我们在那里（巴勒斯坦）有一片土地，肥沃丰饶，历史悠久，但几乎没有居民——一个没有人民的国家；而看哪，世界各地散居着一个没有国家的民族。（沙夫茨伯里勋爵，巴勒斯坦勘探基金主席，《巴勒斯坦勘探基金季刊》，1875年，伦敦，1875年，第116页）

We have there [in Palestine] a land teeming with fertility and rich in history, but almost without an inhabitant – a country without a people, and look! Scattered over the world, a people without a country. (Lord Shaftesbury, Chairman of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Statement for 1875, London, 1875, p. 116)

在19世纪维多利亚时代“和平”的十字军式复兴主义中，以及欧洲在地缘政治和文化宗教层面渗透“圣地”的顺利展开，英国巴勒斯坦勘探基金会与1871至1877年间的“西巴勒斯坦测量”起到了核心作用。英国在制图学和地籍测绘方面的科学与技术进步，被充分用于为帝国服务，并服务于其在中东的帝国扩张。

Central to the Victorian ‘peaceful’ Crusader revivalism of the 19th century and the successful opening of the ‘Holy Land’ to Europe’s geo-political and cultural-religious penetration was the British Palestine Exploration Fund and ‘Ordnance Survey of Western Palestine’ between 1871 and 1877. British scientific and technological advances in cartography and cadastral mapping were fully harnessed for empire and imperial expansionism in the Middle East.

Ordnance Survey（OS）是英国的国家测绘机构，也是全球最大的地图制作机构之一。这一英国官方机构的名称体现了其最初的军事和战略用途，其起源可追溯到1745年雅各宾起义之后对苏格兰的测绘，当时缺乏军事地图，人们对苏格兰高地的详细情况也知之甚少。 英国人并不是最早对巴勒斯坦进行仪器战略测绘的人。巴勒斯坦的第一批现代地图，基于仪器测量并使用当时最先进的科学仪器绘制，早已由法国制图师、拿破仑远征埃及和巴勒斯坦期间法国测量军团的主任皮埃尔·雅克坦上校绘制。1799年，在拿破仑的命令下，他编制了数十幅关于埃及、西奈和巴勒斯坦的秘密地图。其中六幅描绘了巴勒斯坦的部分地区，尤其是1799年2月至6月拿破仑军队行军经过的地区。雅克坦在返回法国后继续完善这些地图，最终于1826年出版，并广为人知，被称为“雅克坦地图集”。地图上以法文和阿拉伯文标注巴勒斯坦为“巴勒斯坦或圣地”/“古德斯之地”（فلسطين أو أرض قدس）（另见Khatib 2003；Karmon 1960：155–173, 244–253）。

Ordnance Survey (OS) is the national mapping agency of Britain and is one of the largest producers of maps in the world. The British official agency’s name indicates its original military and strategic purposes and its origins go back to the mapping of Scotland in the aftermath of the Jacobite uprising of 1745 and the absence of military maps and detailed knowledge of the Scottish Highlands. The British were not the first to conduct instrumental strategic mapping of Palestine. The first modern maps of Palestine, based on an instrumental survey and using the most developed scientific instruments of the time, had already been produced by Colonel Pierre Jacotin, a French map-maker and Director of the French Survey Military Corps during Napoleon’s expedition in Egypt and Palestine, who in 1799, on Napoleon’s orders, prepared dozens of secret maps of Egypt, Sinai and Palestine. Six of those maps show parts of Palestine, especially the parts of the country through which Napoleon’s army marched in February to June 1799. Jacotin continued to work on these maps after he returned to France and they were eventually published in 1826, and became widely known as the ‘Jacotin Atlas’, labelling Palestine in French and Arabic as ‘Palestine or Holy Land’/‘land of al-Quds’ فلسطين أو أرض قدس) ) (also Khatib 2003; Karmon 1960: 155–173, 244–253).

这位制图师对巴勒斯坦的描绘，与五十年后奥斯曼帝国在1872年设立并命名自治行政省份——耶路撒冷的متصرفية القدس الشريف（高贵的耶路撒冷行政区）——有着强烈的呼应（见第259-260页）。1799年拿破仑远征期间测绘的“雅克坦巴勒斯坦地图”，后来也由巴勒斯坦勘探基金会出版（Kallner 1944）。19世纪后期英国在巴勒斯坦的殖民野心，以及英国缺乏该地区详细的军事地图，是1870年代成立英国巴勒斯坦勘探基金会和“英国陆地测量局西巴勒斯坦测绘”的两个关键因素。

This cartographer representation of Palestine by the French would also find strong echoes in the establishment and naming of the autonomous administrative province of al-Quds: متصرفية القدس الشريف (Mutasarrifate of Noble Jerusalem) by the Ottomans fifty years later, in 1872 (see pp. 259-260). The ‘Jacotin Map of Palestine’, surveyed during Napoleon’s campaign in 1799, was also later published by the Palestine Exploration Fund (Kallner 1944). British colonial ambitions in late 19th century Palestine and the lack of detailed British military maps of the area were two of the key factors behind the formation of the British Palestine Exploration Fund and ‘British Ordnance Survey of Western Palestine’ in the 1870s.

正如我们将在第十章中看到的,1948年后以色列的地名计划,其基础源于詹姆斯·芬恩的去阿拉伯化活动,以及19世纪70年代巴勒斯坦勘探基金会成员进行的圣经考察。后者的成果《旧约、新约及次经中的名称与地点:附现代比定》(由乔治·阿姆斯特朗编纂,查尔斯·W·威尔逊爵士与C·R·康德少校修订)便是其中之一。

As we shall see in chapter ten, the Israeli toponymic projects in the post-1948 period had their foundations in the de-Arabisation activities of James Finn and the biblical explorations in the 1870s by members of the Palestine Exploration Fund whose work, Names and Places in the Old and New Testament and Apocrypha: with their modern identifications (compiled by George Armstrong; revised by Sir Charles W. Wilson and Major C. R.

Conder 1889），在19世纪末至20世纪上半叶的英国殖民地巴勒斯坦地名测绘项目中居于核心地位。

Conder 1889), was central to British colonial toponymic projects in Palestine in the late 19th and first half of the 20th century.

系统性的测绘、勘测与地名标注项目在1871至1877年间英国皇家测量局对西部巴勒斯坦的测绘中达到高峰，这些项目在很大程度上具有战略目的。巴勒斯坦的神圣性并不足以让英国人组织并出资进行此类勘测。对全境进行测绘的主要动机，在于巴勒斯坦对大英帝国的战略和地缘政治重要性，当时英国正卷入围绕中东的国际角逐（Goren 2002:

The systematic mapping, surveying and place-naming projects, which reached their peak with the British Ordnance Survey of Western Palestine between 1871 and 1877, were largely strategic. The sacredness of Palestine was not a sufficiently convincing reason for the British to organise and finance such surveys. The main motive for mapping the country as a whole was its strategic and geo-political importance for the British Empire, which was then engaged in international struggles over the Middle East (Goren 2002:

（87–110）。然而，英国皇家工兵团在19世纪70年代进行的测绘与勘察，随后促成了原始犹太复国主义的兴起。

87–110). However, the surveys and mapping of the British Royal Engineering Corp in the 1870s led subsequently to the growth of proto-Jewish Zionism.

英国巴勒斯坦勘探基金会于1865年由一群圣经学者、经文地理学家、军官和情报官员以及新教神职人员创立，其中最著名的是威斯敏斯特大教堂的主持牧师亚瑟·P·斯坦利。该基金会的“科学考察”与英国的政治军事机构和情报界密切协调，后者急于渗透当时由穆斯林统治、被称为“欧洲病夫”的奥斯曼巴勒斯坦。 该基金会在伦敦市中心设有办事处，至今仍是一个活跃的机构，出版学术期刊《巴勒斯坦勘探季刊》。此外，该基金会还举办公开讲座，并资助在近东地区的研究项目。根据其网站介绍，“1867年至1870年间，沃伦上尉在巴勒斯坦进行了考察，这些考察构成了我们对古代耶路撒冷地形和圣殿山/哈拉姆沙里夫［原文如此］考古学认识的基础”；“除了对圣殿山/哈拉姆沙里夫上、下及周边的考察外，沃伦还测绘了非利士平原，并对约旦中部进行了非常重要的［军事］侦察”。 沃伦上尉（后来晋升为沃伦爵士将军，1840–1927）隶属英国皇家工兵部队，是该基金会的主要官员之一。他受派测绘耶路撒冷的“圣经地形”并调查“圣殿所在地”，他曾记述道：

The British Palestine Exploration Fund was founded in 1865 by a group of biblical scholars, scriptural geographers, military and intelligence officers and Protestant clergymen, most notably the Dean of Westminster Abbey, Arthur P. Stanley. Its ‘scientific exploration’ was coordinated very closely with the British politico-military establishment and intelligence community anxious to penetrate Ottoman Palestine, a country ruled by the Muslim ‘sick man of Europe’. With offices in central London, the PEF today is an active organisation which publishes an academic journal, the Palestine Exploration Quarterly. In addition, the PEF presents public lectures and funds research projects in the Near East. According to its website, ‘Between 1867 and 1870 Captain Warren carried out the explorations in Palestine which form the basis for our knowledge of the topography of ancient Jerusalem and the archaeology of the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sherif [sic]’; ‘In addition to his explorations on, under, and around the Temple Mount/ al-Haram al-Sherif, Warren surveyed the Plain of Philistia and carried out a very important [military] reconnaissance of central Jordan’.7 Captain (later General Sir) Charles Warren (1840–1927) of the British Royal Engineers, one of the key officers of the PEF, who was sent to map the ‘scriptural topography’ of Jerusalem and investigate ‘the site of the temple’, noted:

“[英国]领事詹姆斯·芬恩[James Finn]在耶路撒冷说了算，统治的不是城中的本地人，而是外来者；然而这些外来者大多才是真正的所有者，本地人大多反倒是篡夺者”（Shepherd 1987: 127–128）。沃伦以及上文提到的长期任职、声名显赫的英国领事芬恩，都是复兴派基督教シオニスト，并参与“犹太人传教会”（Shepherd 1987: 110）的工作。据称，他们二人都“真的钻到”耶路撒冷穆斯林圣地之下，测绘“圣殿山”的“原始尺寸”。沃伦及皇家工兵部队所开展的圣经考古与地名考证工作，至今仍是许多以色列考古学家、地理学家和战略规划人员的基础资料（Shepherd 1987: 195；Benvenisti 2002: 11–27）。

‘[British] King Consul [James Finn] rules supreme, not over the natives of the city, but over strangers; but yet these strangers for the most part are the rightful owners, the natives, for the most part, are usurpers’ (Shepherd 1987: 127–128). Both Warren and the (above-mentioned) long-serving and famous British Consul, Finn, who was a restorationist Christian Zionist involved with the ‘Mission to the Jews’ (Shepherd 1987: 110), apparently ‘literally burrowed’ beneath the Muslim shrines in Jerusalem to chart the ‘original dimensions’ of the ‘Temple Mount’. The biblical archaeology and toponymic projects of Warren and the Royal Engineers have remained basic data for many Israeli archaeologists, geographers and strategic planners of today (Shepherd 1987: 195; Benvenisti 2002: 11–27).

继承英国巴勒斯坦勘探基金会（PEF）的脚步，英国委任统治当局在巴勒斯坦着手从当地巴勒斯坦民众中收集地名信息。英国人试图把欧洲殖民主义说成是对古代犹太人土地所有权的延续，这使得巴勒斯坦的地名成为欧洲犹太复国主义殖民定居者与本土巴勒斯坦人之间激烈争夺的焦点。巴勒斯坦阿拉伯地名曾被（并且仍在继续）“去命名”，犹太复国主义者则采用以《旧约》人名为基础的殖民策略，将其希伯来化。

Following in the footsteps of the PEF, the British Mandatory authorities in Palestine set out to gather toponymic information from the local Palestinian population. The British drive to present European colonialism as a continuation of an ancient Jewish ownership of the land meant that place names in Palestine became a site of fierce contest between the European Zionist settler-colonisers and the indigenous Palestinians. Palestinian Arab names were (and continued to be) ‘unnamed’ and Hebraicised by the Zionists using a colonising strategy based on Old Testament names.

巴勒斯坦本地的地名在被从阿拉伯语转写为希伯来语时,被视为"被赎回"并获得了"解放"(Slyomovics 1998, 2002)。英国殖民时期的地名命名工作与19世纪开始的犹太复国主义希伯来语改名计划之间的渊源,在英国对巴勒斯坦的殖民统治下得以延续(al-Shaikh 2010),并在大灾难(Nakba)之后,随着以色列大学圣经与考古学系的扩张而急剧加速。

Local Palestinian place names were deemed ‘redeemed’ and liberated when they were rendered from Arabic into Hebrew (Slyomovics 1998, 2002). The genealogy of British colonial name commissions and the Zionist Hebrew renaming project, which began in the 19th century, lingered under the British colonial system in Palestine (al-Shaikh 2010) and were accelerated dramatically after the Nakba and the expansion of biblical and archaeological departments at Israeli universities.