请提供需要翻译的英文文本。
Notes
导言 1 阿拉伯语：单数为 balad；复数为 bilad。
Introduction 1 Arabic: sing. balad; plural bilad.
《2 Biladuna Filastin》也是巴勒斯坦作家穆斯塔法·穆拉德·达巴格（Mustafa Murad al-Dabbagh）所著的一部十一卷本巴勒斯坦历史地理参考著作（1965
2 Biladuna Filastin is also an eleven-volume work of reference on the historical geography of Palestine by Palestinian author Mustafa Murad al-Dabbagh (1965
和1972‒1986年）。这部重要的巴勒斯坦百科全书按地区编排，从地理、历史、考古、植物学和经济等角度，考察了巴勒斯坦的城市、城镇和村庄。
and 1972‒1986). This important encyclopaedia of Palestine is arranged by region and surveys the cities, towns and villages of Palestine from geographical, historical, archaeological, botanical and economic perspectives.
3 例如,参见 Ghalib Muhammad Samrin,《Qaryati Qaluniya: Al-ard wa-aljudhur》:
3 See, for instance, Ghalib Muhammad Samrin, Qaryati Qaluniya: Al-ard wa-aljudhur:
《我们的巴勒斯坦》（1993年，阿拉伯文）；法塔赫的地下杂志《我们的巴勒斯坦》于1959年首次出版。
Filastinuna fi qissat qaryah (1993 [Arabic]); Fateh’s underground magazine which first appeared in 1959 was called Filastinuna.
4 "Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People"(原文:‘Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People’),网址:https://www.youtube
4 ‘Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People’, at https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc，发布于2009年4月30日。
com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, posted 30 April 2009.
5 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/1998/1948/378_said.htm 6 一神崇拜（希腊文：monos，意为“单一”；latreia，意为“崇拜”）是一种相信存在多位神明、但只崇拜其中一位至高神的信仰。古埃及法老阿蒙霍特普四世就是一个例子：他自立为至高神（“诸神之神”），正式更名为阿肯纳顿，并在其统治期间（公元前1348/1346年）推行阿吞信仰。阿肯纳顿的继任者之后，埃及又回归其传统的多神信仰，而阿肯纳顿本人则被视为异端。
5 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/1998/1948/378_said.htm 6 Monolatrism (Greek: monos: single and latreia: worship) was belief in the existence of many gods but with the worship of only one supreme deity. An example of monolatrism was the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV who installed himself as a supreme divinity (‘God of gods’) and officially changed his name to Akhenaten and introduced Atenism during his reign (1348/1346 BC). Under Akhenaten’s successors, Egypt reverted to its traditional polytheism and Akhenaten himself came to be seen as a heretic.
7 对威廉·蒙哥马利·瓦特的访谈 见：http://www.alastairmcintosh.
7 Interview with William Montgomery Watt at: http://www.alastairmcintosh.
com/articles/2000_watt.htm 8 撒玛利亚教是巴勒斯坦四个截然不同的亚伯拉罕传统之一。撒玛利亚传统的核心是相信基利心山(阿拉伯语:
com/articles/2000_watt.htm 8 Samaritanism is one the four distinct Abrahamic traditions of Palestine. The Samaritan tradition centres on the belief in the sanctity of Mount Gerizim (Arabic:
(又称Jabal Jarizim或Jabal al-Tur),是巴勒斯坦纳布卢斯城附近的两座山之一。这座山至今仍是撒玛利亚人宗教的中心,巴勒斯坦的撒玛利亚人视其为圣山,认为圣殿所在之处是此山而非耶路撒冷。撒玛利亚经典是用撒玛利亚字母书写的五卷书。约有6000
Jabal Jarizim or Jabal al-Tur), one of the two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the Palestine city of Nablus. The mountain, which continues to be the centre of Samaritan religion to this day, is sacred to the Palestinian Samaritans who regard it, not Jerusalem, as having been the location of the holy temple. The Samaritan scripture is a text of five books written in the Samaritan alphabet. Some 6000
撒玛利亚五经与旧约之间存在差异。
differences exist between the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Old Testament.
9 古典古代是一个宽泛的术语，这里用来指一段漫长的历史时期（跨越一千多年），在此期间，以地中海地区为中心的“古典文化”，由古希腊、古罗马文明与“近东”地区密切互动而形成。这一时期，希腊和罗马的文化影响不仅繁荣发展，还对南欧、东南亚、“近东”和北非产生了巨大的影响。
9 Classical Antiquity is a term broadly applied here to a long period of history (over a millennium) during which ‘Classical culture’ centred on the Mediterranean region and comprised the intimate interaction of the civilisations of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome with the ‘Near East’. It is a period in which Greek and Roman cultural influences not only flourished but also wielded enormous influence throughout Southern Europe, South-Eastern Asia, the ‘Near East’ and North Africa.
10 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones,《Palestine》,《大不列颠百科全书》,http://www.
10 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, ‘Palestine’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.
britannica.com/place/Palestine 11 约瑟夫斯（希伯来语：Yosef ben Matityahu），他以希腊语自称为 Iōsēpos（Ιώσηπος），马提亚之子。
britannica.com/place/Palestine 11 Josephus (Hebrew: Yosef ben Matityahu).calls himself in Greek as Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), son of Matthias.
1948年，犹太武装力量摧毁了巴勒斯坦村庄盖萨里耶（Qaysariah）。
12 The Palestinian village of Qaysariah was destroyed by Jewish forces in 1948.
第一章
Chapter 1
1 《西努赫的故事》被认为是古埃及文学中最杰出的虚构作品之一。故事的背景设定在法老阿蒙涅姆赫特一世去世之后,此人于公元前20世纪初创立了第十二王朝。这个故事的流行程度从保存下来的大量残篇中可见一斑。埃及学家对其成文年代存在争论;这里我们采用较为保守的说法,即公元前14世纪。它也可能更早,但目前并无确证。
1 The Story of Sinuhe is considered one of the finest works of fiction of Ancient Egyptian literature. Its narrative is set in the aftermath of the death of Pharaoh Amenemhat I who founded the 12th Dynasty in the early 20th century BC. The popularity of this story is evident from the many surviving fragments. Egyptologists argue about its composition date; here we take the conservative date of the 14th century BC. It could be earlier, but it is not known to be.
2 拉美西斯二世是最著名的法老；在民间传说的想象中，他已被塑造成“出埃及记中的法老”。
2 Ramesses II is the most famous of the Pharaohs; in popular legendary imagination he has become the ‘Pharaoh of the Exodus’.
古希腊作家称非洲为利比亚。
3 The ancient Greek authors give to Africa the name of Libya.
4 加特最可能的所在地是 Tell al-Safi，这是一个位于希伯伦西北约35公里处的巴勒斯坦村庄，在1948年被以色列人驱逐后人口消失。
4 The site most likely of Gath is Tell al-Safi, a Palestinian village 35 kilometres north-west of Hebron, depopulated by Israeli in 1948.
在瓦迪·苏拉尔（现代希伯来语：Nahal Sorek）。
5 In Wadi al-Surar (modern Hebrew: Nahal Sorek).
6 伊斯杜德是一座大型巴勒斯坦村庄,1948年被以色列驱离居民。
6 Isdud was a large Palestinian village depopulated by Israel in 1948.
7 在公元前677/676年，亚述国王以撒哈东攻占了西顿；公元前675年，他又与推罗国王巴尔一世缔结条约，旨在使该城在亚述与埃及的斗争中保持中立。《以撒哈东与巴尔的条约》是一块亚述泥板铭文，以阿卡德语楔形文字写成，记载了亚述国王以撒哈东与推罗国王巴尔一世之间的协议。该泥板于尼尼微的亚述巴尼拔图书馆中被发现，其残片现藏于大英博物馆。
7 In 677/676 the Assyrian king Esarhaddon conquered Sidon and in 675 BC concluded a treaty with king Ba’al I of Tyre designed to neutralise the city in the Assyrian struggle with the Egyptians. Esarhaddon’s Treaty with Ba’al is an Assyrian clay tablet inscription in Akkadian cuneiform describing a treaty between the Assyrian king Esarhaddon and King Ba’al I of Tyre. It was discovered in Nineveh in the Library of Ashurbanipal and fragments are currently in the British Museum.
该条约，编号为 K 3500 + K 4444 + K 10235，于 1898 年由雨果·温克勒（Hugo Winckler）在其《古代近东研究》（Altorientalische Forschungen）第二卷中予以确认并发表。
The treaty, published K 3500 + K 4444 + K 10235, was identified by Hugo Winckler in his Altorientalische Forschungen, II (Ancient Near Eastern Studies) in 1898.
根据条约的条款,以撒哈顿将包括阿卡、多尔和比布鲁斯在内的若干城镇托付给巴力。文本中写道:“若巴力或推罗(ṣur-ri [Tyre])之人的船只在非利士(pi-lis-ti [Pilistu])之地的海岸,或在亚述领土的任何边界处失事,船上的一切物品皆归以撒哈顿所有……这些是亚述国王以撒哈顿赐予其臣仆巴力的贸易港口与贸易路线;通往阿卡(a-ku [Acre])、多尔(.du-uʾ-ri [Dor; Tantur])以及整个非利士(.pi-lis-te [Pilistu])地区的道路。”
Under the terms of the treaty, Esarhaddon entrusted Baal with several settlements, including Acre, Dor and Byblos. The text includes: ‘If a ship of Ba’al or of the people of ṣur-ri [Tyre] is shipwrecked off the coast of the land of pi-lis-ti [Pilistu] or anywhere on the borders of Assyrian territory, everything that is on the ship belongs to Esarhaddon ... These are the ports of trade and the trade roads which Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, granted to his servant Ba’al; toward a-ku [Acre], .du-uʾ-ri [Dor; Tantur], in the entire district of.pi-lis-te [Pilistu]’.
8 关于巴勒斯坦大灾难（Nakba）的详细讨论，可参见 Masalha（1992、1997、2005、2012）以及 Khalidi W.（1992）。
8 For an extensive discussion of the Palestine Nakba, see Masalha (1992, 1997, 2005, 2012) and Khalidi W. (1992).
第二章
Chapter 2
1 希罗多德(1858),网址:https://archive.org/stream/herodotus00herouoft/herodotus00herouoft_ djvu.txt 2 《大英百科全书》,网址:https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle/ Political-theory 3 公元前1世纪的希腊历史学家西西里的狄奥多罗斯(Diodorus of Sicily)在其多卷本著作《历史丛书》(Bibliotheca Historica)中指出,科勒-叙利亚(Coele-Syria)向南延伸至巴勒斯坦的约帕(雅法)(狄奥多罗斯·西库卢斯,《历史丛书》,XIX,93;XXIX,29;查尔斯·亨利·奥尔德法瑟译)。
1 Herodotus (1858), at: https://archive.org/stream/herodotus00herouoft/herodotus00herouoft_ djvu.txt 2 Encyclopaedia Britannica, at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle/ Political-theory 3 1st century BC Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (Diodorus of Sicily), in his multi-volume work Bibliotheca Historica, indicated that Coele-Syria stretched as far south as Joppa (Jaffa) in Palestine (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX, 93; XXIX, 29; translation by Charles Henry Oldfather.
第三章
Chapter 3
1 参见奥维德《变形记》第四卷，http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph4.htm 2 香脂（balsam），即香脂树所产芳香树胶的名称，源自阿拉伯语 Balasam；拉丁语：balsamum；希腊语：βάλσαμον；希伯来语：bosem。
1 See for instance, Ovid, Metamorphoses Book IV, http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/ trans/Metamorph4.htm 2 Balsam, the name of the fragrant gum of the balsam tree, is derived from the Arabic Balasam; in Latin: balsamum; Greek: βάλσαμον; Hebrew: bosem.
3 亚历山大的阿庇安，《罗马史序言》，Livius.org，http://www.
3 Appian of Alexandria, ‘Preface of the Roman History’, Livius.org, http://www.
livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-preface-1/？另外，约公元150年，尼科米底亚（今土耳其伊兹米特）的希腊-罗马historian阿里安在《亚历山大远征记》中，描述了亚历山大大帝的征战，并写道：“红海右侧，越过巴比伦尼亚，便是阿拉伯的主要部分，其中一部分延伸至腓尼基海和巴勒斯坦叙利亚的海域”（Arrian 2006: 89）。
livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-preface-1/? Also in 150 AD Greco- Roman historian Arrianus of Nicomedia (modern Izmit, Turkey), in Anabasis Alexandri, which describes the campaigns of Alexander the Great, writes: ‘On the right side of the Red Sea beyond Babylonia is the chief part of Arabia, and of this a part comes down to the sea of Phoenicia and Palestinian Syria’ (Arrian 2006: 89).
4 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm 5 Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Volume 1, Book V: Chapter 13, http://penelope.
4 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm 5 Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Volume 1, Book V: Chapter 13, http://penelope.
uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html 6 Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia Liber Primus, Thelatinlibrary.com, http:// www.thelatinlibrary.com/pomponius1.html 7 See also ibid.
uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html 6 Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia Liber Primus, Thelatinlibrary.com, http:// www.thelatinlibrary.com/pomponius1.html 7 See also ibid.
8 "Philo Judaeus"，载于《不列颠百科全书》，http://www.britannica.com/biography/Philo-Judaeus 9 《每个善良的人都是自由的》，XII.75。
8 ‘Philo Judaeus’, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/ biography/Philo-Judaeus 9 ‘Every Good Man is Free’, XII.75.
相比之下,据约瑟夫斯估计,法利赛人的总人数约为6000人,他们是现代拉比犹太教的前身(Flavius 2004)。
10 In comparison, the total population of Pharisees, the forerunners of modern Rabbinic Judaism, were estimated by Josephus at 6000 (Flavius 2004).
11 "早期犹太文献",http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book33。
11 ‘Early Jewish Writings’, http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book33.
html
html.
第四章
Chapter 4
1 Provincia Arabia，即罗马的“石头阿拉伯”（Arabia Petraea），是“阿拉伯人菲利普”（Philip the Arab）的出生之地。他于公元244年至249年在位，为罗马皇帝。此后，菲利普在罗马帝国中成为一位重要人物（Bowersock 1994: 122）。
1 Provincia Arabia, or the Roman Arabia Petraea, was the birth place of ‘Philip the Arab’, Roman Emperor from 244 to 249 AD. Philip went on to become a major figure in the Roman Empire (Bowersock 1994: 122).
2 佩拉亚（希腊文：Περαία，意为“彼岸之地”），位于约旦河谷的东侧。后来该名称被拉丁语的“外约旦”（Transjordan）所取代。
2 Peraea (Greek: Περαία, ‘the country beyond’), occupied the eastern side of the Jordan River valley. Subsequently the term was replaced by the Latin Transjordan.
罗马人在巴勒斯坦推行了一种由自治城邦组成的体制。公元前63年罗马征服该地区之后,在东巴勒斯坦和叙利亚境内形成了一个由十个(或十一个)希腊化城市组成的联盟;除斯基托波利斯(今贝桑)外,其余城市都位于约旦河以东。该联盟一直延续到公元2世纪。
3 The Romans promoted a regime of autonomous city-states in Palestine. A league of ten (or eleven) Hellenised cities in Eastern Palestine and Syria was formed after the Roman conquest in 63 BC; apart from Scythopolis (modern Beisan), all lay east of the Jordan River. The league survived until the 2nd century AD.
4 罗马人将阿拉伯半岛划分为三个区域：阿拉伯石头地（Arabia Petraea）、阿拉伯沙漠（Arabia Deserta）和阿拉伯福地（Arabia Felix，即肥沃的阿拉伯），其中包括也门。
4 The Romans divided Arabia into three regions: Arabia Petraea, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix (Fertile Arabia), which included the Yemen.
5 希腊语：Καισάρεια；现代巴勒斯坦村庄卡萨里亚（Qaysariah）；1948年被以色列驱逐居民并摧毁。
5 Greek: Καισάρεια; the modern Palestinian village of Qaysariah; depopulated and destroyed by Israel in 1948.
6 Praeses(拉丁语:praesides),君士坦丁大帝(在位306–337年)时期使用的一个术语
6 Praeses (Latin: praesides), a term used under Constantine the Great (r. 306–337)
用于指代某一类行省总督，其地位在执政官（consulares）和校正官（correctores）之后，是最低的一级。
to refer to specific class of provincial governors, the lowest after the consulares and the correctors.
7 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones,“Palestine”,Encyclopaedia Britannica,http://www.
7 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, ‘Palestine’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.
britannica.com/place/Palestine 与之相比，在罗马时期的鼎盛阶段，约旦河以西的巴勒斯坦总人口不超过一百万（Pastor 1997: 6）
britannica.com/place/Palestine 8 In comparison, the total population of Palestine west of the River Jordan at the height of the Roman period did not exceed one million (Pastor 1997: 6)
9 位于加沙城以南 10 公里的沿海沙丘上，是阿拉伯语中称为 Tell Umm al-Amr 的考古遗址；该修道院由圣希拉里翁（公元 329 年出生于加沙南部）所建，修道院即以这位修士命名。
9 Located on coastal dunes 10 kilometres south of Gaza city; the archaeological remains of what is known in Arabic as Tell Umm al-Amr; built by St. Hilarion (born in southern Gaza in 329 AD), the monk after whom it was named.
10 非加克墩派基督徒相信，耶稣的神性与人性合而为一。虽然加克墩派基督教总体上认为一性论可以接受正统的解释，但他们仍然认为它是一种基督一性论。
10 Miaphysites believe that the nature of Jesus, divine and human, are united in one. Although Chalcedonian Christianity considered Miaphysitism in general to be amenable to an orthodox interpretation, they nevertheless perceive it to be a form of Monophysitism.
11 "凯撒利亚·巴勒斯坦碗"，http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ bowl-caesarea-Palaestinae 以及 http://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/la-coupede- cesaree-de-palestine 12 "凯撒利亚·巴勒斯坦"，New Advent（天主教百科全书），http://www.newadvent.
11 ‘Bowl from Caesarea Palaestina’, http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ bowl-caesarea-Palaestinae and http://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/la-coupede- cesaree-de-palestine 12 ‘Caesarea Palaestina’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopaedia), http://www.newadvent.
org/cathen/03134b.htm 13 这一术语指的是旧约圣经的六种译本合编版，即将希腊文七十士译本与其他希腊文译本进行的一次庞大、逐字对照的比较。
org/cathen/03134b.htm 13 The term for an edition of the Old Testament in six versions, an immense wordfor- word comparison of the Greek Septuagint with Greek translations.
14 "凯撒利亚·巴勒斯坦"(Caesarea Palaestina),天主教百科全书(New Advent),网址:http://www.
14 ‘Caesarea Palaestina’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopaedia), at: http://www.
newadvent.org/cathen/03134b.htm 15 http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm。卡伊撒利亚的圣阿尔比娜(St Albina of Caesarea)死于3世纪,也列于罗马天主教殉道者名录之中。
newadvent.org/cathen/03134b.htm 15 http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm. St Albina of Caesarea, who died in the 3rd century, is also listed in the Roman Catholic Martyrology.
16 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.html.
16 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.html.
17 最初，“名义教区”这一称谓用于“异教徒之地”（patribus infidelium）。1882年，天主教会为改善与东正教信徒的关系，并避免冒犯穆斯林，废除了“异教徒之地”（in partibus infidelium）这一说法。
17 Originally the title ‘titular see’ applied to patribus infidelium (‘in the lands of the unbelievers’). In 1882 the Catholic Church, seeking to improve relations with Orthodox Christians and avoid causing offence to Muslims, abolished the expression in partibus infidelium.
18 主教安条克代表卡皮托利亚斯城出席，该城位于第二巴勒斯坦省，是约旦河以东的一座古城，今天即伊尔比德地区的贝特拉斯村。
18 Bishop Antiochus represented the city of Capitolias, in Palaestinae Secunda, an ancient city east of the River Jordan and is identified with the modern village of Beit Ras in the Irbid region.
19 The Seven Ecumenical Councils,《基督教经典伊索书库》(Christian Classics Ethereal Library),http:// www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.xv.html 20 该词源自古典希腊语 ἐγκώμιον(enkomion)。
19 The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, http:// www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.xv.html 20 The expression is derived from the Classical Greek ἐγκώμιον (enkomion)
“对某人或某物的赞美”之意。
meaning ‘the praise of a person or thing’.
21 加沙地区的当地农业在很大程度上依赖于每年的降雨；如今，加沙城的年降雨量为400毫米，而位于其南方20公里处、更为干旱的拉法地区仅有200毫米。
21 Local farming in the Gaza region depended largely on the annual rain fall; today Gaza city enjoys 400 mm of annual rain fall, while the more arid region of Rafah, located 20 kilometres to the south, gets only 200 mm.
22 Ruth Webb，《加沙的科里基奥斯的修辞与戏剧性虚构》，哈佛大学希腊研究中心，http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3259
22 Ruth Webb, ‘Rhetorical and Theatrical Fictions in Chorikios of Gaza’, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University, http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/ display/3259
23 Timothy W. Seid,“Origins of Catena in Gaza”,http://legacy.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/catena.html 24 Le Stampa,2015年5月12日,http://www.lastampa.it/2015/05/12/esteri/vaticaninsider/en/when-muslim-politicians-send-their-daughters-to-convent-schools-5xtR7LSxokCjnjuFLHwjAM/pagina.html 25 http://archmemory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/forgotten-as-if-you-never-were.html 26 Among the prominent Christian ascetics of the period was Barsanuphius of Palestine(died c. 540 AD). Born in Egypt, he lived in a Palestinian monastery in absolute seclusion for fifty years(Barsanuphius 2006).
23 Timothy W. Seid, ‘Origins of Catena in Gaza’, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~seidti/ iam/catena.html 24 Le Stampa, 12 May 2015, http://www.lastampa.it/2015/05/12/esteri/vaticaninsider/ en/when-muslim-politicians-send-their-daughters-to-conventschools- 5xtR7LSxokCjnjuFLHwjAM/pagina.html 25 http://archmemory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/forgotten-as-if-you-never-were.html 26 Among the prominent Christian ascetics of the period was Barsanuphius of Palestine (died c. 540 AD). Born in Egypt, he lived in a Palestinian monastery in absolute seclusion for fifty years (Barsanuphius 2006).
27 圣安东尼（251–356），一位科普特修士，被尊为沙漠修道制度的父亲和奠基人。沙漠中的母亲们鲜为人知，因为早期圣人的生平是由男性为男性修道群体所撰写的（King 1989）。
27 St Anthony (251–356), a Coptic monk, became known as both the father and founder of desert monasticism. The Desert Mothers are less well known because the lives of the early saints were written by men for male monastic audiences (King 1989).
Coenobium 是一种公社式的修道院，由若干建筑组成，四周围有围墙，修士们过着共同生活。这一术语源自希腊语 koinos（共同）和 bios（生活）。
28 Coenobium is a communal monastery with a number of structures surrounded by a wall and the monks lived in a commune. This term is based on the Greek koinos (common) and bios (life).
29 在苏菲伊斯兰教中，"塔里卡"（tariqah），即"道路"，这一隐喻被神秘主义者用来指向内在的真理。
29 In Sufi Islam, the tariqah, or ‘path’, metaphor is taken by the mystic towards the inner truth.
萨巴斯的生平由他的一位门徒——西徐亚的西里尔（525–559）所撰写。
30 Sabbas’ Life was written by one of his disciples, Cyril of Scythopolis (525‒559)
(现代的白赛)位于第二巴勒斯坦行省,他是一位基督教修士,也是早期基督教时期巴勒斯坦修道生活的史学家(Kazhdan 1991)。他的著作英文名为《巴勒斯坦修士传》(The Lives of the Monks of Palestine),是研究拜占庭时期巴勒斯坦修道生活的主要史料之一。
(modern Beisan) in Palaestinae Secunda, a Christian monk and historian of monastic life in Palestine in the early years of Christianity (Kazhdan 1991). His work known in English as The Lives of the Monks of Palestine is one of the main sources of monastic life in Byzantine Palestine.
马萨巴修道院（Mar Saba Monastery）是巴勒斯坦于2011年加入联合国教科文组织后，提交给该组织的名单上十三处巴勒斯坦遗址之一。
31 Mar Saba Monastery is one of thirteen Palestinian sites included on the list submitted to UNESCO following the admission of Palestine to this organisation in 2011.
32 Al-Jazeera，2010年2月22日。
32 Al-Jazeera, 22 February 2010.
第六章
Chapter 6
1 倭马亚–麦尔旺王朝的哈里发时期始于684年的麦尔旺·本·哈凯姆。
1 The period of the Umayyad Marwanid Caliphs began with Marwan ibn al-Hakam in 684.
2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jerusalem-architecture-in-the-umayyadperiod 3 这种伊斯兰风格与罗马-拜占庭风格的融合，也可见于耶利哥的“希沙姆宫”（Khirbat al-Mafjar）、拉姆拉和提比利亚（Khirbet al-Minyar）。在7世纪巴勒斯坦军区（Jund Filastin）诸城镇铸造的阿拉伯-拜占庭钱币上，同样可以看到这种风格。
2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jerusalem-architecture-in-the-umayyadperiod 3 This mixture of Islamic and Roman Byzantine styles is also found in the ‘Hisham Palace’/Khirbat al-Mafjar, Jericho, and in al-Ramla and Tiberias (Khirbet al-Minyar). It is also found in the Arab Byzantine coinage minted in the towns of Jund Filastin in the 7th century.
这个巴勒斯坦小镇位于拉姆拉西南15公里处，1948年时人口为5420人，于1948年被以色列摧毁。
4 This Palestinian town, located 15 kilometres south-west of al-Ramla, with a population of 5420 in 1948, was destroyed by Israel in 1948.
"Via Maris"(海路大道)是一条古老商路与战略通道的现代名称,其历史可追溯至早青铜时代。它连接埃及与叙利亚及肥沃新月地带,沿巴勒斯坦海岸延伸,途经加沙、阿斯盖隆、伊斯杜德、雅法和坦图尔等古城,之后转向东行,经米吉多和耶斯列谷地,直至提比里亚,再穿越戈兰高地通往大马士革。
5 Via Maris is the modern name for an ancient trade and strategic rout dating from the Early Bronze Age. It connected Egypt with Syria and the Fertile Crescent and followed the coast of Palestine through the ancient cities of Gaza, ‘Asqalan, Isdud, Jaffa and Tantur before turning east through Megiddo and the Esdraelon valley until it reached Tiberias, then through the Golan Heights to Damascus.
阿尔苏夫位于地中海沿岸，在雅法以北约16公里，凯撒利亚以南约34公里。在公元5至6世纪拜占庭统治时期，它是巴勒斯坦第一行省沿海地区仅次于凯撒利亚的第二大城市。这里居住着撒玛利亚人和基督徒，并拥有繁荣的玻璃工业，其产品出口到地中海各国。在早期伊斯兰时期，该城继续繁荣，并发展了规模可观的陶器生产（Hütteroth and Abdulfattah 1977: 140）。
6 Arsuf was about 16 kilometres north of Jaffa and 34 kilometres south of Caesarea on the Mediterranean coast. Under the Byzantines in the 5th‒6th centuries AD it was the second largest city in the coastal region of Palaestinae Prima, second only to Caesarea. It was populated by Samaritans and Christians and had a prosperous glass industry with products exported to Mediterranean countries. Under early Islam the city continued to prosper and large pottery production was developed (Hütteroth and Abdulfattah 1977: 140).
7 Le Strange 评论说，al-Maqdisi 对巴勒斯坦，尤其是他的故乡耶路撒冷的描述，是该书最出色的部分之一。他所写的一切都来自他自己的观察，他对各地风俗习惯的描述，都带有一个敏锐而善于观察的头脑的印记，并以对书本和人世的深厚知识为依托（Le Strange 1890: 5‒6）。
7 Le Strange commented that al-Maqdisi’s ‘description of Palestine, and especially of Jerusalem, his native city, is one of the best parts of the work. All that he wrote is the fruit of his own observation, and his descriptions of the manners and customs of the various countries, bear the stamp of a shrewd and observant mind, fortified by profound knowledge of both books and men’ (Le Strange 1890: 5‒6).
8 "Legio VI Ferrata"，http://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-vi-ferrata/?；Kennedy (1980)。
8 ‘Legio VI Ferrata’, http://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-vi-ferrata/?; Kennedy (1980).
9 "Coin/Archives"(硬币/档案),http://www.coinarchives.com/w/results.php?search=fals+and+ islamic 10 Aelia Capitolina(埃利亚·卡皮托利纳)是耶路撒冷在罗马和拜占庭时期的官方名称,直到公元638年阿拉伯人占领该城为止;阿拉伯人最初保留了该名称的前半部分,称其为"Ilya"(al-Maqdisi 2002: 43)。
9 ‘Coin/Archives’, http://www.coinarchives.com/w/results.php?search=fals+and+ islamic 10 Aelia Capitolina was the official Roman and Byzantine name of Jerusalem until 638 AD when the Arabs occupied the city and initially kept the first part of the name as ‘Ilya’ (al-Maqdisi 2002: 43).
11 以色列拉姆拉市立博物馆的藏品中包括一系列中世纪伊斯兰钱币，其中有一批于1964年在白色清真寺建筑群附近发现的窖藏，包括376枚金第纳尔和六块金条。参见 http:// en.goramla.com/category/ramla-museum-1
11 The collections of the Israeli Municipal Museum of al-Ramla contain a range of medieval Islamic coins including a hoard of 376 gold dinars and six gold bars discovered in 1964 in the vicinity of the White Mosque compound. See http:// en.goramla.com/category/ramla-museum-1
这座巴勒斯坦城镇于1948年被以色列驱逐居民并摧毁,如今犹太人定居点阿佐尔就矗立在这座阿拉伯城镇的土地上。
12 This Palestinian town was depopulated and destroyed by Israel in 1948 and the Jewish settlement of Azor now stands on the lands of the Arab town.
13 “Al-Yazuri”,《伊斯兰百科全书》,第二版,P. Bearman、T. 编辑。
13 ‘Al-Yazuri’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, edited by P. Bearman, T.
Bianqui, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs(莱顿:Brill在线版)。
Bianqui, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs (Leiden: Brill Online).
第七章
Chapter 7
1 https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2892/ 2 https://truthaholics.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/records-of-jerusalem-deedsfound- in-ottoman-archives-cause-israel-unease/ 在奥斯曼晚期，巴勒斯坦城市阿卡（Acre）中的瓦合夫（waqf）财产也占有相近的比例（20‒25%）（Reiter 2010: 110）。
1 https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2892/ 2 https://truthaholics.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/records-of-jerusalem-deedsfound- in-ottoman-archives-cause-israel-unease/ A similar proportion of waqf properties (20‒25 per cent) also existed in the Palestinian city of Acre during the late Ottoman period (Reiter 2010: 110).
在614年波斯人征服该城期间，尼亚教堂遭到毁坏，但数十年后，倭马亚王朝又将其残骸用作建筑材料（Ben-Dov 1977）。
3 The Nea Church was destroyed during the Persian conquest of the city in 614, but its remains were further used as a source of building material by the Umayyads few decades later (Ben-Dov 1977).
博览会还展出了伊莱斯浮雕模型，即耶路撒冷旧城的模型。该模型由熔融锌手工制作，并经过手工彩绘。它于1864年至1873年间由斯蒂芬·伊莱斯手工制作，他是一位住在巴勒斯坦的匈牙利天主教徒。
4 The fair also exhibited the Illés Relief model of the Old city of Jerusalem, a model hand-crafted from molten zinc and is hand-painted. It was hand-crafted between 1864 and 1873 by Stephen Illés, a Hungarian Catholic who lived in Palestine.
第八章
Chapter 8
1 《巴勒斯坦人民是殖民主义的发明》，阿兹米·比沙拉谈巴勒斯坦人民的存在，https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc，发布于2009年4月30日。
1 ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, in Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc , posted 30 April 2009.
2 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lWcChegBF2sC&pg=RA1-PA65&redir_ esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 3 Yusuf al-Natsheh, ‘Suq al-Qattanin (Market of the Cotton Merchants)’, in Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers, 2016, http://www.discoverislamicart.
2 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lWcChegBF2sC&pg=RA1-PA65&redir_ esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 3 Yusuf al-Natsheh, ‘Suq al-Qattanin (Market of the Cotton Merchants)’, in Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers, 2016, http://www.discoverislamicart.
org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;pa;mon01;6;en 4 A Gazetteer of the World. Or Dictionary of Geographical Knowledge. Vol. 1 (Edinburgh and London: A. Fullarton and Co. 1959): 38‒39.
org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;pa;mon01;6;en 4 A Gazetteer of the World. Or Dictionary of Geographical Knowledge. Vol. 1 (Edinburgh and London: A. Fullarton and Co. 1959): 38‒39.
最初的小型定居点建于青铜时代晚期（公元前14世纪），位于迦密山的山坡上。
5 The original small settlement was built on the slopes of Mount Carmel in in the late Bronze Age (14th century BC).
6 西金币（sequin）是威尼斯共和国从13世纪起铸造的一种金币，一直使用到1797年拿破仑占领威尼斯为止。效仿威尼斯的模式，类似的金币在地中海各地、巴勒斯坦以及整个奥斯曼帝国流通了数个世纪。
6 The sequin was a gold coin minted by the Republic of Venice from the 13th century until the takeover of Venice by Napoleon in 1797. Following the Venetian model, similar coins were used for centuries throughout the Mediterranean, in Palestine and throughout the Ottoman Empire.
第九章
Chapter 9
1 https://arablit.org/2013/01/15/we-have-on-this-earth-what-makes-life-worthliving/ 2 http://www.all-poetry.ru/stih307.html 3 第一位前往巴勒斯坦朝圣的俄国作家是德米特里·达什科夫（Dmitrij Daškov），他是一位外交官，时任俄罗斯驻伊斯坦布尔大使馆的二等秘书。他写过一篇题为《俄罗斯朝圣者在耶路撒冷。1820年希腊与巴勒斯坦游记节选》（‘Russkie poklonniki v Ierusalime. Otryvok iz putešestvija po Grecii i Palestine v 1820’）的文章（Merlo 2013）。
1 https://arablit.org/2013/01/15/we-have-on-this-earth-what-makes-life-worthliving/ 2 http://www.all-poetry.ru/stih307.html 3 The first Russian writer who went to Palestine as a pilgrim was Dmitrij Daškov, a diplomat and the second counsellor of the Russian Embassy in Istanbul. He wrote an essay entitled ‘Russkie poklonniki v Ierusalime. Otryvok iz putešestvija po Grecii i Palestine v 1820’ (Merlo 2013).
4 “耶路撒冷（1291年之后）”，New Advent（天主教百科全书），1910年，http://www.
4 ‘Jerusalem (After 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http://www.
newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm;另见 Hummel and Hummel (1995)。其他记载将数字列为 1910 年 15,000 人、1913 年 12,000 人:http://www.josephzeitoun.
newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm; also Hummel and Hummel (1995). Other accounts put the figures at 15,000 in 1910 and 12,000 in 1913: http://www.josephzeitoun.
5 以色列国的开国元勋大卫·格伦（后来的大卫·本-古里安）
com/2015/07/ 5 The founding father of the Israeli state David Grun (later David Ben-Gurion)
他出生于俄罗斯帝国,1906年移民到巴勒斯坦。第一次世界大战爆发后,作为俄国臣民的本-古里安被奥斯曼当局从巴勒斯坦驱逐出境,1918年他随占领巴勒斯坦的英国军队重返巴勒斯坦。
was born in the Russian Empire and immigrated to Palestine 1906. After the First World War broke out, Ben-Gurion, a Russian subject, was deported by the Ottoman authorities from Palestine and he returned to Palestine with occupying British forces in 1918.
6 “耶路撒冷（1291年之后）”，New Advent（天主教百科全书），1910年，http:// www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm 7 http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/Warren.htm 8 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CydMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=filastin& hl=en&ei=XuBVTa-bEc-EhQfR36C0DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=filastin&f=false 9 该省在19世纪60年代末被称为 vilayet（省）。
6 ‘Jerusalem (After 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http:// www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm 7 http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/Warren.htm 8 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CydMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=filastin& hl=en&ei=XuBVTa-bEc-EhQfR36C0DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=filastin&f=false 9 The province became known as vilayet in the late 1860s.
10 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1913_Ottoman_Geography_Textbook_ Showing_the_Sanjak_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine.jpeg 11 米哈伊尔·努艾迈（Mikhail Nu‘aymah，1889‒1988），黎巴嫩作家、著名阿拉伯诗人，也曾于1902‒1906年就读于拿撒勒的俄罗斯教师学院。
10 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1913_Ottoman_Geography_Textbook_ Showing_the_Sanjak_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine.jpeg 11 Mikhail Nu‘aymah (1889‒1988), a Lebanese author and well-known Arab poet, was also educated at the Russian teachers college in Nazareth in 1902‒1906.
阿拉伯语原文"الجمعية الإمبراطورية الأرثوذكسية الفلسطينية"指"巴勒斯坦帝国东正教协会"。 Translation: 巴勒斯坦帝国东正教协会 12 , http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.
الجمعية الإمبراطورية الأرثوذكسية الفلسطينية 12 , http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.
见例如：同上。
htm 13 See for example: ibid.
14 http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.htm; https://arabic.rt.com/news/586864-130
14 http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.htm; https://arabic.rt.com/news/586864-130
15 http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2012/05/20125915313256768.
15 http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2012/05/20125915313256768.
html（Masalha 2012）
html (Masalha 2012).
16 《圣地：巴勒斯坦及周边国家出差报告》（基辅：基辅神学院，1875年）。
16 ‘Святая земля: Отчет по командировке в Палестину и прилегающия к ней страны’ [Holy Land: Report on a Business Trip to Palestine and Adjacent Countries] (Kiev: Kiev Theological Academy, 1875).
17 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Manual_of_ Palestinean_Arabic%2C_for_self-instruction_1909.png 18 “自我的成为”在达尔维什的诗歌中常被描述为“另一个自我”。
17 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Manual_of_ Palestinean_Arabic%2C_for_self-instruction_1909.png 18 The ‘becoming of self ’ was often described in Darwish’s poetry as the ‘other self ’.
然而，“存在的生成”这一术语，是建立在马丁·海德格尔在《存在与时间》（2010）中所发展出的洞见之上的。该概念假定，存在之生成的本体论真理（即存在于世、存在逐步被揭示并得到阐明的过程）是由人的思考与行动所中介的。
However the term ‘becoming of being’ is based on the insight Martin Heidegger developed in Being and Time (2010). The conception assumes that the ontological truth of being’s becoming (being in the world, being becomes progressively uncovered and articulated) is mediated by human thinking and action.
19 纳萨尔还于1911年出版了第一部阿拉伯语的犹太复国主义著作，书名为《犹太复国主义：其历史、目标与重要性》。在书中，他将犹太复国主义描述为一场试图取代巴勒斯坦地区阿拉伯人的定居者殖民运动（Beška 2014a）。
19 Nassar also published in 1911 the first book in Arabic on Zionism, entitled Zionism: Its History, Objective and Importance, in which he described Zionism as a settler-colonial movement seeking to displace the Palestinian Arabs in Palestine (Beška 2014a).
注20 关于对Bracy研究工作的批评，可参见Beška（2012）。
20 For a critique of Bracy’s work, see Beška (2012).
该历史名称适用于约旦河谷东部高原的整个地区，包括安曼在内，当时属于纳布卢斯县（sanjak）的一部分。
21 The historic name applies to the entire area of the eastern plateau of the Jordan valley including ‘Amman, then part of the Nablus sanjak.
《法拉斯廷报》，1912年1月31日，第1页。
22 Falastin, 31 January 1912, p. 1.
23 Yiannis Meimaris, "The Discovery of the Madaba Map: Mythology and Reality", at: http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/articles/MeimarisMap.html 24 See aso Khalidi, W. (1988); Kasmieh (1992).
23 Yiannis Meimaris, ‘The Discovery of the Madaba Map: Mythology and Reality’, at: http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/articles/MeimarisMap.html 24 See aso Khalidi, W. (1988); Kasmieh (1992).
25 对于这封信，他收到了西奥多·赫茨尔的回信（Beška 2007）。
25 To this letter, he received a reply from Theodor Herzl (Beška 2007).
26 伊马德·丁·伊斯法哈尼是萨拉丁的编年史家和顾问，他曾在哈廷战役以及随后驱逐十字军出圣地的战役中随侍左右（al-Isfahani 1888）。
26 Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, a chronicler and advisor to Saladin, was present at the Battle of Hittin and the subsequent campaign to expel the Crusaders from the Holy Land (al-Isfahani 1888).
27 Shukri al-‘Asali,《萨拉丁·阿尤布致Hawraniyya远征军指挥官萨米·帕夏·法鲁基的一封信》,《Al-Muqtabas》,1910年12月5日,转引自Beška(2014b)。
27 Shukri al-‘Asali, ‘Kitab min Salah al-Din al- Ayyubi ila qa’id al-hamla al-Hawraniyya Sami Basha al-Faruqi’, al-Muqtabas, 5 December 1910, cited in Beška (2014b).
28 关于委任统治时期巴勒斯坦民族运动的领导层及其目标，可进一步参阅 al-Hut（1981）。
28 For further discussion on the leadership and goals of the Palestinian national movement during the Mandatory period, see al-Hut (1981).
29 参见例如 Azmi Beshara，《巴勒斯坦人民是一项殖民发明》，收于 Azmi Beshara 关于巴勒斯坦人民是否存在的论述，https://www.youtube.
29 See, for instance, Azmi Beshara, ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, in Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People, https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc，发布于2009年4月30日。
com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, posted 30 April 2009.
30 ‘Abd al-Hadi 曾是1909年在巴黎成立的秘密组织阿拉伯青年会（Jam’iyat al-’Arabiyah al-Fatat，意为“青年阿拉伯协会”）的创始成员之一。该组织是一个阿拉伯民族主义团体，致力于在奥斯曼体制内争取阿拉伯人的文化与行政自治及团结。1919年巴黎和会期间，‘Abd al-Hadi 还曾担任费萨尔埃米尔的私人秘书。
30 ‘Abd al-Hadi had been a founding member of the 1909 Paris-based underground al-Fatat (Jam’iyat al-’Arabiyah al-Fatat, ‘the Young Arab Society’), an Arab nationalist organisation which was devoted to Arab cultural and administrative autonomy and unity within the Ottoman system. ‘Abd al-Hadi had also served as private secretary of Amir Faisal at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.
31 Aryeh Dayan,《拯救犹太国家的共产主义者》,《哈雷茨报》,9
31 Aryeh Dayan, ‘The Communists Who Saved the Jewish State’, Haaretz, 9
2006年5月，http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-communistswho- saved-the-jewish-state-1.187221
May 2006, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-communistswho- saved-the-jewish-state-1.187221
32 发表于《以色列官方公报》第1号，即5708年依雅月5日（1948年5月14日）。
32 Published in the Israeli Official Gazette, No. 1 of the 5th Iyar, 5708 (14 May 1948).
第十章
Chapter 10
法国锡安主义联合会会议上的一次演讲，巴黎，28
1 A speech delivered at a meeting of the French Zionist Federation, Paris, 28
1914年3月，见Litvinoff（1983，论文24：115‒116）。
March 1914, in Litvinoff (1983, paper 24: 115‒116).
参见1948年（原文未给出年份，保持原样）犹太事务署执行委员会会议上鲁平发言的记录，20 Wait—I must not add anything not in the original. Correct translation: 参见鲁平在犹太事务署执行委员会会议上发言的记录，20
2 See protocol of Ruppin’s statement at the Jewish Agency Executive’s meeting, 20
1936年5月（见Heller 1984: 140）。
May 1936 (in Heller 1984: 140).
3 Brian Klug，《The Other Arthur Balfour “PROTECTOR OF THE JEWS”》，8
3 Brian Klug, ‘The Other Arthur Balfour “PROTECTOR OF THE JEWS”’, 8
2013年7月，http://www.balfourproject.org/the-other-arthur-balfour-protectorof- the-jews/ 4 由Ami Isseroff引用，《英国对犹太人复国的支持》，http://www.
July 2013, http://www.balfourproject.org/the-other-arthur-balfour-protectorof- the-jews/ 4 Cited by Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.
mideastweb.org/britzion.htm; Masalha (1992, 1997, 2003).
mideastweb.org/britzion.htm; Masalha (1992, 1997, 2003).
5 J. N. Darby, Letters of J. N. Darby, Vol. 2 (London: G. Morrish, n.d.).
5 J. N. Darby, Letters of J. N. Darby, Vol. 2 (London: G. Morrish, n.d.).
6 民数记 32:1；创世记 31:25；创世记 37:25。
6 Numbers 32:1; Genesis 31:25; Genesis 37:25.
7 被 Ami Isseroff 引用,《英国对犹太人复国的支持》,http://www.
7 Cited by Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.
I can't open links or visit websites, so I can't read the page at mideastweb.org/britzion.htm. I can only translate text you paste directly into the chat. If you copy the text from that page and send it here, I'll translate it into Simplified Chinese.
mideastweb.org/britzion.htm.
8 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
早在1821年,英国国教会就通过其差会(Church Missionary Society)和伦敦犹太人协会(更确切地说是"促进犹太人信奉基督教协会",成立于1808年,旨在使犹太人皈依基督教)开始考虑在耶路撒冷设立据点。伦敦犹太人协会于1833年在耶路撒冷建立了英国国教会第一个常设传教站,此时距穆罕默德·阿里攻占该城引发危机已过去两年。1841年,在英国和普鲁士的共同支持下,耶路撒冷设立了一个新教主教区。
9 As early as 1821 the Anglican Church, through its Church Missionary Society and the London Jews Society (more properly, the Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, founded in 1808 to convert the Jews to Christianity), was considering the establishment of a post. The London Jews Society established the first permanent Anglican mission station in Jerusalem in 1833, two years after the crisis caused by the capture of the city by Muhammad ‘Ali. In 1841, a Protestant bishopric in Jerusalem was established under joint British and Prussian auspices.
10 克里米亚战争之后，俄国对圣地的兴趣尤为增长。俄国借此机会，通过在奥斯曼帝国保护东正教徒的利益，来推进其政治诉求。
10 Russian interest in the Holy Land increased particularly after the Crimean War, as Russia availed itself of the opportunity of furthering Russian political concerns through protection of Orthodox interests in the Ottoman Empire.
这一事件可以追溯到1860年，当时开始兴建一座俄罗斯大教堂，以及一座规模宏大的建筑群，包括旅店、办公用房和医院，用以照顾前往耶路撒冷朝圣的俄罗斯信徒。
This was witnessed as early 1860 with the commencement of the building of a Russian cathedral and of a vast complex of hostels, offices and hospitals for the care for Russian pilgrims to Jerusalem.
11 德国的影响体现在德国福音教会对德国执事姐妹医院、叙利亚新教孤儿院、德国殖民区麻风病院以及救世主路德宗教堂的管理之中。
11 German influence was reflected in the German Evangelical Church’s administration of the hospital of the German deaconesses, the Syrian Protestant Orphanage, the Leper Hospital in the German colony, and the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer.
12 苏格兰教会的传教团也随之设立，它除了在耶路撒冷的圣安德烈教堂外，还在巴勒斯坦的多个据点提供医疗和教育服务。
12 Not to be outdone, the Church of Scotland mission was established, which, in addition to St Andrew’s in Jerusalem, provided medical and educational services in several centres in Palestine.
这首著名的诗歌由吉卜林于1899年创作。
13 This famous poem was written by Kipling in 1899.
14 引自 Isseroff,《英国对犹太人复国的支持》。
14 Cited by Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’.
15 此处，萨义德在《东方学》的题词中引用了卡尔·马克思的一句格言："他们不能代表自己，他们必须被代表。"
15 Here Said uses Carl Marx’s adage: ‘they cannot represent themselves; they must be represented’ in an epigraph to Orientalism.
16 http://web.nli.org.il/sites/JPress/English/Pages/Palestine-Post.aspx 17 《Haaretz》报道，1969年4月4日。
16 http://web.nli.org.il/sites/JPress/English/Pages/Palestine-Post.aspx 17 Reported in Haaretz, 4 April 1969.
Wadi al-Hawarith 也是 1948 年被驱逐居民的一个巴勒斯坦村庄的名字。
18 Wadi al-Hawarith was also the name of a Palestinian village depopulated in 1948.
19位记录于《密西拿》中的拉比智者。
19 Rabbinic sages whose views were recorded in the Mishnah.
20位犹太口传律法（Oral Torah）学者
20 Jewish Oral Torah scholars.
21 关于犹太民族“发明”问题的进一步讨论，参见 Masalha (2007)
21 For further discussion of the invention of the Jewish people, see Masalha (2007)
和Sand（2009）。
and Sand (2009).
22 其他促使阿拉伯语对现代希伯来语产生影响的关键原因包括:(1)
22 Other key reasons behind the influence of Arabic on modern Hebrew include: (1)
直到1948年以色列建国为止，巴勒斯坦绝大多数人口使用阿拉伯语；（2）在希伯来语复兴的初期，希伯来语迫切需要新的闪米特词汇和词型，因而必须依赖一种活的闪米特语言，例如阿拉伯语，而新创的现代希伯来语发现阿拉伯语是一种现成且丰富的资源，可供其挖掘利用；（3）在闪米特语族中，阿拉伯语与希伯来语最为接近（Shehadeh 1998: 62；Chomsky 1967: 217）。
until the establishment of Israel in 1948 Arabic was spoken by the overwhelming majority of people in Palestine; (2) during the early stages of its revival Hebrew urgently needed new Semitic words and patterns and had to rely on a living Semitic language such as Arabic which the newly invented modern Hebrew found as a readily available rich resource to exploit; (3) Arabic is closest to Hebrew amongst the Semitic languages (Shehadeh 1998: 62; Chomsky 1967: 217).
23 以色列的大量研究聚焦于以色列希伯来语俚语中阿拉伯语形容词的丰富程度，以及阿拉伯语对“非官方”、非标准的口语化希伯来语的重大影响（Blanc 1954；Shehadeh 1998）。
23 Much of Israeli research has focused on the abundance of Arabic adjectives in Israeli Hebrew slang and on the significant impact of Arabic on the ‘non-official’, non-standard, colloquial Hebrew (Blanc 1954; Shehadeh 1998).
24 然而，有些词并未流行起来。例如，本-耶胡达为“番茄”所造的词是 badora，这是巴勒斯坦口语阿拉伯语 bandora 的希伯来语形式；本-耶胡达在这场用词之争中失败了，如今以色列的希伯来语使用者使用的是 ‘agvania（Balint 2008）一词，它源自希伯来语词根 ‘agav，意为“爱、渴望”。这也反映出其欧洲式的（且带有俗气意味的）联想。
24 However, some words did not catch on. For instance, Ben-Yehuda’s word for ‘tomato’ was badora, the Hebrew version of the Palestinian colloquial Arabic bandora; Ben-Yehuda failed to win this logistic battle and today Israeli Hebrew speakers use the word ‘agvania (Balint 2008) – from the Hebrew root ‘agav which means ‘to love, to desire’. This also reflects the European (and vulgar)
"爱之苹果"（意大利语：pomo d'oro；法语：pommes d'amour），指的是16世纪从南美洲传入意大利的阿兹特克果实，欧洲人认为这种果实具有催情的力量。
‘love apple’ (Italian: pomo d’oro; French: pommes d’amour) for the Aztec fruit which was first brought to Italy from South America in the 16th century and to which the Europeans attributed aphrodisiac powers.
25 Avishai Margalit, ‘The Myth of Jerusalem’, The New York Review of Books 38(21), 19 December 1991.
25 Avishai Margalit, ‘The Myth of Jerusalem’, The New York Review of Books 38(21), 19 December 1991.
26 Uri Davis,《总工会（Histadrut）：延续与变革》，提交挪威工会联合会国际部的论文，1999年1月。
26 Uri Davis, ‘The Histadrut: Continuity and Change’, paper submitted to the International Department, Norwegian Trade Union Federation, January 1999.
27 Shamir 的意思是燧石。《塔木德》中有一则神话，讲述所罗门王在建造第一圣殿时，不用切割工具，而是使用 Shamir。
27 Shamir means flint. The Talmud contains the myth of King Solomon using Shamir in the construction of the first temple in the place of cutting tools.
28 Don C. Benjamin,《Stories and Stones: Archaeology and the Bible, an introduction with CD Rom》,2006年,http://www.doncbenjamin.com/pav/docs/archaeology_and_the_bible.pdf,注释78,第254页。
28 Don C. Benjamin, ‘Stories and Stones: Archaeology and the Bible, an introduction with CD Rom’, 2006, http://www.doncbenjamin.com/pav/docs/ archaeology_and_the_bible.pdf, note 78, p. 254.
29 大约四分之一的地理名称是根据发音的相似性从阿拉伯语名称派生而来的。
29 Approximately one-quarter of all geographical names were derived from the Arabic names on the basis of the similarity of sounds.
1890年建立的新锡安主义定居点/城市雷霍沃特，以圣经中一个名称相近的城镇命名，该城镇原名雷霍博特，位于内盖夫沙漠中一个完全不同的地方。
30 Founded in 1890, the new Zionist settlement/city of Rehovot was named after a biblical town of a similar name, Rehoboth, which stood at a completely different location in the Negev Desert.
31 Oren Yiftachel 为 Noga Kadman《从空间与意识中被抹去》（2008）所作的导言，第8页，引自 Manar Makhoul，《Un-erasing the Nakba》：
31 Oren Yiftachel’s Introduction to Noga Kadman’s Erased From Space and Consciousness (2008), p. 8, cited in Manar Makhoul, ‘Un-erasing the Nakba:
《自第一次巴勒斯坦大起义以来以色列境内的巴勒斯坦人身份认同》，2013年3月13日，http:// mondoweiss.net/2013/03/palestinian-identity-intifada/。
Palestinian Identity in Israel since the First Intifada’, 13 March 2013, http:// mondoweiss.net/2013/03/palestinian-identity-intifada/.
32 Jonathan Cook，《以色列抹去阿拉伯地名的计划》，《电子 intifada》（The Electronic Intifada），2009年7月17日，http://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-plan-wipearabic- names-map/8351
32 Jonathan Cook, ‘Israel’s Plan to Wipe Arabic Names off the Map’, The Electronic Intifada, 17 July 2009, http://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-plan-wipearabic- names-map/8351
Ibid.
33 Ibid.