19世纪。如今，在巴勒斯坦阿拉伯语口语中，"fulus"（或"flus"）仍被用作钱财的通称；该词还衍生出现代阿拉伯语词汇"iflas"（破产）和"muflis"（破产者）。在中世纪，巴勒斯坦行省的货币体系包括第纳尔、迪拉姆和fals，它们在巴勒斯坦的多个城市铸造。

The name fals derives from follis, a Roman/Byzantine copper coin. Various Islamic copper fals were in production until the 19th century. Today the word fulus (or flus) is still used in Palestinian Arabic vernacular as a generic term for money and the term has also given rise to the modern Arabic terms iflas (bankruptcy) and muflis (bankrupt). In the Middle Ages, the monetary system of the province of Palestine included dinars, dirhams and fals, which were minted in several Palestinian cities.

此外,在9世纪阿拔斯王朝统治时期,约旦河西岸地区(Jund Filastin)被描述为叙利亚地区(al-Sham)最肥沃的行省。9世纪阿拔斯王朝的邮政官员兼地理学家伊本·胡尔达兹比赫(Ibn Khordadbeh)是现存最早的阿拉伯语行政与地理描述性著作《道里邦国志》(Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik,约870年)的作者,他在谈及该行省每年征收的税收时,记载了864年左右的情况:巴勒斯坦省(Filastin)征收的税款为50万第纳尔金币。与叙利亚其他行省相比,大马士革省征收40万第纳尔,霍姆斯省34万,约旦省35万,库奈斯林与阿瓦辛两省合计40万第纳尔(Le Strange 1890: 46;Röhricht 1890: 17;Ibn Khordadbeh 1865)。作为另一项对比,864年整个巴勒斯坦地区(即Filastin与al-Urdun两省)征收的税收

Furthermore, in the 9th century, during Abbasid rule, the province of Jund Filastin was described as the most fertile province in the region of al-Sham. Commenting on the annual tax revenues raised in the province, 9th century Abbasid postmaster and geographer ibn Khordadbeh, the author of the earliest surviving Arabic book of administrative and descriptive geography, The Book of Roads and Kingdoms (Kitab al-Masalik was Mamalik, c. 870) recorded in about 864: 500,000 gold dinars of taxes from Filastin province. By comparison with other provinces of al-Sham, the Damascus province raised 400,000 dinars, the Hims province 340,000, the Jordan province 350,000 and the two provinces of Qinnasrin and ‘Awasim 400,000 dinars (Le Strange 1890: 46; Röhricht 1890: 17; Ibn Khordadbeh 1865). For another comparison, the tax revenues raised in the whole of Palestine (the two provinces of Filastin and al-Urdun) in 864

（850,000第纳尔）约占818/819年整个阿拔斯时期美索不达米亚征收的（主要为土地）税收的一半以上（Christensen 1993: 42）。

(850,000 dinars) amounted to more than half of (mainly land) taxes raised in the whole of Abbasid Mesopotamia in 818/819 (Christensen 1993: 42).

这些巴勒斯坦省的年度岁入，也可以从这一时期自菲拉斯廷省征收的税收数额中看出，无论是绝对数额，还是与从其他军区（ajnad）征收的税收相比，都很明显。其中包括规模小得多的约旦军区（Jund al-Urdun），以及规模大得多的大马士革省（Jund Dimashq）。大马士革省包括今天黎巴嫩的大部分地区，以及约旦河以东被称为巴勒加（al-Balqa）地区的领土（Le Strange 2010: 43‒48；Blankinship 1994:

These annual revenues of the province of Palestine is also evident from the tax figures and revenues collected during this era from the Filastin province both in absolute terms and in comparison with those taxes collected from the other ajnad, including the much smaller Jund al-Urdun and the much larger Jund Dimashq (the Damascus province), which included much of present-day Lebanon and territories east of the River Jordan known as al-Balqa region (Le Strange 2010: 43‒48; Blankinship 1994:

47‒48、292页，注释7）。据某些史料记载的税收数字，巴勒斯坦（Filastin）在整个晚期倭马亚时期都被认为是沙姆地区最富裕的行省（Blankinship 1994: 48）。

47‒48, 292, note 7). Indeed, Filastin is accounted, by tax figures given in certain sources, to have been the richest province of al-Sham throughout the late Umayyad period (Blankinship 1994: 48).

阿拉伯中世纪历史学家和地理学家的著作，是我们理解巴勒斯坦及其周边地区不断演变的格局，以及倭马亚和阿拔斯时期大部分时间里菲尔斯廷省相对庞大的财富与繁荣的核心依据。当地的巴勒斯坦历史学家和地理学家，如马克迪西（不仅反复使用“巴勒斯坦”（فلسطين）一词，还使用“巴勒斯坦人”（فلسطيني））也开始形成一种初步的地区性巴勒斯坦认同感。公元985年，马克迪西在其著作《地区知识的最佳划分》（Ahsan al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim）中，详细记载了他在巴勒斯坦所游历的所有地名、城市和城镇（al-Maqdisi 1994, 2002）。马克迪西详细描述了自己的祖国及其土地的肥沃，在十世纪评述了巴勒斯坦的农产品和手工制品：

The works of Arab historians and geographers of the Middle Ages are central to our understanding of the evolving reconfiguration of Palestine and its environs and of the relatively immense wealth and prosperity of the province of Filastin throughout much of the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. Local Palestinian historians and geographers such al-Maqdisi — who uses not just the term Palestine ( فلسطين ) repeatedly but also ‘Palestinian’ فلسطيني ) — also began to develop an embryonic sense of regional Palestinian identity. In 985 AD al-Maqdisi, in his work The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions (Ahsan al-Taqasim Fi Ma’rifat al-Aqalim), gives us a detailed account of all the place names, cities and towns he had visited in Palestine (al-Maqdisi 1994, 2002). Describing in detail his native country and the fertility of its land, al-Maqdisi comments in the 10th century on the agricultural produce and manufactured goods of Palestine:

巴勒斯坦省境内聚集着36

within the province of Palestine may be found gathered together 36

产自别处找不到、因而在任何其他地方都无法齐备的物产……巴勒斯坦出产橄榄、干无花果、葡萄干、角豆，以及丝棉混纺织物、肥皂和头巾。耶路撒冷出产奶酪、棉花，以及名为‘Ainuni和Duri的著名葡萄干，还有优质苹果、香蕉——香蕉形似黄瓜，但剥去外皮后，果肉与西瓜相似，只是风味更精致、更甘美——还有被称为“Kuraish-bite”的松子，别处没有能与之媲美的。此外还有镜子、灯罐和针。耶利哥出产上好的靛蓝。Sughar和Baisan出产靛蓝和椰枣〔以及大米〕，还有名为Dibs的糖浆。‘Amman出产谷物、羔羊和蜂蜜。Tiberias出产地毯织物、纸张和布料。Kadas出产用名为Munayyir和Bal’isiyyah的织物制成的衣服，还有绳索。（转引自Le Strange 2014: 18‒19；另见Le Strange 1890: 16‒19；al-Maqdisi 1994）7

products that are not found thus united in any other land ... From Palestine come olives, dried figs, raisins, the carob-fruit, stuffs of mixed silk and cotton, soap and kerchiefs. From Jerusalem come cheeses, cotton, the celebrated raison of the species known as ‘Ainuni and Duri, excellent apples, bananas – which same is a fruit in the form of a cucumber, but when the skin is peeled off, the interior is not unlike the water-melon – only finer flavoured and more luscious – also pine-nuts known as ‘Kuraish-bite,’ and their equal is not found elsewhere; further mirrors, lamp-jars and needles. From Jericho is brought excellent indigo. From Sughar and Baisan came indigo and dates [and rice], also the treacle called Dibs. From ‘Amman –grain, lambs and honey. From Tiberias – carpet stuffs, paper, and cloth. From Kadas – clothes of the stuff called Munayyir and Bal’isiyyah, also ropes. (Cited in Le Strange 2014: 18‒19; also Le Strange 1890: 16‒19; al-Maqdisi 1994)7

巴勒斯坦的经济得益于该国的战略位置及其国际贸易，包括与印度、中国和欧洲的远程贸易。自古代起，就存在一条从中国通往近东的广泛的远程丝绸贸易路线。丝绸织物是由蚕所产的天然纤维，最早在中国古代发展起来。由于其质地和光泽，丝绸在近东迅速成为一种受欢迎的奢侈面料。在古代，中国商人和阿拉伯商人都使丝绸得以流通。

The economy of Palestine was boosted by the country’s strategic location and its international trade, including its long-distance trade with India, China and Europe. An extensive long-distance silk trade from China to the Near East existed from Antiquity. Silk fabric, a natural fibre produced by silkworms, was first developed in ancient China and, because of its texture and lustre, silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the Near East. It was made accessible by both Chinese and Arab traders in Antiquity.

在伊斯兰时期,巴勒斯坦和整个沙姆地区通过红海上的亚卡巴(Aylah,即‘Aqabah)与印度和中国进行贸易,(当时)巴勒斯坦是“中国海上的一个港口”(Ramadan 2010a, 2010b)。中世纪时,阿拉伯商人开始进口亚洲的蚕种(阿拉伯语:dudat al-qazz),巴勒斯坦人用丝绸(harir)织造纺织品,并借此发展了本国的丝绸业。巴勒斯坦生产多种丝织品,其中包括一种与各类羊毛混纺、织成外套的粗丝织品,它被称为qazz丝绸,此外还有“bi-harir”,这些产品出口到阿拉伯半岛以及地中海和欧洲的多个国家(Gil, M. 1997: 238;Goitein 1983: 403,注释141;Lewandowski 2011: 243;Weir 1994: 288)。在近代早期的英格兰,巴勒斯坦所产、被称为qazz的生丝,演变为gauze或Gaza,即这座巴勒斯坦城市的名称;这是一种薄而常为透明的平纹织物,用于服装、帷幔和外科敷料(Cannon and Kaye 1994: 196)。

Under Islam, Palestine and al-Sham as a whole traded with India and China via Aylah (‘Aqabah) on the Red Sea, ‘a port of Palestine on China Sea’ (Ramadan 2010a, 2010b). In the Middle Ages, Arab merchants began importing Asian silkworms (Arabic: dudat al-qazz) and in Palestine the silk (harir) fabric was woven into textiles and helped develop the country’s own silk industry. Palestine produced a variety of silk fabrics – including one coarse type of silk fabric mixed with various types of wool and woven into coats, which became known as qazz silk, and ‘bi-harir’ – which were exported to Arabia and various Mediterranean and European countries (Gil, M. 1997: 238; Goitein 1983: 403, note 141; Lewandowski 2011: 243; Weir 1994: 288). In early modern England, the raw type of silk made in Palestine and known as qazz, became known as gauze or Gaza, the name of the Palestinian city; it was a thin, often transparent woven fabric used in clothing, drapery and surgical dressings (Cannon and Kaye 1994: 196).

巴勒斯坦的对外出口和国际贸易是该国在伊斯兰统治下经济繁荣与财富的重要支柱。早在铜石并用时代，巴勒斯坦就已开始向埃及出口橄榄油和葡萄酒，巴勒斯坦橄榄油以及被称为“liquores Palaestini”（“巴勒斯坦葡萄酒”）的出口贸易也由此兴起。

Palestine’s foreign export and international trade were key contributors to the country’s economic prosperity and wealth under Islam. Palestine had begun exporting olive oil and wine to Egypt in the Chalcolithic Age and the export of Palestinian olive oil and liquores Palaestini (‘Palestinian wine’)

在古代，这些商品一直是重要的大宗货物。尽管伊斯兰教兴起后，“巴勒斯坦液体”（liquores Palaestini）的出口有所减少，但整个中世纪出口始终未断，骆驼商队还将橄榄油从巴勒斯坦运往阿拉伯半岛的麦地那城（Gil, M. 1997: 236）。此外，巴勒斯坦生产的各类织物、纺织品以及用兔毛混纺的qazz丝绸，被装船运往地中海市场，包括埃及（Gil, M. 1997: 238）。有趣的是，许多这些重要的制成品和出口产品，如棉花、油、肥皂、玻璃器皿、织品、刺绣品和丝绸制品，在近现代的巴勒斯坦经济中仍然扮演着重要角色。

remained important commodities in Antiquity. Although the export of liquores Palaestini declined under Islam, exports continued throughout the Middle Ages and camel caravans transported olive oil from Palestine to the city of Medina in Arabia (Gil, M. 1997: 236). Also, various woven items and textiles and types of qazz silk mixed with rabbit wool made in Palestine were loaded onto ships and exported to Mediterranean markets, including Egypt (Gil, M. 1997: 238). Interestingly, many of these key manufactured and exported products, such as cotton, oil, soap, glassware, woven, embroidered and silk items, would still play a role in the Palestinian economy of the modern era.

在伊斯兰统治下，享有宗教自治、人口以城市为主的阿拉伯犹太人，在巴勒斯坦的文化、商业和制造业中发挥了重要作用。这在该国一项重要的国际出口商品——玻璃器皿上表现得尤为明显。该地区的玻璃制造可以追溯到腓尼基时期，希腊化和罗马建筑的马赛克以及拜占庭的马赛克地板也与之相关。在中世纪，阿卡、提尔、阿尔-哈利勒（希布伦）以及巴勒斯坦的其他地区因玻璃制造而闻名，该国及整个沙姆地区的阿拉伯犹太人也因精于制作玻璃而享有盛名，其产品出口到包括欧洲部分国家在内的多个地区（Gil, M. 1997: 238）。正如我们将在第七章看到的，精美玻璃制造业在马穆鲁克时期得到了阿尔-哈利勒穆斯林实业家的进一步发展。

Also under Islam the religiously autonomous, predominantly urban Arab-Jews of Palestine played an important part in the culture, commerce and manufacturing industries of the country. This was particularly evident in an important international export of Palestine: glassware. Glass-making in the region dates back to Phoenician times, and the mosaics of Hellenic and Roman buildings and Byzantine mosaic floors. In the Middle Ages, Acre, Tyre, al-Khalil (Hebron) and other localities in Palestine became famous for glass-making and the Arab Jews of the country and al-Sham as a whole became known as experts at making glass, which would be exported to various countries including some in Europe (Gil, M. 1997: 238). As we shall see in chapter seven, the industry of exquisite glass-making was further developed by Muslim industrialists in al-Khalil during the Mamluk period.

在十世纪最著名的百科式地缘政治与地理民族志著作之一中，穆加迪西描述了巴勒斯坦军区（Jund Filastin）地中海沿岸的一些港口：

In one of the most famous encyclopaedic geo-political and geoethnographic works of the 10th century, al-Maqdisi describes some of the Mediterranean ports of the province of Jund Filastin:

沿着Filastin的整个海岸，有一些被称为Ribat的哨站，征召的兵士在那里集结。希腊人的战舰和桨帆船也驶入这些港口，船上载着从穆斯林那里俘获的俘虏，他们以赎金出售这些俘虏——每百第纳尔赎三人。在这些港口的每一处，都有懂希腊语的人，因为他们负有出使希腊人的使命，并与他们交易各种货物。在哨站，每当希腊船只出现，他们便吹响号角；如果是夜间，就在塔上点燃烽火；如果是白天，就升起浓烟。从海岸上的每一座哨站直到首府（Ar Ramlah），每隔一段距离都建有高塔，每座塔上驻守着一队人。希腊船只到来时，守望者察觉后，便点燃离海岸哨站最近的那座塔上的烽火，接着点燃其上方相邻的那座，依次传递下去，因此不到一个小时，首府便响起了号角，各塔上也擂起了鼓，召唤民众前往海边的哨站。人们携带武器，纷纷蜂拥而出，村里的年轻人也聚集起来。赎俘随即开始。有些人能赎回一名俘虏，另一些较为贫穷的人则投下银Dirham、戒指或其他贵重之物，直到希腊船上的所有俘虏都被赎回为止。而在Filastin这一地区，进行赎俘的哨站有：Ghazzah、Mimas、‘Askalan、Mahuz——（港口）Azdud、Mahuz——（港口）Yubna、Yafah和Arsuf。

All along the sea-coast of Filastin are the Watch-stations, called Ribat, where the levies assemble. The war-ships and galleys of the Greeks also come into these ports, bringing aboard of them the captives taken from the Muslims; these they offer for ransom – three for the hundred Dinars. And in each of these ports there are men who know the Greek tongue, for they have missions to the Greeks, and trade with them in divers wares. At the Stations, whenever a Greek vessel appears, they sound the horns; also, if it be night, they light a beacon there on the tower; or, if it be day, they make a great smoke. From every Watchstation on the coast up to the capital (Ar Ramlah), there are built, at intervals, high towers, in each of which is stationed a company of men. On the occasion of the arrival of the Greek ships the men, perceiving this, kindle the beacon on the tower nearest to the coaststation, and then on that lying next above it, and onwards, one after another, so that hardly is an hour is elapsed before the trumpets are sounding in the capital, and drums are beating in the towers, calling the people down to the Watch-stations by the sea. And they hurry out in force, with their arms, and the young men of the village gather together. Then the ransoming begins. Some will be able to ransom a prisoner, while others (less rich) will throw down silver Dirhams, or signet-rings, or contribute some other valuable, until at length all the prisoners who are in the Greek ships have been ransomed. Now the Watch-stations of this province of Filastin, where this ransoming of captives takes place, are these: Ghazzah, Mimas, ‘Askalan, Mahuz – (the port of ) Azdud, Mahuz – (the port) of Yubna, Yafah, and Arsuf.

（引自 Le Strange 2014：23‒24）

(Cited in Le Strange 2014: 23‒24)

同样在10世纪,阿拉伯地理学家与编年史家伊本·豪加勒(Ibn Hawqal)曾于公元943至969年间广泛游历亚洲、欧洲和非洲,并著有《大地的面貌》(The Face of the Earth)。他在书中描述了阿拉伯行省巴勒斯坦(Filastin)。伊本·豪加勒的部分信息很可能源自更早的阿拉伯文献,他描述了巴勒斯坦行省的范围:南至拉法(Rafah),北至拉朱恩地区(al-Lajjun),西临地中海,东至外约旦的安曼('Amman)(al-Maqdisi 2002: 138)。

Also in the 10th century, Arab geographer and chronicler Ibn Hawqal – who travelled extensively in Asia, Europe and Africa in 943‒969 AD and wrote The Face of the Earth – describes the Arab province of Filastin. Ibn Hawqal, who may well derive some of his information from earlier Arabic sources, describes the extent of the province of Filastin: from Rafah in the south to the region of al-Lajjun in the north and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to ‘Amman in Transjordan (al-Maqdisi 2002: 138).

位于杰宁以西北16公里、米吉多丘（又称Tell al-Mutasallim）以南1公里处，拉贾伦（al-Lajjun）数百年来一直是重要的战略性巴勒斯坦地区城镇，直到19世纪之交被奥斯曼帝国并入新设的杰宁区。

Located 16 kilometres north-west of Jenin and 1 kilometre south of Tell Megiddo (also called Tell al-Mutasallim), for many centuries al-Lajjun was an important strategic Palestinian district town, until the turn of the 19th century when it was annexed by the Ottomans to the new district of Jenin.

被以色列于1948年驱散并摧毁的阿勒-拉朱恩村，曾被认定为古代米吉多的所在地。米吉多在整个青铜时代都是最强大、最重要的巴勒斯坦城邦之一，并且拥有当时整个近东地区最为宏伟的神庙之一（Wiener, N.）。

Depopulated and destroyed by Israel in 1948, al-Lajjun was identified with ancient Megiddo, which was one of the strongest and most important Palestinian city-states throughout the Bronze Age and housed one of the most monumental temples of its time in the whole Near East (Wiener, N.

2016)。在罗马统治时期,该地区被视为加利利的一部分;到18世纪,阿勒-拉朱恩成为由达希尔·阿尔-乌马尔统治的、实际上独立的以加利利为基地的巴勒斯坦政权的一部分。阿勒-拉朱恩古代与中世纪阿拉伯遗产之间的延续性,在中世纪巴勒斯坦阿拉伯城镇拉朱恩的名称中得到了象征性的体现,该名称源自罗马名称Legio,意为叙利亚-巴勒斯坦省早期的罗马军团营地。该地点位于巴勒斯坦的海路(Via Maris)上的战略要冲,罗马人称之为Caparcotna,在公元120年至300年间一直是第六铁甲军团(Legio Sexta Ferrata,即第六罗马军团)的驻地。第六铁甲军团受到罗马阿拉伯皇帝腓力阿拉伯人(244–249年在位)的表彰,他密切关注叙利亚-巴勒斯坦省和阿拉伯行省的事务,并铸造了标有该军团编号的钱币。8

2016). Under the Romans this region was treated as part of the Galilee and in the 18th century al-Lajjun became part of the practically independent Galilee-based Palestinian state ruled by Dhaher al-ʿUmar. The continuities between the ancient and medieval Arab heritage of al-Lajjun is symbolically present in the name of the medieval Palestinian Arab town Lajjun, which is derived from the Roman name Legio, meaning an early Roman legion camp in the province of ‘Syria Palestinia’. The site, a strategic point on Palestine’s Via Maris and known to Romans as Caparcotna, remained the base of the Legio Sexta Ferrata (Sixth Ironclad Legion), the 6th Roman Legion, between 120 and 300 AD. The Sixth Ironclad Legion was honoured by the Roman Arab Emperor, Philippus Arabs (244‒249), who took a close interest in the affairs of the provinces of ‘Syria Palaestina’ and Arabia and minted coins with the number of this legion.8

在阿拔斯王朝时期（8至9世纪），拉贾伦是巴勒斯坦军区（Jund Filastin）境内一个重要的县城。整个漫长的马穆鲁克时期（1260至1517年），它是商路和邮路上的重要驿站；在奥斯曼帝国早期，它是巴勒斯坦以其名字命名的县（sanjak）的首府。

Under the Abbasids in the 8th‒9th centuries, al-Lajjun was an important district town, within the province of Jund Filastin. Throughout the long Mamluk period (1260‒1517) it served as an important station in the commercial and postal route and during the early Ottoman period it was the capital of the district (sanjak) in Palestine that bore its name.

根据一些阿拉伯文资料，早期伊斯兰时期，贝桑（原斯基托波利斯）和拉朱恩这两座主要城镇都被划入巴勒斯坦军区（Jund Filastin）的辖区内（参见Gil, M. 1997: 111），然而阿勒-马克迪西（2002: 138）

According to some Arabic sources, the two major towns of Beisan (former Scythopolis) and al-Lajjun, were included in the province of Jund Filastin throughout early Islam (see Gil, M. 1997: 111), yet al-Maqdisi (2002: 138)

据记载，Beisan、al-Lajjun以及Acre都属于Jund al-Urdun，这进一步支持了这样一种观点：从地理和战略上看，Jund al-Urdun在数个世纪里都相当于此前拜占庭的Palaestina Secunda行省。

reports that Beisan, al-Lajjun, as well as Acre were part of Jund al-Urdun, something which lends further weight to the argument that, geographically and strategically, Jund al-Urdun remained for several centuries equivalent to the former Byzantine province of Palaestina Secunda.

在10世纪，伊本·豪卡尔把约旦省（Jund Filastin）的行政首府拉姆拉描述为该国最大的城镇，“但圣城（耶路撒冷）的规模与之非常接近”——这也在一定程度上支持了这样一种观点：在拜占庭统治的三个世纪以及从8世纪初至1099年的伊斯兰统治的近四个世纪中，巴勒斯坦曾存在两个（政治/宗教）首都的说法。

In the 10th century Ibn Hawqal describes the administrative capital of the province of Jund Filastin, al-Ramla, as the largest town in the country, ‘but the Holy City (of Jerusalem) comes very near this last in size’ – something which also lends some weight to the two (political/religious) capitals notion existing in Palestine for three centuries under the Byzantines and for nearly four centuries under Islam from the early 8th century until 1099.

伊本·豪卡勒写道：

Ibn Hawqal writes:

巡军区巴勒斯坦（Filastin）及其下属各区。隶属于该区的有位于北西奈的提赫（Tih）区和贾法尔（Al Jifar）区，二者都靠近埃及边境……巴勒斯坦是沙姆诸省中最靠西的一省。从拉法（Rafh）到勒占（Al Lajjun，即Legio）边界，其最长处，骑手需要两天才能走完；而从雅法（Yaffa，即Jaffa）到里哈（Riha，即Jericho）的宽度，同样需要两天时间穿越。

Jund Filastin (Palestine) and its subdistricts. Subordinate to this district were those of the Tih [in north Sinai] and Al Jifar, both lying towards the Egyptian Frontier ... Filastin is the westernmost of the provinces of [al-Sham]. In its greatest length from Rafh [Rafah] to the boundary of Al Lajjun (Legio), it would take a rider two days to travel over; and the like time to cross the breadth from Yaffa (Jaffa) to Riha (Jericho)

filastin 由雨水和露水灌溉。其树木和耕地不需要人工灌溉;只有在纳布卢斯才能找到用于此目的的流水。Filastin 是叙利亚各省中最肥沃的。其首府和最大的城镇是 Ar Ramlah,但圣城(耶路撒冷)的规模与之非常接近。在 Filastin 省,尽管面积不大,却有大约二十座清真寺,设有周五聚礼的讲台。(转引自 le Strange 2014: 28;另见 Röhricht 1890: 18;Gil, M. 1997: 111)

... Filastin is watered by the rains and dew. Its trees and its ploughed lands do not need artificial irrigation; and it is only in Nabulus that you find the running waters applied to this purpose. Filastin is the most fertile of the Syrian provinces. Its capital and the largest town is Ar Ramlah, but the Holy City (of Jerusalem) comes very near this last in size. In the province of Filastin, despite its small extent, there are about twenty mosques, with pulpits for the Friday prayer. (Cited in le Strange 2014: 28; also Röhricht 1890: 18; Gil, M. 1997: 111)

尽管巴勒斯坦省（Filastin）的边界概念多年来确有变化，但在1226年，阿拉伯地理学家雅古特·哈马维（Yaqut al-Hamawi）在阿尤布王朝时期写道，阿拉伯城镇阿尔-富莱赫（al-Fuleh，即今天以色列的阿富拉镇‘Afula）位于马尔季·伊本·阿米尔（Marj ibn ‘Amer）的中心，在阿尔-拉金（al-Lajjun）以北约12公里处，他将其称为“巴勒斯坦军区（Jund Filastin）中的一个城镇”（Le Strange 1890: 441）。

Although the perception of the boundaries of the province of Filastin did change over the years, in 1226 the Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, writing during the Ayyubid period, mentioned that the Arab town of al-Fuleh (present-day Israeli town of ‘Afula), which was at the heart of Marj ibn ‘Amer, about 12 kilometres to the north of al-Lajjun, as being ‘a town in Jund Filastin’ (Le Strange 1890: 441).