1 Iqtisodiy tizimga kirish

1 Iqtisodiy tizimga kirish - Islomning iqtisodiy tizimi | Quran Course

"Fikr" degani millat ichida hayot masalalarida fikrlash jarayonining mavjudligi bo'lib, uning aksar a'zolari voqealarga duch kelganlarida o'zlarida mavjud bo'lgan ma'lumotdan ularga hukm berish uchun foydalanadilar. Bu shuni anglatadiki, ularda hayotda qo'llashga harakat qiladigan g'oyalar bor va bu g'oyalardan tez-tez va muvaffaqiyatli foydalanish natijasida samarali fikrlash usuli vujudga keladi. Bugungi kunda Islom ummatida g'oyalar yetishmaydi, shuning uchun u tabiiy ravishda samarali fikrlash usulidan mahrum. Hozirgi avlod o'zidan oldingi avloddan na islomiy, na noislomiy biror g'oya olgan va tabiiy ravishda samarali fikrlash usulini olmagan. Shuningdek, u o'zi ham biror g'oya yoki samarali fikrlash usulini egallamagan. Natijada, bu avlodning yurtlarida moddiy boyliklar mo'l bo'lishiga qaramay, qashshoqlikda ko'rinishi tabiiydir. Xuddi shunday, u bu kashfiyot va ixtirolarning nazariyalarini o'rganib, ularni bilsa ham, ilmiy kashfiyotlar va sanoat ixtirolari bo'lmasligi tabiiydir. Chunki samarali usulda ularga erishishga shoshilish mumkin emas, agar u samarali fikrlash usuliga, ya'ni g'oyalarga ega bo'lmasa va o'sha g'oyalarni hayotda qo'llashda ijodkor bo'lmasa. Shuning uchun musulmonlar uchun o'zlarida g'oyalar va samarali fikrlash usulini shakllantirish zarurdir. Shundan keyin ular buning asosida moddiy boylikka erishish, ilmiy kashfiyotlar va sanoat ixtirolariga yo'l tutishga qodir bo'ladilar. Buni qilmas ekanlar, ular bir qadam ham oldinga siljimaydilar, balki mental va jismoniy kuchlarini sarflab, yana o'z boshlang'ich nuqtalariga qaytib keladigan yopiq doira ichida aylanishda davom etadilar.

What is meant by thoughts is the existence, within the nation, of the process of thinking in it’s life affairs, such that the majority of its individuals use the information that they have when facing events, so as to judge on them. This means that they have thoughts which they contrive to use in life, and by using these thoughts frequently and successfully, a productive way of thinking results. Today, the Islamic Ummah is lacking in thoughts, so it is naturally deprived of the productive way of thinking. The present generation did not receive from its preceding generation any ideas, be they Islamic or non-Islamic and naturally; it did not receive a productive way of thinking. Nor did it attain by itself any thoughts or a productive way of thinking. As a result, it is natural for this generation to be seen in poverty, despite the abundance of material resources in its lands. Likewise, it is natural to have no scientific discoveries and industrial inventions even though it studies the theories of these discoveries and inventions and is aware of them. This is because it is impossible to rush to gain them in a productive way, unless it possesses a productive way of thinking i.e. unless it has thoughts and it is creative in using their thoughts in life. Therefore, it is inevitable for the Muslims to establish for themselves thoughts and a productive way of thinking. Thereafter, they will be able to proceed, based on that, to acquire material wealth, make scientific discoveries, and industrial inventions. Unless they do this, they will not proceed a single step; rather they will continue to go around in a vicious circle, exhausting their mental and physical efforts, only to end up exactly where they began.

Hozirgi musulmonlar avlodi hatto biz ularda o'rnatmoqchi bo'lgan Islom mafkurasiga zid bo'lgan asosiy fikrni ham qabul qilmagan. Agar qabul qilgan bo'lganida, unga berilgan islomiy mafkurani to'liq anglay olgan bo'lardi, chunki bu anglash islomiy mafkura bilan bu avlod tashiyotgan mafkura o'rtasidagi to'qnashuvdan kelib chiqardi va ummatni islomiy mafkuraning to'g'riligini tushunishga olib kelardi. Aksincha, hozirgi islomiy avlod hech qanday fikrdan va samarali fikrlash usulidan xoli. U islomiy fikrlarni xuddi yunonlar Aristotel va Platon falsafasini meros qilib olganidek, akademik falsafa sifatida meros qilib olgan. Shuningdek, u Islomni xuddi xristianlar xristianlikni meros qilib olganidek, marosimlar va diniy aqidalar sifatida meros qilib olgan. Shu bilan birga, u kapitalizmning muvaffaqiyatlarini ko'rib, unga mahliyo bo'lib qolgan, lekin uning fikrlarining to'g'riligini anglab emas; uning qoidalariga bo'ysunish orqali, lekin bu yechimlarning kapitalistik hayot qarashidan qanday kelib chiqqanini tushunmasdan. Shuning uchun ummat kapitalistik hayot tarzi bo'yicha yashasa-da, intellektual jihatdan kapitalistik fikrlardan mahrum. Ummat, shuningdek, ba'zi marosimlarini ado etib, islomiy fikrlarini o'rgansa-da, amalda islomiy fikrlardan ham mahrum bo'lib qolgan.

The present generation of Muslims has not even adopted a basic thought which contradicts their ideology of Islam, which we aim to establish amongst them. If it had done so, it would have been able to fully comprehend the Islamic ideology given to it, because this comprehension would have resulted from a clash between the Islamic ideology and the one carried by this generation, making the Ummah realise the correctness of the Islamic ideology. Rather, the current Islamic generation is empty of any thought and of any productive way of thinking. Instead, it inherited the Islamic thoughts as an academic philosophy, in the same way that the Greeks inherited the philosophies of Aristotle and Plato. It also inherited Islam as rituals and religious dogma, in the same way the Christians inherited Christianity. At the same time, it became fascinated with Capitalism after witnessing its successes, and not through comprehending the validity of its thoughts; and from its submission to its rules, and not from comprehending how these solutions emanate from the Capitalist viewpoint of life. Therefore, the Ummah is devoid of the Capitalist thoughts intellectually, although it lives according to the Capitalist way of life. The Ummah also became devoid of the Islamic thoughts in practice, although it conducts some of its rituals and studies its thoughts.

Kapitalizmda ehtiyojlarning tabiati va bu ehtiyojlarni qondirish vositalarining tabiati mana shunday. Shu sababli iqtisodchi jamiyatning tabiatiga e'tibor bermaydi, balki iqtisodiy moddiy resurslarga (iqtisodiy tovarlarga) e'tibor beradi, chunki ular ehtiyojni qondiradi. Demak, iqtisodchining vazifasi tovarlar va xizmatlarni ta'minlash, ya'ni boshqa hech qanday mulohazalardan qat'i nazar, insonning ehtiyojlarini qondirish vositalarini taqdim etishdir. Shunga ko'ra, iqtisodchi qondirish vositalarini mavjud qilishga intiladi. Qondirish vositalari bo'lgan tovarlar va xizmatlar cheklangan bo'lgani uchun ular insonning barcha ehtiyojlarini qondirishga yetarli emas, chunki ularning nazarida bu ehtiyojlar cheksiz va doimiy ravishda o'sib boradi. Buning sababi shundaki, inson sifatida qondirishi shart bo'lgan asosiy ehtiyojlar mavjud, shuningdek, inson shaharlashuvning yuqori darajasiga o'tgani sari soni ortib boradigan ehtiyojlar ham bor. Bu ehtiyojlar ko'payadi va o'sadi, ularning barchasi to'liq qondirilishni talab qiladi, bu holatni tovarlar va xizmatlar qanchalik ko'paymasin, hech qachon amalga oshirib bo'lmaydi. Shu yerdan iqtisodiy muammoning asosi paydo bo'ldi: bu ehtiyojlarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi va ularni qondirish vositalarining kamligi, ya'ni insonning barcha ehtiyojlarini to'liq qondirish uchun tovarlar va xizmatlarning yetishmasligidir.

This is the nature of needs in Capitalism and the nature of the means of satisfying these needs. Hence, the economist does not care about the nature of society, but cares about the economic material resources (economic commodities), since they satisfy a need. Therefore, the function of the economist is to supply commodities and services i.e. to provide the means of satisfying man’s needs, irrespective of any other consideration. Accordingly, the economist strives to make available the means of satisfaction. Since the commodities and services, which are the means of satisfaction are limited, they are not sufficient to meet all of man’s needs, because these needs in their view are unlimited and constantly growing. This is because there are basic needs which man as a human must satisfy, and there are needs which increase in number as man proceeds to a higher level of urbanisation. These needs multiply and increase and they all need complete satisfaction, a situation which cannot be fulfilled no matter how much commodities and services increase. From here the basis of the economic problem emerged, which is an overabundance of needs and the shortage of the means of their satisfaction i.e. the lack of commodities and services to completely satisfy all of man’s needs.

Shu nuqtai nazardan, jamiyat iqtisodiy muammoga duch keladi, ya'ni tovarlar va xizmatlarning nisbiy kamligi. Bu kamlikning muqarrar natijasi shuki, ba'zi ehtiyojlar qisman qondiriladi yoki umuman qondirilmaydi. Vaziyat shunday ekan, jamiyat a'zolari qaysi ehtiyojlar qondirilishi va qaysilari qondirilmay qolishini belgilaydigan qoidalar bo'yicha kelishib olishlari zarur. Boshqacha aytganda, cheklangan resurslarni cheksiz ehtiyojlar o'rtasida taqsimlash usulini belgilaydigan qoida o'rnatish zarur. Demak, ularning nazarida hal etilishi kerak bo'lgan muammo ehtiyojlar va resurslardir, inson emas. Shunday qilib, muammo resurslarni ehtiyojlarni qondirish uchun yetarli qilish bo'lib, bu har bir shaxsning ehtiyojlarini albatta qondirish degani emas. Shuning uchun o'rnatiladigan qoidalar mumkin bo'lgan eng yuqori darajadagi ishlab chiqarishga erishishni ta'minlaydigan qoidalar bo'lishi kerak, shunda resurslarning eng yuqori hajmi, ya'ni tovar va xizmatlarni butun millat uchun ta'minlash mumkin bo'ladi, lekin har bir shaxs uchun albatta emas. Demak, tovar va xizmatlarni taqsimlash muammosi ishlab chiqarish muammosi bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lib, iqtisodiy tadqiqotlarning maqsadi jamiyat tomonidan iste'mol qilinadigan tovar va xizmatlarni ko'paytirishdir. Shuning uchun milliy ishlab chiqarish hajmiga (YaIM va YaMM) ta'sir etuvchi omillarni o'rganish barcha iqtisodiy tadqiqotlar orasida birinchi o'rinda turishi ajablanarli emas. Chunki milliy ishlab chiqarishni oshirish tadqiqoti ehtiyojlarga nisbatan tovar va xizmatlarning kamligi, ya'ni iqtisodiy muammoni hal etishning eng muhim yo'nalishlaridan biridir. Ular qashshoqlik va mahrumlikni faqat ishlab chiqarishni oshirish orqali hal etish mumkin, deb hisoblaydilar. Shu sababli jamiyat duch kelgan iqtisodiy muammoni hal etishning yagona yo'li ishlab chiqarishni oshirishdir.

From this perspective, the society faces an economic problem, which is the relative shortage of commodities and services. The inevitable result of this shortage is that some needs are either partially satisfied or not satisfied at all. Since this is the situation, it is necessary that the members of society agree on rules that decide which needs have to be satisfied and which needs are to be deprived. In other words, it is necessary to set a rule that decides the manner of distributing the limited resources over the unlimited needs. So the problem to address in their view is the needs and resources and not the man. Thus, the problem is to make available the resources so as to satisfy the needs, but not necessarily the needs of every individual. Therefore, it is necessary that the rules which are laid down, be rules which guarantee the achievement of the highest possible level of production, so as to achieve the highest supply of resources i.e. to supply the goods and services to the nation as a whole, but not necessarily to each individual. Therefore, the problem of distributing the goods and services is closely connected to the problem of production, and the objective of economic studies and research is to increase the goods and services which are consumed by the society. It is not surprising therefore, that the study of the factors which affect the size of the national production (GDP and GNP) takes precedence over all economic studies. Because the study of increasing the national production is one of the most important studies to solve the economic problem, that is the scarcity of the commodities and services in relation to the needs. For they believe that poverty and deprivation cannot be solved except by increasing production. Therefore, solving the economic problem facing society is only by increasing production.

Mahsulotning qiymati uning muayyan bir shaxsga nisbatan yoki boshqa bir narsaga nisbatan ahamiyat darajasini anglatadi. Birinchi holatda bu "foydalilik qiymati" deb ataladi. Ikkinchi holatda esa u "almashinuv qiymati" deb ataladi. Narsaning foydalilik qiymatini quyidagicha umumlashtirish mumkin: narsaning har bir birligining foydalilik qiymati uning chegaraviy foydaliligi, ya'ni eng zaif ehtiyojni qondiradigan birlikning foydaliligi bilan baholanadi. Bu "chegaraviy foydalilik nazariyasi" deb nomlangan. Bu shuni anglatadiki, foydalilik faqat ishlab chiqaruvchi nuqtayi nazaridan, ya'ni uni ishlab chiqarish xarajatlari bilan baholanmaydi, chunki bu talabsiz taklifni hisobga olish bo'lar edi. Shuningdek, u faqat iste'molchi nuqtayi nazaridan, ya'ni uning foydasi va jozibadorligi hamda nisbiy kamyobligini hisobga olgan holda ham baholanmaydi, chunki bu taklifsiz talabni hisobga olish bo'lar edi. Aslida ular foydalilik taklif va talabni birgalikda ko'rib chiqilgan nuqtayi nazardan kuzatilishi kerak, deb hisoblaydilar. Shunday qilib, narsaning foydaliligi ehtiyojni qondiradigan so'nggi nuqtada, ya'ni qanoatlanishning eng past nuqtasida baholanadi. Demak, bir bo'lak non qiymati ochlikning eng yuqori nuqtasida emas, balki eng past nuqtasida baholanadi va bozorda non mavjud bo'lgan vaqtda, kamyob bo'lgan vaqtda emas.

The value of the product means its degree of importance, whether relative to a particular person or relative to another thing. In the first case, it is called ‘the value of the benefit’. In the second case, it is called the ‘value of exchange’. The value of the benefit of a thing can be summarised as: the value of benefit of any unit of a thing is evaluated by its marginal benefit i.e. by the benefit of the unit that satisfies the weakest need. They called this ‘The Theory of Marginal Utility’. This means that the benefit is not evaluated according to the viewpoint of the producer alone i.e. evaluated by the costs of its production, since this would mean consideration of supply without demand. Nor is it evaluated from the viewpoint of the consumer alone i.e. evaluated by its benefit and desirability, as well as looking at its relative shortage, because this would mean the consideration of demand without supply. In fact, they claim that benefit should be observed from the viewpoint of supply and demand together. Thus the benefit of a thing is assessed at the last point that satisfies the need i.e. at the minimum point of satisfaction. Therefore, the value of a loaf of bread is assessed at the minimum point of hunger not at its maximum, and at a time when there is an availability of bread in the market, not at a time when there is a shortage.

Ishlab chiqarish, ularning fikricha, foyda yaratish yoki uni oshirishdir, bu esa mehnat orqali amalga oshadi. Shuning uchun mahsulot va xizmatlarni samarali yoki samarasiz deb belgilash, ularning qaysi biri unumdorligi yuqoriroq ekanini bilish uchun turli mahsulot va xizmatlar uchun aniq o‘lchov bo‘lishi kerak. Bu o‘lchov mahsulot va xizmatlarning jamiyatdagi qiymatidir. Boshqacha aytganda, bu sarflangan mehnat va ko‘rsatilgan xizmatning jamoaviy bahosidir. Bunday baholash zarurati zamonaviy davrda paydo bo‘ldi, chunki ayirboshlash maqsadidagi ishlab chiqarish iste’mol uchun ishlab chiqarishni almashtirdi. Hozir deyarli har bir inson o‘z mahsulotini boshqa odamlarning mahsulotiga ayirboshlaydigan vaziyat yuzaga keldi. Ayirboshlash tovar yoki xizmat uchun to‘lov mavjud bo‘lishi orqali amalga oshadi, shuning uchun tovarni ayirboshlash mumkin bo‘lishi uchun uning qiymatini baholash bo‘lishi kerak. Demak, qiymatning nimadan iborat ekanini bilish ishlab chiqarish va iste’molning muhim omili, ya’ni bu vositalardan foydalanib inson ehtiyojlarini qondirishning muhim omilidir.

Production, in their view, is creating a benefit or increasing it, which is accomplished by work. So, to identify works as being productive or not, and to know which are of greater productivity, there must be an accurate scale for the various products and services. This scale is the societal value of the various products and services. In other words, it is the collective evaluation of the work spent and the service provided. Such an evaluation became necessary, because in the modern time, production for the purpose of exchange has replaced production for consumption. The situation now arises whereby virtually every person exchanges his production with other people’s production. The exchange is achieved by the existence of compensation for the commodity or service, so there must be an estimation of the value of the commodity in order that it can be exchanged. Hence, knowledge of the value in terms of what it is, is an essential factor in production and consumption i.e. an essential factor towards satisfying man’s needs, by using these means.

Zamonaviy tarixda bu almashinuv qiymati o'zining qiymatlaridan biri orqali aniqlandi va bu turdagi qiymat ustun bo'lib qoldi. Rivojlangan jamoalarda tovarlarning qiymatlari bir-biri bilan emas, balki pul deb ataladigan ma'lum bir tovar bilan bog'liqdir. Tovar yoki xizmatning pul bilan almashinuv nisbati uning narxi deb ataladi. Demak, narx tovar yoki xizmatning pulga nisbatan almashinuv miqdoridir. Shunday ekan, almashinuv qiymati va narx o'rtasidagi farq shundaki, almashinuv qiymati bir narsaning boshqasiga almashinuv nisbatidir, bu narsa pul, tovar yoki xizmat bo'lishidan qat'i nazar; narx esa narsaning pul bilan almashinuv qiymatidir. Bu shuni anglatadiki, bir vaqtning o'zida barcha mollarning narxi oshishi va barchasining narxi tushishi mumkin, ammo barcha tovarlarning bir-biriga nisbatan almashinuv qiymatlari bir vaqtning o'zida oshishi yoki tushishi mumkin emas. Shuningdek, tovarlarning narxi o'zgarib, ularning almashinuv qiymati o'zgarmasligi ham mumkin. Demak, tovarning narxi uning qiymatlaridan biridir; boshqacha aytganda, bu faqat pulga nisbatan tovarning qiymatidir. Narx qiymatlardan biri bo'lganligi sababli, narsaning foydali yoki foydasiz ekanligini va o'sha narsaning foyda darajasini aniqlashda narxni o'lchov sifatida qabul qilish tabiiydir. Shu sababli, jamiyat ma'lum bir narx bilan baholasa, tovar yoki xizmat unumli yoki foydali hisoblanadi. Ushbu tovar yoki xizmatning foyda darajasi, u qishloq xo'jaligi yoki sanoat mahsuloti bo'lsinmi, xizmat savdogar, transport kompaniyasi, shifokor yoki muhandisniki bo'lsinmi, uni egallash yoki undan foydalanish uchun iste'molchilarning ko'pchiligi to'lashga rozi bo'lgan narx bilan o'lchanadi.

In modern history, this value of exchange has been identified by one of its values, and this type of value has become predominant. In developed communities, the values of commodities are not related to each other but are related to a certain commodity called money. The exchange ratio of a commodity or a service with money is called its price. The price therefore, is the amount of exchange of a commodity or a service relative to money. Hence, the difference between the value of exchange and the price is that the value of exchange is the ratio of an exchange of one thing with another, whether that thing is money, commodities, or services; while the price is the exchange value of a thing with money. This means that it is possible that the prices of all goods rise at any one time, and all fall at any one time, whilst it is impossible that the exchange values of all commodities relative to each other rise or drop at any one time. It is also possible for prices of commodities to change without resulting in a change in their value of exchange. Therefore, the price of a commodity is one of its values; in other words it is the value of a commodity relative to money only. Since the price is one of the values, it is natural for price to be taken as a scale for deciding whether a thing is beneficial or not, and the degree of benefit of that thing. Therefore, the commodity or the service is considered as productive or beneficial if the society evaluates this particular commodity or service by a particular price. The degree of benefit of this commodity or service is measured by the price which the majority of the consumers agree to pay for possessing or utilising it, whether this commodity is an agricultural or industrial product, and whether the service is that of a trader, transportation company, doctor, or engineer.

Ishlab chiqarish, iste'mol va taqsimotda narx o'ynaydigan rolga kelsak, aynan narx mexanizmi ishlab chiqaruvchilardan qaysi biri ishlab chiqarish poygasiga kirishi va qaysi biri chetda qolishini hal qiladi. Xuddi shunday, narx iste'molchilardan qaysi biri ehtiyojlarini qondirishi va qaysi biri buni qila olmasligini belgilaydi. Tovarning ishlab chiqarish xarajati bozordagi taklifni boshqaradigan asosiy omil, tovarning foydaliligi esa bozordagi talabni boshqaradigan asosiy omil bo'lib, ikkalasi ham narx orqali o'lchanadi. Shuning uchun taklif va talab o'rganish kapitalistik iqtisodiyotdagi asosiy masaladir. Bozor taklifi deganda bozorning taklifi, talab deganda esa bozorning talabi tushuniladi. Talabni narxni eslatmasdan ta'riflab bo'lmaganidek, taklifni ham narxsiz baholab bo'lmaydi. Biroq talab narxning o'zgarishiga teskari proporsional ravishda o'zgaradi, ya'ni narx oshsa talab kamayadi, narx pasaysa talab ortadi. Bu taklifga zid bo'lib, taklif narxga to'g'ri proporsional ravishda o'zgaradi, ya'ni narx oshgan sari taklif darajasi ortadi, narx pasaygan sari esa taklif kamayadi. Ikkala holatda ham narx taklif va talabga eng katta ta'sir ko'rsatadi, ya'ni ishlab chiqarish va iste'molga eng katta ta'sirni o'tkazadi.

As for the role which the price plays in production, consumption, and distribution, it is the price mechanism that decides which of the producers will enter the production race and which will be excluded. In the same manner, price decides which of the consumers will satisfy their needs and which consumers will not be able to do so. The production cost of a commodity is the principal factor which governs its supply in the market, while the benefit of the commodity is the principal factor which governs the demand in the market for it, and both are measured by the price. Therefore, the study of supply and demand is the fundamental issue in the Capitalist economy.What is meant by the supply is the supply of the market, and what is meant by demand is the demand of the market. As demand cannot be defined without mentioning the price, supply too cannot be evaluated without the price. However, demand changes inversely proportional to the change in price i.e. if price increases, demand decreases, and if price decreases then demand increases. This is contrary to supply which changes directly proportional to the price i.e. the level of supply increases as the price increases and it drops as price decreases. In both cases, price has the greatest effect upon supply and demand, that is, it has the greatest effect upon production and consumption.

Kapitalistlarning qarashicha, narx mexanizmi jamiyatdagi shaxslar o'rtasida tovarlar va xizmatlarni taqsimlashning eng ideal usulidir, chunki foyda insonning sarflagan mehnati natijasidir. Shunday ekan, agar mukofot mehnatga teng bo'lmasa, shubhasiz, ishlab chiqarish darajasi pasayadi. Shuning uchun jamiyatda tovarlar va xizmatlarni taqsimlashning ideal usuli ishlab chiqarishning imkon qadar eng yuqori darajasini kafolatlaydigan usuldir. Bu usul narx usuli bo'lib, u narx tizimi yoki narx mexanizmi deb ham ataladi. Ular narx mexanizmi iqtisodiy muvozanatni avtomatik ravishda vujudga keltiradi, deb hisoblaydilar, chunki u iste'molchilarga jamiyat egalik qiladigan resurslarni turli iqtisodiy faoliyatlar o'rtasida taqsimlash to'g'risida o'zlari qaror qabul qilish imkoniyatini beradi: ayrim tovarlarga iste'molchilar talabi va boshqalardan yuz o'girishi orqali. Shu tariqa ular daromadlarini o'zlariga kerak yoki yoqadigan narsalarni sotib olishga sarflaydilar. Masalan, sharobni yoqtirmaydigan iste'molchi uni sotib olishdan tiyiladi va daromadini boshqa narsalarga sarflaydi. Agar sharobni yoqtirmaydigan iste'molchilar soni ortsa yoki hammasi uni yoqtirmay qolsa, talab kamayganligi sababli sharob ishlab chiqarish foydasiz bo'lib qoladi. Shunday qilib, sharob ishlab chiqarish tabiiy ravishda to'xtaydi, xuddi shu qoida boshqa tovarlar va xizmatlarga ham tegishli. Iste'molchilar nimani sotib olish va nimadan voz kechishni erkin hal qilish orqali ishlab chiqarishning darajasi va turini o'zlari belgilaydilar. Narxning o'zi orqali tovarlar va xizmatlarning taqsimlanishi sodir bo'ladi, narx ishlab chiqaruvchilarga mavjud bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi, ular unga ega bo'ladimi yoki bermaydimi, buning ahamiyati yo'q.

The price mechanism in the view of the Capitalists is the ideal method of distribution of commodities and services amongst individuals in society, since the benefits are the result of the efforts which man expends. So, unless the compensation is equal to the effort, then, no doubt, the level of production will drop. Therefore, the ideal method to distribute commodities and services in a society is that which guarantees the highest possible level of production. This method is the price method which is also called the price system or the price mechanism. They consider that the price mechanism produces economic equilibrium automatically, since it gives the consumers the choice to decide for themselves the distribution of the resources owned by the society over the various economic activities, through the consumers demand for some commodities and their turning away from others. Hence they spend their income by buying what they need or what they like. Thus, the consumer who dislikes wine will abstain from buying it and spends his income on other things. If the number of consumers who dislike wine increased, or if all came to dislike it, then the production of wine becomes unprofitable due to decreasing demand. Thus, production of wine would stop naturally, and the same rule applies to other commodities and services. The consumers themselves define the level and kind of production by being left free to decide what to buy and what to leave. Via the price itself, the distribution of commodities and services occurs whether or not the price is available to the producers, and whether or not they give it to the producers.

Narx mexanizmi ishlab chiqarish uchun rag'batlantiruvchi omil, taqsimotni tartibga soluvchi vosita va ishlab chiqaruvchi bilan iste'molchi o'rtasidagi bog'lovchi halqa, ya'ni ishlab chiqarish va iste'mol o'rtasida muvozanatga erishadigan vositadir. Narx mexanizmi ishlab chiqarish uchun rag'bat bo'lib xizmat qiladi, chunki insonni har qanday mehnat yoki qurbonlikka undaydigan asosiy sabab uning moddiy mukofotidir. Kapitalistik iqtisodchilar inson mehnatini ma'naviy yoki axloqiy sabab bilan sarflashi ehtimolini inkor etadilar. Axloqiy sabab, uni tan olganda ham, moddiy kompensatsiyaga bog'lab qo'yiladi. Ularning fikricha, inson o'z kuch-g'ayratini faqat moddiy ehtiyojlari va istaklarini qondirish uchun sarflaydi. Bu qondirish yo o'zi bevosita ishlab chiqargan tovarlarni iste'mol qilish orqali, yoki boshqalar ishlab chiqargan tovar va xizmatlarni sotib olishga imkon beradigan pul mukofotini olish orqali amalga oshadi. Inson ehtiyojlarining ko'pchiligini, bo'lmasa barchasini, mehnatini boshqalarning mehnati bilan almashishga tayangani uchun, ehtiyojlarini qondirish o'z mehnatiga pul mukofotini olishga qaratilgan bo'ladi. Bu pul mukofoti unga tovar va xizmatlarni sotib olish imkonini beradi, shu sababli u o'zi ishlab chiqargan tovarlarni olishga emas, balki pul olishga intiladi. Demak, narx bo'lgan pul mukofoti insonni ishlab chiqarishga undovchi sabab hisoblanadi. Shunday ekan, narx ishlab chiqaruvchilarni o'z mehnatlarini taklif qilishga undaydigan vositadir. Shu tariqa narx ishlab chiqarish uchun rag'batlantiruvchi omildir.

The price mechanism is the incentive for production, it is the regulator of distribution, and the link between the producer and the consumer i.e. it is the means which achieves equilibrium between production and consumption. The price mechanism is the incentive for production, because the principal motive for man to undertake any productive effort or sacrifice is his material reward. The Capitalist economists exclude the possibility that man expends effort for a moral or spiritual motive. The moral motive, when they do recognise it, is attributed to a materialist compensation. They consider that man expends his efforts to satisfy his materialistic needs and wishes only. This satisfaction is either through the consumption of commodities which He produces directly, or through receiving a monetary reward that enables Him to obtain the commodities and services produced by others. Since man depends in satisfying most of his needs, if not all of them, on exchanging his efforts with others, then the satisfaction of needs is focused on obtaining a monetary reward for his efforts. This monetary reward allows Him to obtain commodities and services, and accordingly He is not focused on obtaining the commodities which He produces. Therefore, the monetary reward, which is the price, is the motive for man to produce. Hence, the price is the means which motivates the producers to offer their efforts. Thus the price is the incentive for production.

Narx taqsimotni tartibga soluvchi vosita hisoblanadi, chunki inson barcha ehtiyojlarini to'liq qondirishni xohlaydi va bu ehtiyojlarni qondiruvchi tovar va xizmatlarni qo'lga kiritishga intiladi. Agar har bir inson o'z ehtiyojlarini qondirishda erkin qoldirilganida, u o'zi xohlagan har qanday tovarga ega bo'lish va uni iste'mol qilishdan to'xtamasdi. Har bir inson bir xil maqsadga intilganligi sababli, har kim o'z ehtiyojlarini qondirishni o'z mehnatini boshqalarning mehnati bilan almashtira oladigan chegarada to'xtatishga majbur bo'ladi, ya'ni o'z mehnatini sarflagani evaziga oladigan pul mukofotining chegarasida, boshqacha aytganda, narx chegarasida. Shuning uchun narx insonni mulk egaligi va iste'molida daromadiga mutanosib darajada cheklaydigan tabiiy ravishda ishlaydigan omildir. Demak, narxning mavjudligi inson o'z qondirilishi kerak bo'lgan raqobatlashuvchi ehtiyojlari o'rtasida o'ylaydi, baholaydi va farqlaydi, zarur deb topganini oladi, muhimroq emas deb topganini esa qoldiradi. Shunday qilib, narx shaxsni ba'zi ehtiyojlarini qisman qondirishga majbur qiladi, shunda u o'zi ahamiyatsiz emas deb hisoblagan boshqa ehtiyojlarini qondirishga qodir bo'ladi.

The price is the means which regulates distribution, because man likes to satisfy all of his needs completely and He strives to obtain the commodities and services which satisfy these needs. Had every human being been left free to satisfy his needs He would not stop short of possessing and consuming whatever commodity He likes. Since every man strives for this same aim, everybody has to stop in satisfying his needs at the limit at which He can afford to exchange his efforts with others efforts, that is at the limit of the monetary compensation which He receives for expending his effort i.e. at the limit of the price. Therefore, the price is the constraint which acts naturally to restrict man in his possession and consumption to a level which is proportional to his income. So the existence of the price makes man think, evaluate, and differentiate between his competing needs which require satisfaction, and He takes what He finds necessary, and leaves what He finds of less importance. Thus, the price forces the individual to settle for partial satisfaction of some of his needs, so as to be able to satisfy the other needs which He considers no less important.

Narx ishlab chiqarish va iste'mol o'rtasida muvozanatga erishadi va u ishlab chiqaruvchi bilan iste'molchi o'rtasidagi bog'lovchi halqadir, chunki iste'molchilarning ehtiyojlarini qondirgan ishlab chiqaruvchi foyda orqali mukofotlanadi. Boshqa tomondan, mahsulotlari iste'molchilar tomonidan qabul qilinmagan ishlab chiqaruvchi zararga uchraydi. Ishlab chiqaruvchi iste'molchilarning ehtiyojlarini aniqlay oladigan usul narxdir. Agar iste'molchilar biror mahsulotga talab bildirsa, uning narxi oshadi va iste'molchilarning ehtiyojini qondirish maqsadida o'sha mahsulotni ishlab chiqarish ko'payadi. Agar iste'molchilar biror mahsulotni sotib olishdan voz kechsa, uning narxi bozorda tushadi va shu sababli bu mahsulotni ishlab chiqarish kamayadi. Demak, ishlab chiqarishga ajratilgan resurslar narx oshganda ko'payadi, narx tushganda esa kamayadi. Shu tariqa narx ishlab chiqarish va iste'mol o'rtasida muvozanatga erishadigan vosita hisoblanadi hamda u ishlab chiqaruvchi bilan iste'molchi o'rtasidagi bog'lovchi halqadir, bu jarayon esa avtomatik ravishda yuz beradi. Shuning uchun kapitalistlarning qarashida narx iqtisodiyot qurilgan asos, ular uchun esa iqtisodiyotning poydevor toshidir.

The price achieves equilibrium between production and consumption, and it is the link between the producer and the consumer, because the producer who fulfils the desires of the consumers is rewarded through profits. On the other hand, the producer whose products are not accepted by the consumers, would end up with losses. The method through which the producer can detect the desires of the consumers is the price. If the consumers demand any particular commodity its price will increase, and the production of that commodity will increase, in fulfilment of the consumer’s desires. If consumers turn away from buying a particular commodity, its price will drop in the market, and so production of this commodity will decrease. So, the resources assigned to production increase as the price increases, and decrease as the price decreases. In this way the price is the tool which achieves equilibrium between production and consumption, and it is the link between the producer and the consumer, and this process occurs automatically. Therefore, the price is the basis on which the economy is established in the view of the Capitalists, and it is the cornerstone of the economy to them.

1. Ehtiyojlar va ularni qondirish vositalarini aralashtirish Kapitalizmdagi iqtisod inson ehtiyojlari va ularni qondirish vositalarini o‘rganishni anglatadi. Shu sababli ularning nazarida ehtiyojlarni qondiruvchi vositalar bo‘lgan tovarlar va xizmatlar ishlab chiqarish hamda ushbu tovar va xizmatlarni taqsimlash bitta mavzu sifatida qaraladi. Ehtiyojlar va ularni qondirish vositalari shunday o‘zaro bog‘liq deb hisoblanadiki, ular bir-biridan ajralmas bitta mavzuni tashkil etadi, go‘yo ulardan biri ikkinchisi ichiga kiritilgandek. Demak, tovar va xizmatlarni taqsimlash ularni ishlab chiqarish mavzusiga kiritiladi. Shu asosda ular iqtisodiyotga iqtisodiy tovarlar va ularni egallash usulini o‘z ichiga oluvchi bitta nuqtai nazardan qarashadi, ular orasida ajratmasdan va birini ikkinchisidan farqlamasdan. Shunday qilib, ular iqtisod fani va iqtisodiy tizimga ularni farqlamasdan yagona qarashni tutadilar. Holbuki, iqtisodiy tizim bilan iqtisod fani o‘rtasida farq bor.

1. Mixing the Needs and the Means of Satisfaction Economy in Capitalism means to address man’s needs and the means of their satisfaction. Hence the production of commodities and services, which are the means of satisfying the needs, together with the distribution of these commodities and services are considered in their view, one subject. The needs and the means of their satisfaction are considered to be interrelated such that they are one subject, inseparable from each other, as if one of them is included within the other. So, the distribution of commodities and services is included in the subject of the production of these commodities and services. Thereupon, they look at the economy from one angle which includes the economic commodities and the method of their possession, without separation between them and without differentiating one of them from the other. Thus, they hold one view towards the economic science and the economic system without differentiating between them. However, there is a difference between the economic system and economic science.