钱币学和货币证据是了解罗马、拜占庭和中世纪伊斯兰时期巴勒斯坦的经济状况及其政治自主程度的重要资料。7世纪早期伊斯兰时代的军政行省吉德·菲拉斯廷（Jund Filastin）的阿拉伯-拜占庭钱币的钱币学证据（Goodwin 2004）

Numismatic and monetary evidence are important sources of knowledge on the economy and degree of political autonomy of Roman, Byzantine and medieval Islamic Palestine. Numismatic evidence of Arab Byzantine coinage of the province of Jund Filastin (the military/administrative province of Palestine in early Islam) in the 7th century (Goodwin 2004)

展示了巴勒斯坦的延续性、该国不断演变的多种风格与传统，以及巴勒斯坦境内形成的一些独特传统。

shows the continuities of Palestine, the variety of styles and traditions evolving in the country, as well as some of the distinct traditions evolving within Palestine.

作为帝国统治下经济繁荣和更大区域经济自主的关键指标之一，是某一地区或城市能够发行自己货币的能力。正如我们已经看到的，巴勒斯坦这一货币现象的最早阶段始于公元前6世纪末和5世纪初，发生在非利士地区。这一阶段一直延续到公元前4世纪，直至阿契美尼德（波斯）对巴勒斯坦的统治结束。在这一时期的大部分时间里，经济上自主的巴勒斯坦城市加沙、阿什凯隆和亚实突能够发行自己的银币。这种银币货币现象被广泛称为非利士银币或非利士-阿拉伯银币。

One of the key indicators of economic prosperity and greater regional and economic autonomy under empire was the ability of a particular region or city to issue its own currency. As we have already seen, the earliest phase of the momentary phenomenon in Palestine began in the late 6th and early 5th century BC and took place in Philistia. This phase continued into the 4th century up to the end of the Achaemenid (Persian) rule over Palestine. Throughout much of this period the economically autonomous Palestinian cities of Gaza, Ascalon and Ashdod were able to issue their own silver coins. The monetary phenomenon of silver coinage became widely known as the coinage of Philistia or Philisto-Arabian coins.

然而,公元1世纪时,罗马帝国授予巴勒斯坦的许多城市铸造青铜币和铜币的权利。铸造声望较高的银币则仅限于罗马以外的少数重要城市。

However, in the 1st century AD the Roman Empire granted many cities in Palestine the right to mint only bronze and copper coins. Minting prestigious silver coins was confined to a few important cities outside of Rome.

铜币由许多巴勒斯坦城市发行，包括加沙、凯撒利亚、雅法（约帕）、阿什凯隆、托勒买斯（阿卡）、提比里亚、塞弗里斯、尼亚波利斯（纳布卢斯）、安提帕特里斯、狄奥斯波利斯（卢德）、尼科波利斯（爱mmaus）、埃利亚·卡皮托利纳（耶路撒冷）和埃勒乌塞罗波利斯（贝特吉布林）。安东尼·庇护（Titus Fulvus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius，86–161）

Bronze coins were issued by many Palestinian cities, including Gaza, Caesarea, Joppa (Jaffa), Ascalon, Ptolemais (Akka), Tiberias, Sepphoris, Neapolis (Nablus), Antipatris, Diospolis (Lydda), Nicopolis (Emmaus), Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem) and Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrin). Antoninus Pius (Titus Fulvus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, 86–161

公元138年至161年在位的罗马皇帝（AD），又名安东尼努斯（Antoninus）。

AD), also known as Antoninus, was Roman Emperor from 138 to 161 AD.

他的名字出现在加沙（非利士）铸造的帝国青铜钱币上。这种在巴勒斯坦数座城市铸造青铜币的传统一直延续到拜占庭时代。

His name appears on imperial bronze coins struck in Gaza, Philistia. This tradition of bronze coinage struck in several Palestinian cities persisted into the Byzantine era.

伊斯兰统治下的巴勒斯坦务实地吸收并融合了罗马/拜占庭的铸币传统与巴勒斯坦地区阿契美尼德的银币铸造传统,并鼓励在巴勒斯坦各城市铸造银币和金币。此外,这一阿拉伯-拜占庭传统的延续,以及伊斯兰统治下巴勒斯坦经济的持续增长和繁荣贸易,在伊斯兰时期巴勒斯坦广泛存在的贵金属及金币铸造中得到了体现。

Islam in Palestine pragmatically adapted and combined the Roman/ Byzantine monetary tradition of coinage with the Achaemenid silver coinage in Palestine and encouraged the minting of both silver and gold coins in Palestinian cities. Furthermore, the continuation of this Arab-Byzantine tradition and the continuity of economic growth and prosperous trade in Palestine under Islam is evident in the widespread presence of precious metals and minting of gold coinage in Islamic Palestine.

稀有且天然存在、具有很高经济价值和投资价值的贵金属，历来在精美首饰和作为货币的铸币中占有重要地位。最为人所知的贵金属是阿拉伯伊斯兰铸币。起初，钱币在Filastin以铜铸造，后来金币和银币在多个巴勒斯坦城市被广泛铸造。

Rare and naturally occurring elements of high economic value and investment, historically precious metals were important in fine jewellery and coinage as currency. The best known precious metals were the Arab Islamic coinage and initially coins were minted in Filastin in copper, and later gold and silver coins were widely minted in several Palestinian cities.

伊斯兰教在巴勒斯坦铸造的钱币，其关键要素——材质、文字、图案、标记与符号——从伊斯兰早期沿用拜占庭风格的钱币，到哈里发阿卜杜勒·马利克·伊本·麦尔旺（Abdel Malik ibn Marwan）约于公元696年推行货币改革后所发行的钱币，再到公元8至11世纪阿拔斯、图伦、伊赫什德和法蒂玛王朝时期使用的钱币，经历了显著的演变（Shamma 1969, 1980）。公元661年，倭马亚家族夺取穆斯林哈里发国的统治权并以大马士革为都城后，其庞大伊斯兰帝国的经济与金融稳定便成为首要任务之一。因此，拜占庭风格的索里达斯（solidus）——原为罗马的重量单位，含金量相对纯净——影响了倭马亚的金第纳尔；这种金币的阿拉伯语名称即源自罗马钱币denarius。阿拉伯金第纳尔最早由推行改革的哈里发阿卜杜勒·马利克·伊本·麦尔旺约于公元696年发行，以他自己的像取代了拜占庭皇帝的像。然而，此后哈里发的图像从伊斯兰货币上被移除。希腊语是拜占庭帝国的官方语言，在拜占庭式钱币的影响下，阿拉伯金第纳尔的成色以克拉（qirat，carat）计量，该词源自希腊语κεράτιον。作为黄金重量单位的克拉至今仍在使用。

The key elements of the Islamic coins struck in Palestine – materials, words, designs, signs and symbols – evolved significantly from the initial Byzantine-style coinage used in early Islam to the post-reform currency introduced by Caliph ‘Abdel Malik ibn Marwan around 696 AD into the coins used during the Abbasid, Tulunid, Ikhshidid and Fatimid periods from the 8th to the 11th centuries (Shamma 1969, 1980). After the Umayyads took over the Muslim Caliphate and made Damascus their capital in 661 AD, the economic and financial stability of their vast Islamic empire was one of their top priorities. Consequently, the Byzantine-style solidus – originally a Roman weight unit of a relatively pure gold – influenced the Umayyad gold dinar; the Arabic name of the gold coin derives from denarius, a Roman coin. The Arab gold dinar was first issued by the reforming Caliph ‘Abdel Malik ibn Marwan around 696 AD, with his own image replacing that of the Byzantine Emperor. However, subsequently the image of the Caliph was removed from the Islamic currency. Greek was the official language of the Byzantine Empire and under the influence of Byzantine-style coinage, the fineness of the gold Arab dinar was measured in qirat (carat) which derives from the Greek κεράτιον. The carat as a gold unit of weight still stands today.

这位第五任倭马亚统治者推行的伊斯兰风格货币改革，旨在巩固倭马亚的权力，并提供一种标准化的阿拉伯伊斯兰货币，以反映当时新的政治与文化现实（Ramadan 2010b）。在使用阿拉伯文字最古老的书法形式——库菲体——书写的同时，除了“除真主外别无应受崇拜者”，后来还加上了“穆罕默德是真主的使者ﷺ”，并且在巴勒斯坦铸造的金币、银币和铜币上加入了阿拉伯文名称“Filastin”。

The Islamic-style currency reform introduced by this fifth Umayyad ruler was designed to reinforce Umayyad power and provide a standardised Arab Islamic coinage that reflected the new politico-cultural reality of the time (Ramadan 2010b). Using the oldest calligraphic form of the Arabic script, the Kufi script, in addition to ‘there is no god but God’ and later ‘Muhammad is the messenger of God’, gold, silver and copper coins struck in Palestine added the Arabic name Filastin.

巴勒斯坦在早期伊斯兰时期的经济与货币繁荣,以及在约旦河西岸地区(Jund Filastin)所铸造的本地货币的核心地位——尤其是在行政首府拉姆拉(al-Ramla)——在8世纪前半叶表现得十分明显。这一点从耶利哥出土的两批改革后伊斯兰钱币窖藏的来源即可看出。货币关乎货币权力,在巴勒斯坦本地铸造的货币让我们得以了解伊斯兰统治下巴勒斯坦省所享有的地方自治程度。鉴于耶利哥的地理位置以及乌马雅德时期巴勒斯坦省的核心地位,这并不令人意外:从耶利哥遗址出土的钱币中,约旦地区(Jund Filastin)与大马士革地区(Jund Dimashq)"提供的钱币数量几乎相等"(Walmsley 2000: 338)。这些钱币来自沙姆地区的多个铸币厂,其所占比例如下:

The economic and monetary prosperity of Palestine in early Islam and the centrality of the coins minted locally in the province of Jund Filastin, especially in the administrative capital al-Ramla, in the first half of the 8th century is evident from the origins of the two hoards of post-reform Islamic coins excavated at Jericho. Currency is about monetary power and the currency minted locally in Palestine gives us a sense of the extent of the local autonomy exercised in the province of Palestine under Islam. Not surprisingly, in view of the location of Jericho and the centrality of the province of Palestine in the Umayyad period, the provinces of Jund Filastin and Jund Dimashq ‘provided an almost equal number of coins’ excavated from the Jericho site (Walmsley 2000: 338). Originating from a range of mints in Bilad al-Sham, the percentage of these coins were as follows:

• 32%在巴勒斯坦军区（Jund Filastin）铸造； • 35%来自大马士革军区（Jund Dimashq）； • 20%在霍姆斯军区（Jund Hims）铸造； • 6%来自约旦军区（Jund al-Urdun）； • 5%来自杰济拉（al-Jazirah）； • 1%来自基奈斯林军区（Jund Qinnasrin）； • 1%来自埃及（Walmsley 2000: 336‒337）。

• 32 per cent minted in the province of Jund Filastin; • 35 per cent from the province of Jund Dimashq; • 20 per cent minted in Jund Hims; • 6 per cent from Jund al-Urdun; • 5 per cent from al-Jazirah; • 1 per cent from Jund Qinnasrin; • 1 per cent from Egypt (Walmsley 2000: 336‒337).

这些硬币来自以下铸币厂:

These coins were from the following mints:

• 二十七枚为Jund Filastin(其中二十三枚铸于首府al-Ramla铸币厂;三枚铸于Lydda;一枚铸于Iliya[耶路撒冷]); • 二十九枚为Jund Dimashq(全部铸于首府Dimashq铸币厂); • 五枚为Jund al-Urdin(四枚铸于Tiberias;一枚铸于al-Urdun); • 十七枚为Jund Hims(全部铸于Hims铸币厂)

• twenty-seven Jund Filastin (twenty-three from the mint of the capital al-Ramla; three Lydda; one Iliya [Jerusalem]); • twenty-nine Jund Dimashq (all from the mint of the capital Dimashq); • five Jund al-Urdin (four Tiberias; one al-Urdun); • seventeen Jund Hims (all from Hims mint)

• 一枚 Jund Qinnasrin(阿勒颇铸币厂);• 四枚 al-Jazirah(al-Ruha 铸币厂);• 一枚 Egypt(亚历山大铸币厂)(Walmsley 2000: 338)。

• one Jund Qinnasrin (Aleppo mint); • four al-Jazirah (al-Ruha mint); • one Egypt (Alexandria mint) (Walmsley 2000: 338).

自伊斯兰教兴起，特别是从8世纪初起，巴勒斯坦也开始形成其独特的阿拉伯伊斯兰度量衡和货币传统。尤为重要的是，多个巴勒斯坦城市铸造带有“在菲拉斯廷铸造”铭文的钱币（Gil, M. 1997: 257）9，这些钱币在当地、地区乃至国际上流通。关于罗马钱币上官方称该地区为Palaestina的最早钱币证据，来自韦斯巴芗统治时期（公元69至79年）；此后，“叙利亚巴勒斯坦”这一名称的钱币证据则出现于马可·奥勒留统治时期，他于公元161至180年间担任罗马皇帝。公元1世纪，罗马帝国还授予许多巴勒斯坦城市铸造青铜币的权利。

Under Islam, especially from the early 8th century onwards, Palestine also began to develop its own distinct Arab Islamic traditions of weights, measures and coinage; crucially coins were produced in several Palestinian cities with the mint formula ‘struck in Filastin’ (Gil, M. 1997: 257)9 and circulated locally, regionally and internationally. The earliest numismatic evidence for the official designation of the country as Palaestina on Roman coins comes from the period of Vespasian (69 to 79 AD) and subsequently for the name ‘Syria Palaestina’ from the period of Marcus Aurelius, who was Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 AD. In the 1st century AD the Roman Empire also granted many Palestinian cities the right to mint bronze coins.

乔治·弗朗西斯·希尔爵士是大英博物馆馆长兼首席图书管理员（1931–1936），他编纂了《大英博物馆巴勒斯坦钱币目录》，其中展示了十六座巴勒斯坦城市铸造自己钱币的情况（Hill 1914）。

Sir George Francis Hill, the Director and Principal Librarian of the British Museum (1931–1936), produced the British Museum Catalogue of Palestine coins showing sixteen Palestinian cities minting their own coins (Hill 1914).

这一自主铸币与巴勒斯坦城市币的传统,在3世纪西罗马帝国瓦解时终结,但在中世纪穆斯林统治下的巴勒斯坦得到复兴和扩展,包括在巴勒斯坦各城市铸造银币和金币,这些城市有伊利亚(Ilya10,Bayt al-Maqdis,al-Quds,耶路撒冷)、拉姆莱(al-Ramla)、提比利亚(Tabariyyah)、阿斯卡伦(‘Asqalan)等。罗马和拜占庭统治下的巴勒斯坦城市自主铸造青铜币,伊斯兰统治下则铸造银币和金币,这表明巴勒斯坦在很大程度上发展出了区域性的自治以及独特的地方传统,摆脱了严格的帝国控制:

This tradition of economic autonomy and Palestine city-coins came to an end in the 3rd century AD when the (western) Roman Empire disintegrated, but it was renewed and expanded in Muslim-ruled Palestine in the Middle Ages to include the minting of coins in silver and gold in the Palestine cities of Ilya10 (Bayt al-Maqdis, al-Quds, Jerusalem), al-Ramla, Tabariyyah (Tiberias), ‘Asqalan and others. This autonomous bronze coinage of Palestine cities under the Romans and Byzantines and silver and gold under Islam suggests the development of a considerable degree of regional Palestinian autonomy and of distinct local traditions, away from rigid imperial control:

硬币的发现表明，巴勒斯坦曾在以下地点大规模铸造钱币：耶路撒冷、贝特古夫林［比特吉布林］、拉姆拉、阿什凯隆、安曼、加沙、卢德［吕大］、雅夫内［优卜纳］、提比里亚、贝特谢安［柏撒尼］、塞福里斯［萨福利亚］和推罗。其中一些铸币厂在拜占庭时期已经存在，而且似乎在阿卜杜勒·马立克之后的大马士革哈里发时期再度使用。钱币上的铭文为 Ilyā Filastin［耶路撒冷·巴勒斯坦］、'Asqalān Filastin［阿斯凯兰·巴勒斯坦］及类似字样。在贝特谢安（柏撒尼）铸币厂出产的钱币上，发现了希腊文铭文，但这些铭文似乎逐渐被阿拉伯文取代。在贝特谢安出产的部分钱币上，既有希腊文铭文"Skythopolis"（斯基托波利斯），也有阿拉伯文"Baysān"或"Baysan"（拜桑）（Gil, M. 1997: 110）。

The finds of coins indicate that there was an intensive production of coins in Palestine in the following places: Jerusalem, Bet Guvrin [Beit Jibrin], Ramla, Ascalon, ‘Amman, Gaza, Lod [Lydda], Yavne [Yubna], Tiberias, Bet Shean [Beisan], Sipphoris [Saffuriyah] and Tyre. Some of these mints were already in existence during the Byzantine era, and it appears that they were again in use during the days of the Damascene Caliphs after ‘Abdel Malik. The inscriptions on the coins were Ilyā Filastin [al‑Quds Filastin], ‘Asqalān Filastin, and the like. From the mint of Bet Shean (Beisan), coins were found with Greek inscriptions, but appear to have been gradually replaced by Arabic. Among those coins from Bet Shean there were some with the Greek inscription ‘Skythopolis’ together with the Arabic, ‘Baysān’ or ‘Baysan’ (Gil, M. 1997: 110).

伊斯兰时期巴勒斯坦的历史常常只是放在哈里发国的整体编年框架中来解读，很少考虑当地的发展与地区条件。在伊斯兰统治下，Filastin（菲拉斯廷，即巴勒斯坦）发展出了相当程度的经济与商业自主性。该地区铸造自己的钱币，并形成了独具特色的度量衡商业传统。其钱币在数个巴勒斯坦城市铸造，上面铭刻着“in Palestine”（在巴勒斯坦），这与今天商品上标明的生产或产地国家的做法相似。

The history of Islamic Palestine is often read through overall Caliphate chronologies with little consideration for local developments and regional conditions. Under Islam Filastin developed a substantial measure of economic and commercial autonomy. It produced its own coinage and developed its own distinct commercial traditions of weights and measures. Its coins were minted in several Palestinian cities with the inscription ‘in Palestine’, in the same way as the country of manufacture or production is stated on goods today.

阿勒-马克迪西在其著作中专门用一整节来讨论其家乡的这些独特传统、度量衡与货币（Gil, M. 1997: 257）。伊斯兰货币（金第纳尔与银迪拉姆）在巴勒斯坦的铸造始于倭马亚王朝时期。阿拔斯王朝时期一度中断，后在图伦王朝统治下于拉姆莱重新开始铸造。图伦王朝是首个独立的穆斯林王朝，于公元868年至905年统治埃及、巴勒斯坦及叙利亚大部分地区。三十年后，伊赫希德王朝于公元935年至969年统治埃及与巴勒斯坦：

Al-Maqdisi devotes an entire section of his work to these distinct traditions, measures and coins of his native country (Gil, M. 1997: 257). The minting of Islamic coins (dinar in gold and dirham in silver) in Filastin began under the Umayyads. It was initially halted by the Abbasids but was restarted in al-Ramla under the Tulunids, which was the first independent Muslim dynasty to rule Egypt, Palestine and much of Syria from 868 until 905 AD. Three decades later the Ikhshidid dynasty ruled Egypt and Palestine from 935 to 969 AD:

[在9世纪的巴勒斯坦]开始出现刻有 bi-filastin（‘بفلسطين’，意为“在巴勒斯坦”）字样的钱币。最早的这类钱币铸造于库马拉瓦伊赫及其子哈伦执政时期，始于890年。

[in the 9th century Palestinian] coins began to appear with the inscription bi-filastin [‘ بفلسطين ’, ‘in-Palestine’]. The first of these were produced in the days of Khumarawayh and his son, Harun, from 890

直到904年为止，这些金第纳尔的重量异常，为3。2

until 904, and these were gold dinars with the unusual weight of 3.2

……这些做法在阿拔斯王朝重新收复埃及和巴勒斯坦之后仍然延续。伊赫什德王朝继续在拉姆拉铸造钱币，与此前一样；但与图伦王朝时期巴勒斯坦钱币的低劣质量不同，伊赫什德王朝的统治者穆罕默德·伊本·图格吉下令铸造成色更好的第纳尔……

grams. These practices continued during the period when the Abbasids reconquered Egypt and Palestine ... The Ikhshidids continued to mint coins in Ramla, as previously, but unlike the inferior quality of the Palestinian coins produced under the Tulunids, Muhammad ibn Tughj, the Ikhshid, ordered the minting of dinars of a finer quality ...

拉姆拉的铸币厂在法蒂玛时期也继续运作……提比利亚的铸币厂同样十分活跃……十字军征服巴勒斯坦大部分地区之后,阿斯盖隆(‘Asqalan)的铸币厂被重新启用。(Gil, M. 1997: 258;另见 Album 1998)11

The mint in Ramla continued working during Fatimid times as well ... The mint in Tiberias was also active ... After the conquest of most of Palestine by the Crusaders, the mint in Ascalon [‘Asqalan] was activated. (Gil, M. 1997: 258; see also Album 1998)11