巴勒斯坦多元的文化认同与多样性,始终与单一文化的泽西主义形成鲜明对比——那种时代错位的运动是一场较晚出现的欧洲定居者殖民运动。单一文化主义意识形态受19世纪欧洲种族化与浪漫化民族主义的启发,锡安主义起源于19世纪末的中欧和东欧。因此,从19世纪末的起源直至1948年以色列建国,锡安主义领导层及其机构自身在官方话语和出版物中频繁使用"巴勒斯坦"一词,这并不令人惊讶。这一做法与欧洲和英国官方将该国称为"巴勒斯坦"的做法相一致。然而,在托管时期,锡安主义者常将"巴勒斯坦"一词与他们想象中的"以色列地"(Eretz Israel)这一构想并用,正如我在1992年的著作《巴勒斯坦人的驱逐》中所展示的那样——

The multi-cultural identity and diversity of Palestine was always in sharp contrast to the anachronism of mono-cultural Zionism, a latecomer European settler-colonial movement. A mono-culturalist ideology inspired by racialised and romantic 19th century European nationalism, Zionism originated in Central and Eastern Europe at the end of the 19th century. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that from its beginning in the late 19th century and until the creation of Israel in 1948 the Zionist leadership and institutions themselves frequently used the term Palestine in their official discourse and publications, This practice was in common with European and British official designation of the country as Palestine. However, during the Mandatory period the Zionists often employed this term Palestine in tandem with their imaginary construct of Eretz Israel, while, as I show in my 1992 work Expulsion of the Palestinians:

《1982—1948年间犹太复国主义政治思想中的“转移”概念》，同时规划瓦解巴勒斯坦并对巴勒斯坦人进行族群清洗（Masalha 1992）。

The Concept of Transfer in Zionist Political Thought, 1982‒1948, simultaneously planning to dismantle Palestine and ethnically cleanse the Palestinians (Masalha 1992).

此外,犹太复国主义者所实行的"迁移"与种族清洗策略以及地名消灭行动,旨在以一个"纯粹"的欧洲殖民地取代巴勒斯坦原有的多元异质与混合空间——即直至1948年为止,由阿什肯纳兹犹太人主导、单一文化的犹太复国主义"旧居民"(Yishuv)空间(Kimmerling 2003)。

Furthermore, the Zionist ‘transfer’ and ethnic cleansing strategies and toponymicidal practices sought to replace the heterogeneity and mixed space of Palestine with a ‘pure’ European colony, an Ashkenazi-dominated, mono-cultural space of the Zionist Yishuv until 1948 (Kimmerling 2003).

在微观而典型的层面上，有着数千年历史的雅法，其多元异质的面貌于1948年遭到种族清洗，文化也被摧毁。

In a microcosmic and typical fashion the heterogeneity of the thousandsof- years-old Jaffa was ethnically cleansed and culturally destroyed in 1948.

这座历史悠久、文化多元的巴勒斯坦城市在1948年后被取代，并被毗邻的欧洲式“纯粹”犹太城市特拉维夫所吞并。特拉维夫是建国前犹太人聚居区（Yishuv）/殖民地的首府。在1948年后，古老的雅法被吞并并从属于特拉维夫，以希伯来语名称“特拉维夫-雅法”出现。

This historic, culturally mixed Palestinian city was replaced after 1948 and subsumed by the European ‘pure’ Jewish city of neighbouring Tel Aviv, ‘the capital of the pre-state Yishuv’/Colony, subsumed and subordinated ancient Jaffa under the post-1948 Hebrew designation of Tel Aviv-Yafo.

这一シオニズム式的记忆抹除与地名抹除工程，在制度、认知和情感层面上，都是在一个排他性的犹太“泡泡”之中建立起来的。新犹太国的规划同样是排他性的。按照设想，这个犹太国应当纯粹是犹太的；而在所有分治方案中都曾提到、即大量阿拉伯少数族裔将留在犹太国境内的可能性，却没有任何政治和行政工具为此作好准备。

This Zionist memoricidal and toponymicidal project was institutionally, cognitively, and emotionally built within an exclusionary Jewish ‘bubble’. The plans for the new Jewish state were similarly exclusive. The Jewish state was supposed to be purely Jewish and no political and bureaucratic tools were prepared for the possibility, mentioned in all partition proposals, that large Arab minorities would remain within the boundaries of the Jewish state.

（Kimmerling 2003: 22；另见 Yiftachel 2006: 54；Shafir 1996a, 1996b, 1999）

(Kimmerling 2003: 22; see also Yiftachel 2006: 54; Shafir 1996a, 1996b, 1999)

在委任统治时期,巴勒斯坦的犹太复国主义组织采用了多种掩饰和欺骗手段,意在将“巴勒斯坦”与“以色列地”混为一谈。其中一个例子是,在英国委任统治政府发行的官方邮票上,于希伯来语的“巴勒斯坦”(פלשתינה)之后加入了希伯来语“以色列地”(Eretz Yisrael)的缩写(א״י)。这些邮票会经手数以万计在巴勒斯坦及周边国家的阿拉伯人,其中大多数人不懂希伯来语,无法辨认这一犹太复国主义的希伯来语缩写(א״י)。尽管巴勒斯坦领导人在20世纪20年代就抗议在英国委任统治政府的官方文件、邮票和货币上纳入“以色列地”的字样——该政府坚守1917年《贝尔福宣言》中亲犹太复国主义的“承诺”——但他们无力促使委任统治当局放弃其亲犹太复国主义的政策。

During the Mandatory period the Zionist organisations in Palestine employed a variety of methods of subterfuge designed to conflate ‘Palestine’ with ‘Eretz Yisrael’. One such example of concealment and subterfuge was the insertion of the Hebrew abbreviation of Eretz Yisrael ( א״י ), ‘Land of Israel’, after the Hebrew word for Palestine ( פלשתינה ) on the official Mandatory government stamps – stamps which would have been handled by tens of thousands of Arabs in Palestine and neighbouring countries, most of them not knowing Hebrew and unable to decipher the Zionist Hebrew abbreviation ( .(א״י Although Palestinian leaders protested in the 1920s at this inclusion of ‘Eretz Yisrael’ in the official documents, stamps and currency of the British Mandatory Government of Palestine – a government which was committed to the pro-Zionist ‘promise’ of the 1917 Balfour Declaration – they were incapable of dissuading the Mandatory authorities from pursuing their pro-Zionist policies.

然而，犹太复国主义组织在1948年之前广泛使用官方名称“巴勒斯坦”，这一点并不令人意外，主要有两个原因：

However, the extensive use of the official term Palestine by the Zionist organisations until 1948 is not surprising for two main reasons:

•所有政府和全世界数百万人,尤其是使用欧洲语言的读者,都将该国称为巴勒斯坦或圣地——唯一的例外是犹太复国主义的倡导者,他们同时也将该国称为以色列地(Eretz Yisrael,即以色列之地)。

• All governments and millions of people across the world, and especially readers of European languages, identified the country as Palestine or the Holy Land – the only exceptions were the Zionist Jewish advocates, who also identified the country as Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel):

在1917年11月《贝尔福宣言》所作的亲犹太复国主义承诺之后，巴勒斯坦的犹太复国主义移民殖民地（即伊舒夫）

• Following the pro-Zionist Balfour Declaration commitments of November 1917, the Zionist settler-colony in Palestine (the Yishuv)

"殖民主义内的定居者殖民主义"以及"与英国殖民主义并存的定居者殖民地"两种形式中演化而来。这使得新兴的欧洲犹太人定居社群（Yishuv）得以采取双重策略：（a）仿效英国委任统治体系在巴勒斯坦的官方术语，并在其内部运作；（b）同时建构一套并行的、自主的犹太复国主义希伯来语话语体系。

evolved both as ‘settler-colonialism within British colonialism’ and as a ‘settler-colony with British colonialism’. This allowed the emerging European Yishuv to pursue a double strategy of (a) shadowing (and operating ‘from within’) the official terminology of British Mandatory system in Palestine; and (b) of creating a parallel autonomous Zionist Hebrew discourse.

然而,在建国前时期,巴勒斯坦-以色列地(Eretz Yisrael)的伪装手法、委婉语(如“迁移”)、另类事实以及新的“地面事实”,都是犹太复国主义殖民地(“犹太人社区”,Yishuv)在巴勒斯坦所用新话和策略的核心,以下例子可以说明这一点:

Nonetheless, subterfuge (of Palestine-cum-Eretz Yisrael), euphemism (‘transfer’), alternative facts, and new ‘facts on the ground’ were central to the newspeak and strategies of the Zionist colony (‘Yishuv’) in Palestine during the pre-state period and this is evident from the following examples:

该叙利亚与巴勒斯坦犹太农民与工匠扶持协会成立于1890年，是“锡安爱好者”（Hovevei Tzion）运动的一个机构，得到沙俄政府的官方支持与鼓励（Shafir 1996a: 46）。该协会致力于在巴勒斯坦建立犹太农业殖民地的实际事务，其项目包括协助创建雷霍沃特和哈代拉两个殖民地。

• The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Palestine was a Hovevei Tzion organ established in 1890 with official support and encouragement of the Tsarist Russian government (Shafir 1996a: 46). The Society was dedicated to the practical aspects of establishing Jewish agricultural colonies in Palestine and its projects included help with the founding of the colonies of Rehovot and Hadera.

• 巴勒斯坦犹太事务局成立于1930年,在1948年以色列国建立的过程中发挥了核心作用;从1935年到1948年5月,该局执行委员会的主席是大卫·本-古里安。直到1948年之后,它才更名为以色列犹太事务局。

• The Jewish Agency for Palestine was founded in 1930, and played a central role in the founding of the Israeli state in 1948; the Chairman of its Executive Committee from 1935 until May 1948 was David Ben-Gurion. Only after 1948 did it change its name to the Jewish Agency for Israel.

巴勒斯坦办事处（德语：Palästinaamt）是世界犹太复国主义组织执行委员会于1908年设立的一个犹太复国主义机构的名称。

• The Palestine Office (German: Palästinaamt) was the name of a Zionist agency set up by the executive of the World Zionist Organisation in 1908

……在雅法设有办事处。巴勒斯坦办事处由阿瑟·鲁平（出生于德意志帝国；1876–1943）领导，在奥斯曼时期是犹太复国主义在巴勒斯坦开展殖民活动的中央机构，负责土地购置并协助犹太人移民。第一次世界大战后，“巴勒斯坦办事处”这一犹太复国主义名称的含义有所不同，指的是负责动员和组织犹太人移民巴勒斯坦的犹太复国主义国际代表团。

with its office in Jaffa. Headed by Arthur Ruppin (born in the German empire; 1876–1943), the Palestine Office served during the Ottoman period as the central agency for Zionist colonisation activities in Palestine, including land purchases and assisting Jewish immigration. After the First World War the Zionist name ‘Palestine Offices’ had a different connotation and applied to Zionist international missions charged with the mobilisation and organisation of Jewish immigration to Palestine.

巴勒斯坦办事处隶属于犹太复国主义执行委员会的移民部，该部与巴勒斯坦犹太事务局合作。巴勒斯坦办事处由一个巴勒斯坦委员会（Palaestinaamts kommission）负责运作，该委员会由各犹太复国主义政党的代表组成。

The Palestine Offices were subordinated to the Immigration Department of the Zionist Executive, which worked with the Jewish Agency for Palestine. The Palestine Offices were run by a Palestine Commission (Palaestinaamts kommission) composed of representatives of various Zionist parties.

巴勒斯坦管弦乐团（“以色列爱乐乐团”；1936年在巴勒斯坦成立），并在1948年之前一直被称为巴勒斯坦管弦乐团。

• The Palestine Orchestra (‘Israel Philharmonic Orchestra’; founded in Palestine 1936) and was continuously called the Palestine Orchestra until 1948.

Anglo-Palestine银行:以色列最大的银行——国家银行(Bank Leumi)——最初在伦敦以Anglo Palestine Company的名义成立。它是犹太殖民信托(Jewish Colonial Trust)的子公司,该信托由第二届犹太复国主义大会设立,并于1899年在伦敦注册成立。此后,该行正式更名为Anglo-Palestine银行,这一名称一直沿用至1948年。

• The Anglo-Palestine Bank: Israel’s largest bank, Bank Leumi (National Bank) was originally founded in London as the Anglo Palestine Company. It was a subsidiary of the Jewish Colonial Trust which was founded by the Second Zionist Congress and incorporated in London in 1899. It subsequently became officially known as the Anglo-Palestine Bank and this name continued until 1948.

• 巴勒斯坦电力公司最初于1923年由Pihnas Rotenberg创立，名为雅法电力公司。后来它在英委巴勒斯坦注册为巴勒斯坦电力有限公司。

• The Palestine Electric Company was initially founded in 1923 by Pihnas Rotenberg as the Jaffa Electric Company. It was later incorporated in Mandatory Palestine as the Palestine Electricity, Corporation Limited.

它直到1961年才改名为现在的名称，即以色列电力公司有限公司。如今它是以色列最大的工业公司之一。

It only changed its name to the current one, the Israel Electric Corporation Limited, in 1961. Today it is one of the largest industrial companies in Israel.

《巴勒斯坦邮报》于1932年作为犹太复国主义运动的一部分在耶路撒冷创办,直到1950年才更名为《耶路撒冷邮报》。这份报纸的目标读者包括:巴勒斯坦及周边国家的英语读者,以及海外的犹太读者——英国托管当局官员、当地的犹太人和阿拉伯人、游客和基督教朝圣者。犹太复国主义组织认为,《耶路撒冷邮报》是对巴勒斯坦英国当局施加影响的有效媒介。创办第一年,《巴勒斯坦邮报》的日发行量约为4000份,到1944年,其发行量达到5万份。16

• The Palestine Post was established in Jerusalem in 1932 as part of the Zionist movement and only changed its name in 1950 to the Jerusalem Post. The newspaper’s targeted audiences were English readers in Palestine and neighbouring countries and Jewish readers abroad – British Mandate officials, local Jews and Arabs, tourists and Christian pilgrims. Zionist organisations considered the Jerusalem Post an effective medium for exerting influence on the British authorities in Palestine. During its first year the Palestine Post achieved a daily circulation of about 4000 copies and by 1944 its circulation reached 50,000 copies.16

犹太巴勒斯坦探险协会成立于1914年，专注于古代巴勒斯坦；1948年之后，该协会更名为以色列探险协会。

• The Jewish Palestine Exploration Society was founded in 1914 with a focus on ancient Palestine; it was renamed after 1948 as the Israel Exploration Society.

巴勒斯坦足球协会成立于1928年，由犹太复国主义犹太足球俱乐部创办；1948年之后，它被更名为以色列足球协会。

• The Palestine Football Association was established in 1928 by Zionist Jewish football clubs; after 1948 it was renamed the Israel Football Association.

巴勒斯坦钾盐公司成立于1930年。1951年，该公司被以色列政府收归国有，1953年更名为死海工厂。

• The Palestine Potash Company was established in 1930. In 1951 the company was nationalised by the Israeli government and in 1953 it was renamed the Dead Sea Works.

《巴勒斯坦柑橘》是一份月刊杂志，专门报道巴勒斯坦的柑橘产业，20世纪30年代至40年代由犹太复国主义的犹太社区（Yishuv）在特拉维夫出版；该刊名后来改为希伯来语的《Hadar》。

• Palestine Citrograph, a monthly journal devoted to the citrus industry in Palestine, was published in Tel Aviv in the 1930s and 1940s by the Zionist Yishuv; the name was later changed to the Hebrew Hadar.

巴勒斯坦经济公司(现为以色列经济公司)

• The Palestine Economic Corporation (now the Israel Economic Corporation)

该公司于1922年由美国犹太复国主义投资者创立，成立为一家公众公司，并在美国注册。最初，它通过另一个美国犹太复国主义组织——巴勒斯坦合作机构中央银行——进行投资和经营，并通过一系列犹太复国主义的“巴勒斯坦”子公司开展业务，包括巴勒斯坦抵押与信贷银行有限公司和巴勒斯坦水务公司。巴勒斯坦水务公司于1933年成为巴勒斯坦经济公司的子公司，1949年更名为Mekorot，即以色列水务公司，成为总工会（Histadrut）的一个部门。

was founded by American Zionist investors in 1922 as a public company and incorporated in the US. Initially it invested and operated through another American Zionist organisation, the Central Bank of Cooperative Institutions in Palestine and a string of Zionist ‘Palestine’ subsidiary companies including the Palestine Mortgage and Credit Bank Ltd and the Palestine Water Company. The Palestine Water Company itself became a subsidiary of the Palestine Economic Corporation in 1933 and in 1949 it was renamed Mekorot, the Israeli Water Company, a division of the Histadrut.

巴勒斯坦捐赠基金成立于1922年,由美国的犹太复国主义领袖创办,目的是把资金分配给在巴勒斯坦选定并获得批准的犹太复国主义组织。以色列建国多年之后,该基金更名为以色列捐赠基金。如今其拨款总额已超过10亿美元。

• Palestine Endowment Funds was created in 1922 by US Zionist leaders to enable the distribution of funds to selected and approved Zionist organisations in Palestine. Many years after Israel was established it was renamed Israel Endowment Funds. Its grants now total over $1 billion.

• 巴勒斯坦汽车公司有限公司成立于1934年,最初作为雪佛兰在特拉维夫和海法的经销商开展业务。1937年,该公司获得福特产品的独家经销权,销售在美国和欧洲生产的福特汽车及商用车。以色列建国后,该公司仍沿用"Palestine"(巴勒斯坦)的名称经营了数年。

• The Palestine Automobile Corporation Ltd was founded in 1934 and began its activities as a Chevrolet dealer for Tel Aviv and Haifa. In 1937 the company took over the sole distributorship of Ford products, marketing Ford cars and commercial vehicles manufactured in the US and in Europe. The company continued to operate under the ‘Palestine’ name for several years after the establishment of Israel.

《巴勒斯坦植物志》是以色列科学与人文学院出版的一部著作，初版于1966年。该书收录了地理植物学区域内巴勒斯坦植物的分类学与区系数据，该区域西起地中海沿岸，东至外约旦沙漠，北至黎巴嫩山脉，南至西奈沙漠。2004年出版了更新版本，即A. 丹宁所著的《巴勒斯坦植物志区域植物分布图集》。

• Flora Palaestina is a publication by the Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities, first appeared in 1966. It encompasses the Palaestina plant taxonomic and floristic data in the geo-botanical area between the Mediterranean coast in the west and the Transjordan deserts in the east, the mountains of Lebanon in the north and the desert of Sinai in the south. An updated version, Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area by A. Danin, was published in 2004.