12.6 Sherik bilan kelishuv - Mufawadha
12.6 Company of Negotiation - Mufawadha
Bu shunday shirkatki, unda ikki sherik avval zikr etilgan barcha turdagi shirkatlarni birlashtiradi, ya'ni ‘Inan, Abdan, Mudharaba va Wujooh shirkatlari o'rtasidagi aralashmadir. Masalan, bir kishi ikki muhandisga, ular o'z mulklari bilan sherik bo'lib, uy qurib sotishlari uchun mol-mulk yoki kapital beradi. Ikki muhandis o'zlariga tegishli mulkdan ko'proq mulk bilan ishlashga kelishadi, shuning uchun savdogarlarning ularga bo'lgan ishonchiga asoslanib, mollarni darhol pul to'lamasdan ola boshlaydilar. Shunday qilib, ikki muhandisning o'z vujudlari bilan birgalikdagi sherikligi – vujudlar shirkati bo'ladi. Ularning hunarlari va ishlatadigan mulkka to'lovi jihatidan – bu ‘Inan (teng) shirkatidir. Ularning boshqa odamlardan mulk olishi – bu Mudharaba shirkati ekanini anglatadi. Savdogarlarning ularga bo'lgan ishonchi asosida sotib olgan mollariga sherik bo'lishlari esa – Wujooh shirkatidir. Shunday qilib, bu shirkat Islomda ruxsat etilgan barcha turdagi shirkatlarni o'zida jamlagan bo'ladi. U to'g'ri hisoblanadi, chunki bu shirkatlarning har biri alohida ruxsat etilgan va ular birgalikda ham to'g'ri hisoblanadi. Foyda ularning kelishuviga muvofiq bo'ladi. Uni ikki mulkka mutanosib qilish ruxsat etiladi. Mulklar turlicha bo'lsa ham, uni teng qilish ruxsat etiladi. Mulklar teng bo'lsa ham, uni afzallikli qilish ruxsat etiladi.
This is where two partners share in all the types of companies mentioned before, like a combination between the companies of ‘Inan, Abdan, Mudharaba and Wujooh. For example a person may contribute some property or capital to two engineers in partnership with their properties so that they build houses to sell. The two engineers agree to work with property greater than that which they hold, so they start to take goods without paying for them immediately, based on the traders’ trust in them. Thus, the partnership of the two engineers together with their bodies is a company of bodies. With regard to their craft and paying for property with which they work, it is a company of ‘Inan (equal). The fact that they take property from other people means it is a company of Mudharaba. As they share in the goods which they buy based on the trust of the traders in them means it is a Wujooh company. This company has therefore combined all the types of companies allowed in Islam. It is valid because each type of these companies is allowed by itself and they are also valid together. The profit is according to their agreement. It is allowed to make it proportional to the two properties. It is also allowed to make it equal even if the properties are different. And it is allowed to make it preferential even if the properties are equal.
Bu turdagi savdo sherikchiligi ruxsat etilgan, chunki shariat matni unga ruxsat bergan. Ba'zi faqihlar esa boshqa turdagi savdo sherikchiligini zikr qilganlar: unda ikki kishi ishtirok etadi, ular mol-mulkda, tasarruf huquqida va qarzlarda teng bo'ladi va ularning har biri o'rtog'i nomidan mutlaq ma'noda vakillik qilishi mumkin. Bu turdagi sherikchilik mutlaqo man etilgan. Unga dalolat qiluvchi hech qanday shariat matni yo'q. Ular "Agar savdo qilsangiz, savdoni yaxshilab qiling" degan hadisni yoki "Savdo qilinglar, chunki u barakaliroqdir" degan hadisni dalil qilib keltiradilar, ammo bu ikki hadisdan hech biri sahih deb isbotlanmagan, hatto ularning ma'nosi to'g'ri deb faraz qilinsa ham. Bundan tashqari, bu sherikchilik noma'lum mol va noma'lum harakatga asoslangan sherikchilikdir, bu o'zi bilan sherikchilikni batil qilish uchun kifoya. Qo'shimcha ravishda, ularning mol-mulkiga vafot etgan merosxo'rdan keyin ularga beriladigan meros ham kiradi, sherikilardan biri zimmiy (musulmon bo'lmagan) bo'lishi ham mumkin. Unda u meros ulushini qanday oladi? Yana, bu ruxsat etilmagan, chunki sherikchilikka noma'lum narsalar ustidan vakillik kiradi, bu esa ruxsat etilmagan. Bularning barchasi bu turdagi savdo sherikchiligining batilligini ko'rsatadi.
This type of company of negotiation is allowed, because the Shari’ah text allows it. Some jurisprudents have, however, mentioned other types of negotiation company, where two persons participate, such that they are equal in their property, their right of disposal and their debts and each of them can deputise for his colleague in absolute terms. This type of company is absolutely prohibited. There is no Shari’ah text that is a proof for it. As for the Hadith which they quote to say: ‘If you negotiate then improve the negotiation’ or the Hadith, ‘Negotiate as it is more blessing,’ neither of these two Hadith have proven to be valid (Sahih), even assuming that their meaning is correct. Moreover, this company is a partnership of unknown property and unknown action, which is enough by itself to make the company invalid. Additionally, included in their property is the inheritance which is given to them after the death of an inheriting person, and one of the partners could be a Dhimmi (non- Muslim). How then could He receive a share of the inheritance? Further, it is not allowed, because the company includes deputation, which is not allowed over unknown things. All this indicates the invalidity of this type of negotiation company.