Sug'urta, xoh hayot, mol-mulk, uy-joy yoki uning ko'plab turlaridan biri bo'lsin, shartnomadir. Bu sug'urta kompaniyasi bilan sug'urtalovchi shaxs o'rtasidagi shartnoma bo'lib, unda sug'urtalovchi shaxs sug'urta kompaniyasidan, buzilgan yoki yo'qolgan (‘ayn) narsa uchun yoki mollar va mulk bo'yicha uning narxi uchun, hayot va shunga o'xshash masalalar bo'yicha esa ma'lum miqdordagi pul uchun uni qoplab berishni va'da qilishini so'raydi. Bu belgilangan muddat ichida hodisa yuz bersa, ma'lum miqdordagi pul (sug'urta haqi) evaziga amalga oshadi; va (sug'urta) kompaniyasi buni qabul qiladi.

Insurance whether on life, goods, property or any of its numerous types is a contract. It is a contract between the insurance company and the insuring person in which the latter asks the insurance company to give Him a promise that it will compensate Him for that (‘Ayn) which is spoilt or destroyed or for its price with regard to goods or property, or a certain sum of money with regard to life and the like. This takes place if the accident occurs within a defined period, in exchange for a certain amount of money (premium); and the (Insurance) company accepts this.

Ushbu taklif va qabulga asoslanib, sug'urta kompaniyasi sug'urtalanuvchi shaxsga, ikki tomon tomonidan ma'qullangan ma'lum shartlar doirasida, uning yo'qotgan narsasi yoki uning narxi uchun, yoki hodisa yuz bergan taqdirda ular kelishib olgan pul miqdorini to'lashni o'z zimmasiga oladi. Masalan, uning mollari yo'q qilinsa, avtomobili shikastlansa, uyi yonib ketsa, mol-mulki o'g'irlansa, u vafot etsa yoki shunga o'xshash hodisa ma'lum muddat ichida yuz bersa, u tovon oladi. Buning evaziga sug'urtalanuvchi shaxs o'sha belgilangan muddat davomida kompaniyaga ma'lum miqdordagi pul (sug'urta haqi) to'laydi.

Based upon this offer and acceptance, the insurance company undertakes to compensate the insuring person, within certain conditions approved by the two sides, either for the thing which He loses or its price when an accident occurs, or a sum of money which they have agreed upon e.g. in the event of his goods being destroyed, his car being damaged, his house being burnt down, his property being stolen, Him dying or the like occurred during a certain period of time, He will be compensated, in exchange for a certain amount of money (premium) which the insuring person pays to the company during that defined period of time.

Yuqoridagilardan ko'rinadiki, sug'urta sug'urta kompaniyasi bilan sug'urtalanuvchi shaxs o'rtasida sug'urta turi va uning shartlari haqidagi kelishuv bo'lib, demak, u shartnomadir. Biroq, ikki tomon o'rtasida tuzilgan ushbu shartnoma, ya'ni kelishuvga ko'ra, kompaniya kelishilgan shartlar doirasida ma'lum miqdordagi pulni to'lash yoki zararni qoplash majburiyatini oladi. Shunday ekan, sug'urtalanuvchi shaxsga shartnoma shartlari tatbiq etiladigan hodisa yuz bersa, kompaniya unga yo'q qilingan narsa uchun, yoki hodisa paytidagi bozor narxiga ko'ra uning qiymatini qoplashga majbur bo'ladi. Kompaniya ixtiyorida bo'lib, narxni to'lashi yoki zararni sug'urtalanuvchi shaxsga yoki boshqalarga qoplashi mumkin. Shartnomada ko'zda tutilgan hodisa yuz berganidan so'ng, agar sug'urta kompaniyasi uning bunga haqli ekanligiga ishonch hosil qilsa yoki sud shunday hukm chiqarsa, bu qoplash sug'urtalanuvchi shaxsning huquqiga aylanadi va kompaniyaning zimmasida (zimma) bo'ladi.

It appears from the above that insurance is an agreement between the insurance company and the insuring person over the type of insurance and its conditions, so it is a contract. However, according to this contract which was concluded between the two sides. i.e. the agreement . the company gives an undertaking to compensate or to pay a certain amount of money within the agreed conditions. So if an accident occurred to the insuring person upon which the terms of the contract apply, then the company becomes obliged to compensate Him for the destroyed thing or its price according to the market price at the time of the accident. The company is free to pay the price or to compensate for the loss to the insuring person or to others. This compensation becomes a right due to the insuring person, in the company’s responsibility (Dhimma) once the matter mentioned in the contract has occurred, provided the insurance company is convinced that He deserves it or if the court gave such a verdict.

Sug‘urta atamasi ushbu masalada ishlatilgan. Sug‘urta sug‘urta qildiruvchining o‘ziga foyda keltirishi mumkin, yoki uning farzandlari, xotini, merosxo‘rlari yoki sug‘urta qildiruvchi tomonidan tayinlangan boshqa har qanday shaxs yoki guruh (benefitsiar) foydasiga bo‘lishi mumkin. Ushbu shartnomani "hayot sug‘urtasi" yoki mol-mulk, ovoz yoki boshqa har qanday aktivni sug‘urta qilish deb atash bu bitimni odamlarga bozorlash maqsadida qilinadi. Aks holda, haqiqat shundaki, sug‘urta qildiruvchi o‘z hayotini sug‘urta qilmaydi. Balki, u o‘limi yuz bergan taqdirda, ma'lum miqdordagi pulning uning farzandlariga, xotiniga yoki merosxo‘rlariga yoki u tomonidan belgilangan boshqa nomlangan benefitsiarga to‘lanishini sug‘urta qiladi. Xuddi shunday, u o‘z mollarini, mashinasini, mulkini va hokazolarni sug‘urta qilmaydi: balki, sug‘urta qilingan narsa yoki uning narxi shikastlangan yoki zarar ko‘rgan taqdirda o‘rnini qoplash uchun sug‘urta qiladi. Demak, aslida bu, agar uning hayotini olgan yoki mulkiga zarar yetkazgan biror narsa yuz bergan taqdirda, o‘zi yoki boshqalar uchun ma'lum miqdordagi pul yoki kompensatsiyani olish uchun kafolat (Dhamaan) bo‘lib, shuning uchun bu uning hayoti yoki mulki uchun kafolat emas. Sug‘urtaning haqiqati shudir. Uni to‘g‘ri o‘rganish uni ikki jihatdan botil (Batil) ekanligini ko‘rsatadi:

The term ‘insurance’ has been used in this matter. Insurance could be to the benefit of the insuring person, or to the benefit of others such as his children, wife, inheritors, or any other person or group (beneficiary) assigned by the insuring person. Calling this contract ‘life insurance’, or insurance on goods, the voice or any other asset is aimed to market this transaction to the people. Otherwise, the fact of the matter is that the insuring person does not insure his life. He, rather, insures that a certain sum of money will be paid to his children, wife or inheritors or to any other named beneficiary designated by him, when his death occurs. Similarly He does not insure his goods, car, property etc: rather, He insures so as to be compensated for the insured object or its price in case it is injured or damaged. So it is, in fact, a guarantee (Dhamaan), for Him or others to obtain a certain sum of money or compensation if something occurred to Him that took his life or damaged his property, and therefore it is not a guarantee for his life or his property. This is the reality of insurance. The accurate study of it shows it to be invalid (Batil) from two angles:

Birinchidan: Bu shartnoma hisoblanadi, chunki u ikki tomon o‘rtasidagi kelishuv bo‘lib, unda taklif va qabul mavjud: taklif sug‘urtalovchi tomondan, qabul esa kompaniyadan bo‘ladi. Shuning uchun bu shartnoma shar’iy nuqtai nazardan qonuniy kuchga ega bo‘lishi uchun shar’iy shartlarni o‘z ichiga olishi kerak. Agar bunday shartlarni o‘z ichiga olsa, u haqiqiy bo‘ladi, aks holda haqiqiy bo‘lmaydi. Shar’iy nuqtai nazardan shartnoma biror narsa yoki manfaatga nisbatan qo‘llanishi kerak. Agar u na narsaga, na manfaatga nisbatan qo‘llanmasa, u batil bo‘ladi, chunki u shartnomani qonuniy qiladigan masalaga nisbatan qo‘llanmagan bo‘ladi. Buning sababi shuki, qonuniy shartnoma yo biror narsaga, uning evaziga boshqa narsa berilishi bilan qo‘llanadi, masalan sotish, salam (oldindan to‘lab sotib olish), sherikchilik va shunga o‘xshashlarda; yoki evaziz narsaga, masalan hadya (sovg‘a) kabi; yoki haq evaziga manfaatga, masalan ijara kabi; yoki haqsiz manfaatga, masalan qarz berish kabi. Demak, qonuniy shartnoma albatta biror narsaga nisbatan qo‘llanishi kerak.

Firstly: It is a contract because it is an agreement between two parties, and it includes offer and acceptance, where the offer is from the insuring party and the acceptance is from the company. So in order that this contract be legitimately valid from the Shar’a (divine revelation) point of view, it must contain the Shar’a conditions of the contract. If it contains such conditions it becomes valid, otherwise not. From the Shar’a point of view, the contract should apply upon an object or a benefit. So if it did not apply upon either a thing or benefit it would be invalid, because it would not apply upon a matter that makes it a legitimate contract. This is so because the legitimate contract applies either to a thing in exchange for something else as is the case with selling, forward buying/advance sale (Salam), company and the like; or it applies upon a thing without an exchange like the gift; or it applies upon a benefit in exchange for compensation like leasing; or to a benefit without compensation like lending. Thus the legitimate contract must apply upon something.

Sug'urta shartnomasi biror narsa yoki foydaga qaratilgan shartnoma emas; aksincha, u kafolat (dhamana) ustiga qurilgan shartnomadir. Kafolat esa narsa emas, chunki uni iste'mol qilib bo'lmaydi va undan foydalanib bo'lmaydi; u foyda ham emas, chunki o'sha kafolatning o'zidan ijara yoki qarz orqali hech qanday foyda olinmaydi. Ushbu kafolat asosida pul olish esa uning foydasi hisoblanmaydi, balki bitimning natijasidir. Shuning uchun sug'urta shartnomasi biror narsa yoki foydaga qaratilgan deb hisoblanmaydi va Shar'iy jihatdan to'g'ri shartnomada talab qilinadigan barcha shartlarni o'z ichiga olmaydi, shuning uchun u botil (haqiqiy emas) hisoblanadi.

The insurance is not a contract that applies upon an object or a benefit; rather it is a contract that applies upon a pledge i.e. guarantee (Dhamana). The pledge or the guarantee does not represent an object for it cannot be consumed nor its benefit be used; nor does it represent a benefit, because no benefit derives from that guarantee itself either by leasing or by lending. As for obtaining money based upon this guarantee, this is not considered its benefit; rather it is a result of a transaction. Therefore, the insurance contract is not considered to apply upon a thing or a benefit, and it does not include all of the conditions required by the Shar’a in a legitimate contract, so it is void.

Ikkinchidan: Kompaniya sug'urta qildiruvchiga ma'lum shartlar asosida kafolat beradi, shuning uchun bu kafolatning (Dhamaan) bir shaklidir. Shunga ko'ra, kafolatga oid Shar'iy talablar sug'urta shartnomasiga tatbiq etilishi kerak, toki u qonuniy kafolat sifatida qabul qilinsin. Agar unda bu shartlar mavjud bo'lsa, u joiz bo'ladi, aks holda joiz bo'lmaydi. Kafolatga murojaat qilsak, quyidagini topamiz:

Secondly: The company gives a pledge to the insuring person within certain conditions, so it is a form of guarantee (Dhamaan). Accordingly, the conditions required by Shar’a in relation to the guarantee have to be applied to the insurance contract so as to be considered a legitimate guarantee. If it contained these conditions it would be legitimate, otherwise not. Referring to the guarantee we find:

Kafolat — bu kafil (Dhaamin) o'z zimmasini (Dhimma) kafolatlanayotgan shaxsning (Madhmoon 'Anhu) zimmasiga, muayyan haqqni (Haqq) ado etishga majburiyat olish yo'li bilan qo'shishidir. Demak, u birovning zimmasini boshqasining zimmasiga qo'shishni o'z ichiga olishi kerak; shuningdek, kafil, kafolatlanayotgan shaxs va kafolat ostiga olingan shaxs (Madhmoon Lahu) bo'lishi shart. Shunday qilib, kafolat — hech qanday evaziga bo'lmagan holda, haqqni o'z zimmasidagi majburiyat sifatida qabul qilishdir (Iltizam). Kafolatning to'g'ri bo'lishi uchun shart shuki, u allaqachon to'lanishi lozim bo'lgan yoki keyinchalik to'lanishi lozim bo'ladigan moliyaviy haqqqa nisbatan bo'lishi kerak. Agar kafolat to'lanishi lozim bo'lgan yoki kelajakda to'lanishi lozim bo'ladigan haqqqa nisbatan bo'lmasa, u kafolat haqiqiy emas. Buning sababi shuki, kafolat ado etish yuzasidan birovning zimmasini boshqasining zimmasiga qo'shishdir. Agar kafolatlanayotgan shaxsning zimmasida haqq bo'lmasa, zimmalarni qo'shishning o'zi ham bo'lmaydi. Bu to'lanishi lozim bo'lgan haqqda juda aniq ko'rinadi.

The guarantee is where the guarantor (Dhaamin) joins his responsibility (Dhimma) to the responsibility of the person guaranteed for (Madhmoon ‘Anhu) in committing oneself to a certain right (Haqq). So it must include joining one’s responsibility to another’s responsibility; also there must be a guarantor, a person guaranteed for and a person guaranteed (Madhmoon Lahu). So the guarantee is the mandatory commitment (Iltizam) of a right as one’s responsibility without compensation. A condition of the guarantee’s validity is that it should be with regard to a financial right which is already due (for repayment) or which will become due. So if the pledge was not in respect of a due right or a right that will become due, the guarantee is not valid. This is so because a guarantee is the joining of one’s responsibility to another’s responsibility in relation to its fulfilment, so if there is no right in the responsibility of the person guaranteed for, then there is no joining of responsibilities. This is quite clear in the due right.

Huquqning keyinchalik vujudga keladigan turiga kelsak, masalan, bir kishi ayolga: «Bu shaxsga turmushga chiq, men sening mahringni kafolatlayman», deganida, kafil o'z zimmasini kafolatlanuvchining zimmasiga qo'shgan bo'ladi, shunday qilib kafil ham kafolatlanuvchi kabi majburiyatga ega bo'ladi va kafolatlanuvchining zimmasida isbotlangan narsa kafilning zimmasida ham xuddi shunday isbotlanadi. Biroq, agar birovning zimmasida hech qanday huquq vujudga kelmagan yoki keyinchalik vujudga keladigan huquq bo'lmasa, u holda kafolatning ma'nosi yo'q, chunki zimmalar qo'shilmaydi; bunday kafolat esa haqiqiy emas. Demak, agar huquq kafolatlanuvchining bo'yniga yuklanmagan bo'lsa yoki keyinchalik yuklanmaydigan bo'lsa, kafolat haqiqiy emas. Buning sababi shuki, kafolatlanuvchi narsa shikastlangan yoki yo'q qilingan taqdirda uchun kafil bo'lishi shart, yoki u qarzga javobgar bo'lishi kerak; bu huquq haqiqatda vujudga kelib, uning zimmasida isbotlangan bo'lishi yoki kelajakda vujudga kelishi mumkin bo'lishi kerak. Shunday ekan, agar kafolatlanuvchi darhol ham, kelajakda ham javobgar bo'lmasa, kafolat yaroqsiz bo'ladi, chunki kafolatlanuvchining zimmasida bo'lmagan narsa kafilning zimmasida ham bo'lmaydi. Masalan, kimdir (masalan, kir yuvuvchidan) kiyim olgan bo'lsa va boshqa bir kishi unga: «Kiyimlaringni unga yubor, men ularga kafil bo'laman», degan bo'lsa. Agar kiyimlar shikastlansa, kafil kiyimlar narxi uchun ularni olgan shaxs nomidan javobgar bo'ladimi? Javob quyidagicha: agar kiyimlar uning (ya'ni kir yuvuvchining) harakati yoki beparvoligisiz shikastlangan bo'lsa, kafil hech narsaga kafil bo'lmaydi, chunki birinchidan, kafolatlanuvchi (kir yuvuvchi) shikastlanish uchun javobgar emas. Asl qarzdor (asil) shikastlanish uchun javobgar bo'lmagan ekan, kafil bundan ham ko'proq javobgar bo'lmaydi. Shuning uchun, kafolat to'g'ri bo'lishi uchun kafil qilingan shaxs (Madhmoon 'Anhu) uchun boshqa odamlardan haq bo'lishi kerak yoki u keyinroq vujudga kelishi kerak. Demak, kafil qilingan shaxs uchun haqni darhol yoki kelajakda mumkin bo'lgan tarzda belgilash kafolatning to'g'riligi sharti hisoblanadi. Biroq, kafil qilingan shaxs (Madhmoon 'Anhu) ham, kafil bo'lgan shaxs (Madhmoon Lahu) ham nomlanishi sharti emas; shuning uchun agar ular noma'lum (ya'ni nomlanmagan) bo'lsa ham, kafolat to'g'ri bo'ladi. Masalan, bir kishi boshqasiga: "Kiyimlaringni kir yuvuvchiga ber", deganda, u: "Ular kiyimlarimni buzib qo'yishidan qo'rqaman", dedi. Shunda birinchisi javob berdi: "Kiyimlaringni kir yuvuvchiga ber, agar ular buzilsa, men kafolat beraman", ammo kir yuvuvchini nomlamadi, bu kafolat to'g'ri hisoblanadi. Shunday qilib, agar u kiyimlarini kir yuvuvchiga bersa va ular buzilsa, kafil shaxs kafil qilingan shaxs nomlanmagan bo'lsa ham javobgar bo'ladi. Xuddi shuningdek, agar u: "Falon kishi yaxshi kir yuvuvchi, va men har qanday kishi unga kiyimlarini bersa, ularning har qanday zarariga kafolat beraman", desa, kafil qilingan shaxs noma'lum bo'lsa ham, kafolat to'g'ri bo'ladi.

As for the right which will become due later, as for example when a man says to a woman: ‘Marry this person and I guarantee your dowry’, the guarantor has joined his responsibility to the responsibility of the person guaranteed for such that the guarantor will be bound like the guaranteed for, and that which is proved in the responsibility of the guaranteed for is similarly proved in the guarantor’s responsibility.Whereas, if there is no right due upon anyone or a right that will become due later, then there is no meaning to the guarantee as there is no joining of responsibilities; such a guarantee therefore is not valid. Therefore, if the right was not due upon the neck of the person guaranteed for or it does not become due later, the guarantee is not valid. This is because it is a condition that the person guaranteed for has a guarantor for an object if it is damaged or destroyed, or He is responsible for a debt whether the matter is actual in the case where the right was due and proved to be his responsibility or He is potentially responsible in the case where the right will become due later. So, if the person guaranteed for was not responsible, whether immediately or potentially, the guarantee is invalid because whatever is not due upon the person guaranteed for is not due upon the guarantor. So, for example, in the case of a person who receives clothes from (e.g. cleaner), and somebody told another person: ‘Send your clothes to Him and I will guarantee them.’ If the clothes were then damaged, would the guarantor be responsible for the price of the clothes on behalf of the person who received them? The answer is as follows: If the clothes were damaged without his (i.e. the cleaner’s) action or negligence, then the guarantor guarantees nothing because, in the first place, the person guaranteed for (the cleaner) bears no responsibility for the damage. Since the principal (Aseel) is not liable for the damage then, with greater reason, neither is the guarantor. Therefore, there should be a right due to the person guaranteed for from other people, or it will become due later, in order that the guarantee becomes valid. So establishing the right for the person guaranteed for, whether immediately or potentially, is a condition for the validity of the guarantee. However, it is not a condition that the person guaranteed for (Madhmoon ‘Anhu) nor the guaranteed person (Madhmoon Lahu) be named; thus the guarantee will be valid if these were unknown (i.e. not named). So if a person said to another: ‘Give your clothes to a cleaner,’ and the latter said: ‘I am afraid that He will damage them.’ Then the former responded: ‘Give your clothes to a cleaner and I guarantee them if they are damaged’ without specifying the cleaner, the guarantee is valid. So if He gave them to a cleaner and they were damaged, the guarantor would be responsible even if the person guaranteed for was not named. Similarly, if He said: ‘so and so is a good cleaner, and I guarantee Him against any damage for any person who gives to Him his clothes,’ the guarantee is valid though the guaranteed person is unknown.

Guarantee (kafala) ning shartlarini dalillardan aniq ko'rish mumkin: u birovning mas'uliyatini boshqasining mas'uliyatiga qo'shishni, zimmada (zimma) mavjud bo'lgan huquqni kafolatlashni o'z ichiga oladi. Shuningdek, bunda kafil, kafil uchun kafolat berilgan shaxs va kafolatlangan shaxs bo'lishi aniq. Bundan tashqari, kafolat evaziga haq olinmasdan berilishi va kafil uchun kafolat berilgan shaxs hamda kafolatlangan shaxs noma'lum bo'lishi mumkinligi ham aniq. Buning dalili Abu Dovud Jobir dan rivoyat qilgan hadisdir. U aytdi: "Payg'ambar ﷺ qarzdor holda vafot etgan hech bir kishining janozasini o'qimas edilar. Bir marhumni olib kelishdi. U zot ﷺ so'radilar: "Uning qarzi bormi?" Dedilar: "Ha, ikki dinor." U zot ﷺ aytdilar: "O'rtog'ingizning janozasini o'qing." Abu Qatoda al-Ansoriy dedi: "Ey Allohning Rasuli, ular mening zimmamda." Shundan so'ng Allohning Rasuli ﷺ uning janozasini o'qidilar. Alloh taolo Allohning Rasuli ﷺ uchun yerni (ya'ni jihad orqali fathlarni) ochganida, u zot ﷺ aytdilar: "Men har bir mo'minga o'z jonidan ham haqliroqman (ya'ni uning uchun mas'uliyatliroqman). Kim qarz qoldirsa, uni to'lash mening zimmamdadir, kim mol qoldirsa, u uning merosxo'rlarinikidir." Bu hadisda Abu Qatoda marhumning mas'uliyatini qarzdorning moliyaviy huquqini ado etish bo'yicha o'z mas'uliyatiga qo'shgani aniq ko'rinadi. Hadisda kafolatda kafil, kafil uchun kafolat berilgan shaxs va kafolatlangan shaxs bo'lishi ham aniq, va ularning har biri (marhum va kafil) to'lashni kafolatlagan narsa marhumning zimmasidagi huquq bo'lib, u haq olinmasdan berilgan. Shuningdek, kafolat vaqtida kafil uchun kafolat berilgan shaxs, ya'ni marhum, va kafolatlangan shaxs, ya'ni qarzning egasi, noma'lum bo'lgani ham aniq. Demak, hadisda kafolatning sahih bo'lishi shartlari va uning tuzilish (in'iqod) shartlari mavjud.

It is clear in the evidence of the guarantee that there is a joining of one’s responsibility to another’s responsibility, and it is a guarantee of a right due upon the responsibility (Dhimma). It is also clear that there is a guarantor, a person guaranteed for and a guaranteed person. It is also clear that it is given without compensation, and that the person guaranteed for and the guaranteed person could be unknown. The evidence for that is what Abu Dawud narrated from Jabir who said: “The Prophet (pbuh) would not pray over any person who died while indebted. A dead man was brought. He (pbuh) said: ‘Is He indebted?’ They said: ‘Yes, two dinars.’ He said: ‘Pray for your companion.’ Abu Qatadah al-Ansari said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, they are upon me.’ The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) then prayed over him. When Allah (swt) opened the land (i.e. conquests in Jihad) for the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), He (pbuh) said: ‘I am more entitled to (i.e. responsible for) every believer than his own soul. So if anyone leaves a debt it is upon me to repay, and whoever leaves wealth it is for his inheritors.”’ It is clear in this Hadith that Abu Qatadah had joined his responsibility to the responsibility of the dead man in committing a financial right due upon the debtor. And it is clear in the Hadith that the guarantee includes a guarantor, a person guaranteed for and a guaranteed person; and the guarantee which each of them (the dead person and the guarantor) guaranteed to pay was a right due upon the responsibility (of the deceased) and it was given without compensation. It is also clear that the person guaranteed for i.e. the deceased and the guaranteed person i.e. the owner of the debt were unknown at the time of the guarantee. So the Hadith contained the conditions for the validity of a guarantee, and the conditions for its contracting (In’iqad).

Bu shariat nuqtai nazaridan kafolat (zamonat) hisoblanadi. Kafolat bo‘lishi aniq bo‘lgan garov (kafolat) shartnomasini sug‘urtaga tatbiq etsak, sug‘urta shariat kafolatining sahih bo‘lishi va tuzilishi bo‘yicha belgilagan barcha shartlardan xoli ekanini ko‘ramiz. Sug‘urtada hech qanday shaklda bir majburiyatni boshqa majburiyatga bog‘lash yo‘q. Sug‘urta kompaniyasi sug‘urta qildiruvchiga tegishli pulni to‘lash uchun boshqa birovning majburiyatini o‘ziniki bilan bog‘lamagan, shuning uchun bu kafolat emas va sug‘urta batil bo‘ladi. Sug‘urtada sug‘urta qildiruvchida kimdandir olishi lozim bo‘lgan moliyaviy huquq yo‘q, kompaniya esa to‘lashni o‘z zimmasiga olgan biror kishidan moliyaviy huquq ham yo‘q. Chunki sug‘urta qildiruvchining kompaniya kafolat bergan biror kishi ustidagi moliyaviy huquqi mavjud emas, demak sug‘urta moliyaviy huquqdan xoli. Shu sababli sug‘urta kompaniyasi shariat ma’nosida kafolat sifatida tasdiqlanadigan biror moliyaviy huquqni o‘z zimmasiga olmagan. Bundan tashqari, kompaniya to‘lashga majbur bo‘lgan tovon, narx yoki pul shartnoma tuzilgan paytda boshqa kishilarda sug‘urta qildiruvchi uchun haqli ravishda mavjud bo‘lgan huquq emas, na darhol, na kelajakda. Shuning uchun kafolat sahih bo‘lishi uchun asos yo‘q. Demak, sug‘urta kompaniyasi darhol ham, potensial ham mavjud bo‘lmagan narsaga kafolat bergan, bu kafolatni batil qiladi va natijada sug‘urta ham batil bo‘ladi. Yana, sug‘urtada kafolat berilgan shaxs ham yo‘q, chunki sug‘urta kompaniyasi biror kishi uchun, uning zimmasidagi huquq yuzasidan kafolat bermagan, shu sababli uni kafolat deb atash mumkin emas. Shunday qilib, sug‘urta shartnomasida shariat nazarida mavjud bo‘lishi shart bo‘lgan muhim unsur, ya’ni kafolat berilgan shaxsning mavjudligi yetishmaydi. Kafolatda kafil, kafolat berilgan shaxs (makfulun anhu) va kafolat qilingan shaxs (makfulun lahu) bo‘lishi shart. Sug‘urta shartnomasida kafolat berilgan shaxs bo‘lmagani uchun u batil hisoblanadi. Bundan tashqari, sug‘urta kompaniyasi buyumga zarar yetganda uni qoplashga yoki uning narxini to‘lashga, yoki hodisa sodir bo‘lganda pul to‘lashga va'da berganida, bu to‘lovni ma'lum miqdordagi pul (yoki sug‘urta badali) evaziga amalga oshirishga va'da beradi. Demak, bu evaziga beriladigan majburiyat (iltizam) bo‘lib, bunga ruxsat berilmaydi, chunki to‘g‘ri kafolatning shartlaridan biri uning evaziz bo‘lishidir. Shunday ekan, evaz (sug‘urta kompaniyasi uchun badal) mavjudligi uni haqiqiy emas qiladi.

This is the guarantee in view of the Shar’a. By applying the pledge of insurance which is definitely a guarantee, upon it, we find that insurance is devoid of all the conditions which the Shari’ah enunciated regarding the validity and contracting of the guarantee. In insurance, there is no joining of a responsibility to a responsibility in any way. The insurance company did not join its responsibility to the responsibility of another to commit itself in paying money due to the insuring person so there is no guarantee; thus the insurance is void. In insurance, there is no financial right due to the insuring person from anyone that the insurance company committed itself to pay. This is because the insuring person has no financial right against anyone that the company guaranteed, so insurance is devoid of the financial right. So the insurance company did not commit itself to any financial right so as to validate it as a guarantee in Shar’a. Moreover, what the company was committed to pay of compensation, price or money, was not a right due to the guaranteed person from other people at the time of concluding the insurance contract, whether immediately or potentially, so as to validate it as a guarantee. So the insurance company has guaranteed that which is not due either immediately or potentially, making the guarantee invalid and the insurance consequently becomes void. Furthermore, insurance does not include a person guaranteed for, because the insurance company did not guarantee for anyone a right due upon Him so as to be called a guarantee; thus the insurance contract was devoid of an essential element required to exist in the view of Shar’a, namely the presence of the person guaranteed for. This is because it is essential that there should exist in the guarantee, a guarantor, a person guaranteed for, and a guaranteed person. Since the insurance contract did not include a person guaranteed for, it is void. Additionally, when the insurance company pledged to compensate for the object or pay its price if it was damaged, or pay money in case an accident occurred, it pledged to make this payment in return for a certain amount of money (or premium). So this is a commitment (Iltizam) in return for compensation which is not allowed, as one of the conditions for the valid guarantee is that it is without compensation. Thus the presence of compensation (premium for the insurance company) invalidates it.

Shuning bilan sug'urta shartnomasi shariat tomonidan belgilangan kafolat shartlaridan qay darajada xoli ekani, hamda kafolatni tuzish shartlarini va uning amal qilish shartlarini qanoatlantirmasligi ayon bo'ladi. Shu sababli, kompaniya beradigan, zarar va narxni qoplashni yoki mulkni kafolatlashni nazarda tutuvchi kafolat hujjati (sanad) o'z asosidan batil bo'ladi, shuning uchun shariat nazarida sug'urtaning o'zi butunlay batildir.

This clarifies the extent to which the contract of insurance is devoid of the conditions of guarantee which Shar’a has stated, and its failure to satisfy the conditions for concluding the guarantee and the conditions for its validity. Therefore, the pledge document (Sanad) which the company gives, guaranteeing thereby compensation and price or guaranteeing property is void from its basis, such that insurance, in its totality, is void in the view of Shar’a.

Shuning uchun sug‘urta, hayot, mol-mulk, tovarlar yoki boshqa har qanday narsalar bo‘yicha bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar, butunlay Shar’iy jihatdan man etilgan. Uning man etilish sababi shuki, Shar’at nazarida uning shartnomasi batil (yaroqsiz); va sug‘urta kompaniyasi ushbu shartnomaga binoan bergan va’da Shar’at nazarida batil hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun bu shartnoma va va’da asosida pul olish harom bo‘lib, bu harom yo‘l bilan pul topish sanaladi va u Mal as-Suht (harom mol) jumlasiga kiradi.

Therefore, insurance in its totality is prohibited by Shar’a, whether it is insurance on life, goods, property or any other thing(s). The reason for its prohibition is that its contract is void in the view of Shar’a; and the pledge which the insurance company gives according to this contract is void according to Shar’a. So taking money because of this contract and this pledge is prohibited, and it is considered to be the earning of money illegitimately which is included as illicit money (Mal as-Suht).