5.2 Ishning turi - Islomning iqtisodiy tizimi | Quran Course

5.2 Ishning turi - Islomning iqtisodiy tizimi | Quran Course

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5.2 Ishning turi

5.2 The Type of Work

by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani2 min readViewed 90 times

Har bir halol (ruxsat etilgan) turdagi ishni bajarish uchun shartnoma tuzish joizdir. Masalan, savdo qilish, dehqonchilik, sanoat (ishlab chiqarish), xizmat ko‘rsatish va vakillik maqsadida yollanish shular jumlasidandir. Sud ishlarida esa da’vogar yoki javobgarning javobini yetkazish, dalillarni to‘plab sudyaga topshirish, huquqlarni talab qilish yoki odamlar o‘rtasidagi nizolarni hal etish uchun yollanish mumkin. Shuningdek, quduq qazish, qurilish, mashina va samolyot haydash, kitoblarni chop etish, Mushafni ko‘chirish hamda yo‘lovchilarni tashish va boshqa halol ishlar uchun ham yollanish mumkin.

It is permissible to be contracted to undertake every lawful (Halal) form of work. Examples are hiring for the purpose of trading, farming, industry (manufacturing), serving and deputation. In judicial matters one may be hired to convey the response of a claimant or defendant, collect the evidence and deliver it to the judge, claim rights or settle disputes among people. Also one can be hired for drilling wells, building, driving cars and aeroplanes, printing books, copying the Mushaf, and carrying passengers, among other lawful works.

Ijara bo'lishi mumkin bir aniq ish uchun yoki ma'lum tavsifdagi ishni bajarish uchun. Agar Xolid Muhammadni ma'lum bir libos tikish yoki ma'lum bir mashinani haydash uchun yollagan bo'lsa, masalan, Muhammad o'sha ishni o'zi bajarishi kerak va u hech qanday holatda boshqa shaxsni o'rniga ishni bajarishga vakil qila olmaydi. Agar Muhammad kasallanib qolsa yoki ishni bajarishga qodir bo'lmay qolsa, uning o'rniga boshqa hech kim ishni bajara olmaydi, chunki ishchi aniq belgilab qo'yilgan edi. Agar o'sha libos yo'q bo'lib ketsa yoki ko'rsatilgan mashina buzilib qolsa, Muhammad bu ikkisidan boshqasi ustida ishlashga majbur bo'lmaydi, chunki ishning turi belgilab qo'yilgan edi.

Odamni ishga yollash shartida, agar u ularning ish haqidan bir qismini olsa yoki ularning ustidan nazoratchi bo'lib, ularning ish haqidan bir qismini o'ziga olsa, bu joiz emas. Chunki u holda u ularga belgilangan ish haqining bir qismini o'zlashtirgan bo'lar edi. Abu Dovud Abu Sa'id al-Xudriydan rivoyat qilgan: Payg'ambar ﷺ aytdilar: “Taqsimotdan ehtiyot bo'linglar.” Biz dedik: “Ey Allohning Elchisi, taqsimot nima?” U zot dedilar: “Odamlar orasida kelishilgan, ammo uning bir qismi kamaytirilgan narsa.” Ato'dan boshqa rivoyatda Payg'ambar ﷺ aytdilar: “Odam bir guruh odamlar ustidan hokim bo'lib, ularning ulushlaridan olishi.” Shunday qilib, agar pudratchi biror kishi bilan kelishib, unga har biri kuniga bir dinordan yuz nafar ishchini olib kelishni va'da qilgan bo'lsa-yu, u ularning har biriga bir dinordan kam bersa, bu joiz emas. Shartnomada kelishilgan miqdor ularning har biri uchun belgilangan ish haqi hisoblanadi. Agar u undan ayirsa, ularning huquqlaridan olgan bo'ladi. Ammo agar u ish haqini aytmasdan yuz nafar ishchini olib kelishga shartnoma qilgan bo'lsa, u holda kishi ularga kelishilgan miqdordan kamroq berishi mumkin, chunki u ularning belgilangan ish haqini kamaytirmagan bo'ladi.

For a person to hire workers on condition that He takes a part of their wages, or appoints himself as a supervisor over them in return for a part of their wages, is not allowed. This is because He would have then usurped a part of the wages assigned to them. Abu Dawud narrated from Abu S’aid al-Khudri that the Prophet (pbuh) (pbuh) said: “Beware of the apportionment. “We said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, what is the apportionment?’ He said: “A thing agreed among people, but a part is reduced of it.’” In another narration from Ataa, the Prophet (pbuh) (pbuh) said: “That a person is in control over a group of people so He takes from their shares.” So if a contractor made an agreement with a person so as to bring Him one hundred workers each for one dinar a day, and He gave each of them less than one dinar, this would not be allowed. The amount which He contracted for, is considered a defined wage for every one of them. If He deducted from it He would have taken from their rights. If however, He was contracted to bring one hundred workers without mentioning their wages, then the person is allowed to give them less than the contracted amount because He would have not reduced their assigned wages.

Shartlardan yana biri shuki, ish turi shunday aniq belgilanishi kerakki, u ma'lum bo'lsin, shunda ijara ma'lum narsa ustida tuzilgan bo'lsin. Buning sababi shuki, noma'lum ish uchun ijara batil (yaroqsiz) hisoblanadi. Shunday ekan, agar biror kishi ishchiga: "Men seni Misrga ma'lum yuklarni olib borish uchun o'n dinorga yolladim", desa, ijara joizdir (to'g'ri). Shuningdek, agar: "Men seni ularni olib borish uchun har bir tonnasi bir dinordan yolladim", desa yoki: "Men seni bir tonnasi bir dinordan olib borishga yolladim, undan ortig'i esa hisoblab beriladi", desa, bu ham joizdir, faqat shu shart bilan: u so'zlar hammasini olib borish lozimligini bildirsin. Lekin agar: "Bir tonnasini bir dinordan olib bor, qolgan ortig'i esa shunga ko'ra hisoblanadi, ya'ni qolganlardan qancha ortiqcha olib borilsa", desa, bu joiz emas, chunki shartnomaning bir qismi noma'lumdir. Ammo agar: "Har bir tonnasini bir dinordan olib bor", deb so'rasa, bu joizdir, xuddi shunday, agar unga har bir metr uchun bir tiyin evaziga suv tortib berishni buyursa, bu ham ruxsat etilgan. Demak, ijara ma'lum narsa haqida bo'lishi shart. Agar noma'lumlik aralashsa, ijara batil bo'ladi.

It is also a condition to define the type of work in such a manner that it becomes known, so that hiring is concluded over a known thing. This is because hiring for unknown work is invalid. So if a person told a worker that He had been hired to carry some particular boxes of goods to Egypt for ten dinars, then the hiring is valid (lawful). It is valid also if He said He had been hired to carry them for one dinar per ton, or if He had been hired to carry them, one ton for one dinar, and anything over that would be calculated. This will be valid as long as He used words that indicated that He should carry them all. But if He said to carry them, one ton for one dinar, and whatever is extra is to be calculated accordingly, meaning whatever extra was carried of the remaining ones, this is not valid, because some of the contracted matter is unknown. However, if He asked Him to carry every ton for one dinar, this is valid, just as if He had hired Him to draw for Him water, every metre for one pence, which is allowed. So it is a condition that hiring be about a known thing. If however ignorance is involved, the hiring becomes invalid.