在近代早期，巴勒斯坦的地名促成了圣经批判学的兴起。17世纪，阿姆斯特丹的理性主义犹太哲学家巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎通过考察巴勒斯坦与《圣经》中的地名，开创了圣经研究的批判性方法。他利用巴勒斯坦的地名以及其他论据得出结论：与犹太教徒和基督徒的普遍看法相反，摩西并未撰写《五经》，即希伯来圣经的五卷书。

In the early modern period Palestinian place names contributed to the rise of biblical criticism. In the 17th century the rationalist Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza of Amsterdam initiated a critical approach to Scriptural Studies by looking at place names in Palestine and the Bible. Using toponyms from Palestine as well as other arguments, he concluded that, contrary to the standard belief among Jews and Christians, Moses did not write the Pentateuch, the five books of the Hebrew Bible.

19世纪,巴勒斯坦的地名引起了原教旨主义基督徒和欧洲帝国主义者的关注。地名考据项目以及对巴勒斯坦地名的地理性更替,成为欧洲列强争相渗透《圣经》之地时手中的有力工具。英国人最先认识到并利用了国家资助的探险所蕴含的力量,开始将圣经地理与"复兴主义"计划、考古发掘以及对巴勒斯坦的殖民渗透联系起来。第一个英国殖民定居点Kerem Avraham("亚伯拉罕葡萄园")始于1855年,是一个小型定居点,由颇具影响力的英国驻耶路撒冷领事詹姆斯·芬恩(James Finn)及其妻子伊丽莎白·安妮·芬恩(Elizabeth Anne Finn)创建。伊丽莎白是一位著名英国希伯来语学者的女儿,本人也会说希伯来语。詹姆斯·芬恩于1846年至1863年在奥斯曼统治下的耶路撒冷任职,在该城拥有至高无上的权势,成为19世纪中叶欧洲渗透巴勒斯坦的核心人物。他还将英国外交工作与基督教传教活动结合在一起。他的活动为英国皇家工兵部队的军官对巴勒斯坦进行圣经考察和军事测绘铺平了道路,这些工作是代表总部设在伦敦的巴勒斯坦勘探基金会进行的。

Palestinian place names attracted the attention of fundamentalist Christians and European imperialists in the 19th century. Toponymic projects and geographical replacing of place names in Palestine became powerful tools in the hands of the European powers which competed to penetrate the land of the Bible. The British were the first to recognise and exploit the power of state-sponsored explorations and began to link scriptural geography with ‘restorationist’ schemes, excavations and colonial penetration of Palestine. The first British colony of Kerem Avraham (‘Abraham Vineyard’) began as a small settlement founded in 1855 by the influential British Consul in Jerusalem James Finn, and his wife Elizabeth Anne Finn, the daughter of a noted English Hebrew scholar and herself a Hebrew speaker. James Finn, who served in Ottoman Jerusalem from 1846 to 1863, reigned supreme in the city and he became a central figure in the mid-19th century European penetration of Palestine. He also combined his British diplomatic job with Christian missionary activities. His activities paved the way for the biblical explorations and military mapping of Palestine by officers of the British Royal Engineering Corp on behalf of the London-based Palestine Exploration Fund.

James Finn将《圣经》中的“复归论”（restorationist）意识形态、传教活动与英国官方公职结合在一起。他与妻子伊丽莎白原先都是“伦敦促进犹太人基督教会”（London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews）的成员。尤为关键的是，他与第七代沙夫茨伯里伯爵安东尼·阿什利·库珀（Anthony Ashley Cooper）关系密切。后者是著名的保守党议员、千禧年主义新教徒，也是维多利亚时代新教犹太复国主义“复归论”的重要推动者，并且提出了“一片没有人的土地，献给没有土地的人民”这一神话。19世纪50年代初，芬恩以250英镑从当地一名巴勒斯坦人手中购得Karm al-Khalili，阿拉伯语意为“哈利利葡萄园”。

James Finn combined biblical ‘restorationist’ ideology and missionary activities with official British civil service. He and his wife Elizabeth were originally members of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews. Also, crucially, he was a close associate of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, a prominent Tory MP, a millennialist Protestant and a key contributor to Victorian Protestant Zionist ‘restorationism’, who invented the myth ‘A land without people, for a people without a land’. In the early 1850s Finn had purchased Karm al-Khalili, Arabic for ‘al-Khalili Vineyard’, from a local Palestinian for £250.

阿勒哈利勒是巴勒斯坦本地阿拉伯语中对（圣经中的）

Al-Khalil is the indigenous Palestinian Arabic toponym for the (biblical)

希伯伦城。当地的巴勒斯坦穆斯林传统和圣经传统都将这座城与先知易卜拉欣·哈利勒（Ibrahim al-Khalil，即亚伯拉罕）联系在一起；因此，芬恩借用了一个本土名称，将耶路撒冷现代殖民地的地名与圣经传统牢牢地联系起来。

city of Hebron, a city which both local Palestinian Muslim and biblical traditions link to the Patriarch ‘Ibrahim al-Khalil’ (Abraham); thus Finn used an indigenous name to link firmly the toponym of the modern colony in Jerusalem to biblical traditions.

1967年征服之后，以色列国在构想耶路撒冷时，不得不依赖一个被神话化的概念——“金色耶路撒冷”，并在新占领的领土上援引抽象的历史和意识形态权利。其主张还建立在领土扩张与统治、以及通过定居者殖民来“救赎土地”的基础之上。同样的占有与抹除巴勒斯坦遗产的过程，以及将犹太复国主义的希伯来殖民地名称叠加于巴勒斯坦地点之上的做法，在1967年之后仍在继续。东耶路撒冷被占领后几乎立即，代表巴勒斯坦多元文化身份与共享遗产的巴勒斯坦考古博物馆被更名为洛克菲勒博物馆。部分展品被转移到以色列博物馆位于西耶路撒冷的一个翼楼——“圣书之龛”（希伯来语：Hekhal Hasefer），那里收藏着1947至1956年间在库姆兰洞穴中发现的部分死海古卷。巴勒斯坦考古博物馆原先位于卡尔姆·阿尔-沙伊赫（Karm al-Shakyh），即哈利利长老的“葡萄园”，是老城东北角外的一座小山丘。该博物馆是在英国托管时期构思并建立的，获得了洛克菲勒家族的资助。

After the 1967 conquests, the Israeli state was bound to base its conception of Jerusalem upon a mythologised entity, ‘Jerusalem of Gold’, and to invoke abstract historical and ideological rights in the newly acquired territories, as well as resting its claim on territorial expansion and domination and the ‘redemption of land’ through settler-colonisation. The same process of appropriation and erasure of Palestinian heritage and the superimposition of a Zionist Hebrew colonising toponymy on Palestinian sites continued after 1967. Almost immediately after the conquest of East Jerusalem the Palestine Archaeological Museum, which represented the multicultural identity and shared heritage of Palestine, was renamed the Rockefeller Museum. Some items were taken to the Shrine of the Book (Hebrew: Hekhal Hasefer), a wing of the Israel Museum in West Jerusalem, which houses parts of the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947‒1956 in the Qumran caves. The Palestine Archaeological Museum had been located on Karm al-Shakyh, the ‘Vineyard’ of Shaykh al-Khalili, a hill just outside the north-eastern corner of the Old City. The museum had been conceived and established during the Mandatory period, with financial support from the Rockefeller family.

它于1938年1月向公众开放。该博物馆收藏了大量在1890至1948年间巴勒斯坦发掘中出土的文物。博物馆的珍贵藏品中还包括来自阿克萨清真寺的历史文物，以及来自圣墓教堂的12世纪（十字军时期）大理石门楣。

It was opened to the public in January 1938. The museum housed a large collection of artefacts unearthed in the excavations conducted in Palestine in 1890‒1948. Also among the museum’s prized possessions were historical artefacts from the al-Aqsa Mosque and 12th century (Crusader period) marble lintels from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

直到1966年，该博物馆由一个国际理事会管理；此后它被约旦政府接管。自1967年起，该博物馆由以色列博物馆与以色列古物与博物馆管理局（后更名为以色列古物管理局）共同管理。

Until 1966 the museum was run by an international board of trustees; it was then taken over by the Jordanian state. Since 1967 the museum has been jointly managed by the Israel Museum and the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (later renamed Israel Antiquities Authority).

该遗址现在是以色列文物管理局的总部。托管时期的巴勒斯坦考古博物馆曾体现了耶路撒冷和巴勒斯坦数百年来所具有的多元宗教与民族的积极面貌，而以色列博物馆和圣卷阁则体现了以色列文物管理局及以色列遗产产业的一种单一执念：要将巴勒斯坦的古代史与现代史都犹太化、殖民化。

The site is now the headquarters of the Israel Antiquity Authorities. While the Palestine Archaeological Museum of the Mandatory period still represented the positive diversity of religions and ethnicities that characterised Jerusalem and Palestine for many centuries, the Israel Museum and Shrine of the Book represent the single-minded determination by the Israel Antiquities Authority and Israel’s heritage industry to Judaise and colonise both the ancient and modern histories of Palestine.