10.18 从耶路撒冷到奥尔沙利姆:现代希伯来语地名与路标的英语及阿拉伯语音译
10.18 From Yerushalayim To Orshalim: The Transliteration Of New Hebrew Toponyms And Road Signs Into English And Arabic
1967年之后,自1948年起开始的官方犹太化、希伯来化和圣经化方案仍在持续。1967年6月之后,以色列立即开始干预被占领的东耶路撒冷的阿拉伯文路牌和地名。同年,它造出一个新词“Orshalim”,意在充当希伯来语“耶路撒冷”(Yerushalayim)的阿拉伯文形式。近年来,数以千计的路牌成为以色列加速抹去该地巴勒斯坦阿拉伯地名遗产这一斗争的最新战场。这一模式早在1967年之前就已出现,包括把新造的希伯来地名和路牌音译成英文和阿拉伯文。2009年7月,以色列交通部长伊斯拉埃尔·卡茨宣布了一项新的路牌方案,适用于以色列所有主要道路、被占领的东耶路撒冷,乃至被占领的西岸部分地区,方法是将原有的阿拉伯地名统一转写为新的希伯来名称。传统上,以色列的一些路牌以三种语言自上而下标注地名:希伯来文(居首)、英文和阿拉伯文。根据交通部2009年的方案(该部公开承认其政策背后的政治动机),耶路撒冷,即阿拉伯语中的al-Quds,将在被占领的东耶路撒冷全境统一为Yerushalayim,并音译为阿拉伯文Orshalim;拿撒勒,即阿拉伯语中的al-Nasirah,将统一为Natzrat;雅法,即巴勒斯坦的港口城市,巴勒斯坦的橙子因其而得名“雅法橙”,将统一为Yafo。至于巴勒斯坦的纳布卢斯,交通部还在设法寻找一种阿拉伯文拼写,用来对应听起来像希伯来语/圣经名称的Shechem。 如今,所有飞往本-古里安机场(前身为利达机场,该机场于英国托管时期的1936年建立,后以以色列首任总理的名字更名)的主要国际航空公司,都使用阿拉伯语地名 Yafa(雅法)的希伯来语音译,并在乘客抵达时提醒他们注意雅法-特拉维夫地区的天气情况。
The official Judaisation, Hebraicisation and biblicisation schemes which began after 1948 continued into the post-1967 era. Israel began interfering with Arabic road signs and toponyms in occupied East Jerusalem immediately after June 1967. In that year it coined a new word, Orshalim, that was supposed to be the Arabic form of the Hebrew word for Jerusalem, Yerushalayim.32 In recent years thousands of road signs became the latest front in Israel’s battle of accelerating the erasure of the Palestinian Arab toponymic heritage of the land. The pattern, which began before 1967, included the transliteration of newly coined Hebrew toponyms and road signs into both English and Arabic. In July 2009, the Israeli Transport Minister Yisrael Katz announced a new road signs scheme for all major roads in Israel, occupied East Jerusalem and even parts of occupied West Bank to be ‘standardised’ by converting the original Arabic place names into straight transliterations of the new Hebrew name. Traditionally some road signs in Israel included names that were rendered in three languages top-to-bottom: Hebrew (first), English and Arabic. Under the 2009 scheme of the Transport Ministry, which was open about the political motivation behind its policy, Jerusalem, or al-Quds in Arabic, would be standardised throughout occupied East Jerusalem as Yerushalayim and transliterated into Arabic Orshalim; Nazareth, or al-Nasirah in Arabic, would be standardised into Natzrat; and Jaffa, the Palestinian port city after which Palestine’s oranges became famous as Jaffa oranges, would be Yafo. As for Palestinian Nablus, the ministry was also looking for ways to spell the Hebrew/biblical-sounding name Shechem in Arabic.33 Today all major international airlines which fly to Ben-Gurion Airport (formerly Lydda airport, which was created in 1936 during the British Mandatory period and later renamed after Israel’s first Prime Minister) use the Hebrew transliteration of the Arabic toponym Yafa (Jaffa) by drawing the attention of their passengers on arrival to weather in the Yafo-Tel Aviv region.