Kooperativ — aksiyadorlik jamiyatining bir turidir. U "kooperativ" deb nomlanganiga qaramay, baribir kompaniyadir. Bu bir guruh odamlarning o'zaro kelishib, o'z individual faoliyatlariga muvofiq birlashishi, ishtirok etishi demakdir.

A Co-operative is one kind of share stock company. It is a company even if called a Co-operative. It means participation between a group of people who agree amongst themselves to associate according to their individual activities.

Kooperativ odatdagi savdo shaklidan kelib chiqadi, u o‘z a’zolariga yordam berish yoki ularning belgilangan iqtisodiy manfaatlarini ta’minlashni maqsad qiladi. Shunday qilib, Kooperativ huquqlar va majburiyatlar jihatidan korporativ tashkilotdir, garchi u iqtisodiy yo‘nalishga ega bo‘lmagan boshqa kooperativlardan farq qilsa ham. Kooperativ o‘z a’zolarining foydasini oshirish ustida ishlaydi, boshqalarning manfaatini emas; bu esa uning iqtisodiy faoliyati bilan har bir a’zosining iqtisodiy faoliyati (ya’ni biznesi) o‘rtasida mustahkam bog‘liqlik o‘rnatilishini talab qiladi.

The Co-operative originates in the usual trading form aiming to help its members or to secure their defined economical interests. Thus the Cooperative is a corporate body regarding rights and duties, although it differs from the other Co-operatives which are not economically oriented. The Co-operative works to increase the profit of its members, not the interests of others, a matter that requires establishing a strong linkage between its economic activity and the economic activity (i.e. business) of each of its members.

Kooperativ a'zolari soni yettidan ortiq yoki uchtadan kam bo'lmagan shaxslar o'rtasida tuziladi, bundan kam bo'lishi mumkin emas. Kooperativlar ikki turda bo'lishi mumkin: birinchisi – belgilangan ulushlarga ega kompaniya bo'lib, unda ulush sotib olish orqali har qanday shaxs sherik hisoblanishi mumkin. Ikkinchisi – belgilangan ulushlarga ega bo'lmagan kompaniya bo'lib, unga a'zo bo'lish yillik umumiy yig'ilishda belgilangan yillik to'lovni to'lash orqali amalga oshiriladi.

A Co-operative is formed between as many as seven or more members or as few as three, but cannot be less than that. Co-operatives may be of two types: One is a company with established shares where any person in the company may be considered a partner by virtue of acquiring shares. The second is a company with no established shares, where joining the company is achieved through paying an annual fee decided at the annual general meeting.

Kooperativda beshta shart bajarilishi kerak:

Five conditions must be fulfilled in the Co-operative:

Birinchidan: Kooperativga a'zo bo'lish erkinligi. Obuna barcha uchun ochiq qoladi, oldingi a'zolarga qo'llanilgan shartlarning o'zi asosida. Kooperativ qonunlari, cheklovlari va istisnolari yangi a'zolarga qo'llanilganda, bu qonunlar mahalliy xarakterga ega bo'ladimi, masalan qishloq aholisi uchun, yoki kasbiy xarakterga ega bo'ladimi, masalan sartaroshlar (chavandozlar) uchun, ular ham shu tarzda qo'llanadi.

Firstly: Freedom of joining the Co-operative. Subscription stays open for everybody, according to the same conditions that applied for preceding members.Where the Co-operative laws, limits and reservations are applied on the new members, whether these laws were of a local nature like those for the people of a village, or they were of professional nature like those for Barbers (Hairdressers) as an example.

Ikkinchidan: Kooperativ a'zolari teng huquqqa ega, xususan ovoz berish huquqiga ega, shu sababli har bir a'zoga bitta ovoz beriladi.

Secondly: Co-operative members have equal rights, particularly the right of voting, thus every member is given one vote.

Uchinchidan: Ulushlar uchun belgilangan foyda ajratiladi. Kooperativ o'zining doimiy ulushdorlariga, kompaniyaning foydasi imkon bergan taqdirda, ma'lum miqdorda foyda to'laydi.

Thirdly: A specified profit is assigned for the shares. The Co-operative pays to its permanent shareholders a certain profit, provided the profits of the company allow.

To'rtinchidan: investitsiyaning ortiqcha foydasi qaytariladi, bunda sof foyda a'zolar o'rtasida ular kooperativ bilan amalga oshirgan operatsiyalari, masalan, xaridlari yoki kooperativning kommunal xizmatlari hamda inshootlaridan foydalanishi nisbatida taqsimlanadi.

Fourthly: The surplus profits of the investment are repaid, where the net profits are distributed amongst the members in proportion to the transactions they carried out with the Co-operative, such as purchases or use of the utilities and facilities of the Co-operative.

Beshinchidan: Kooperativ jamg‘armani zaxira mablag‘larini kiritish orqali tashkil etish kerak.

Fifthly: A Co-operative fund must be formed by crediting the reserve funds.

Kooperativni boshqarish va uning faoliyatini amalga oshirish vakolati yillik umumiy yig'ilishda saylanadigan hamda aksiyadorlardan tuzilgan direktorlar kengashiga tegishli. Bunda har bir aksiyador ovoz berish huquqiga ega, uning aksiyalari soni qanchaligidan qat'i nazar. Shunday qilib, yuz ta aksiyasi bor kishi bir ta aksiyasi bor aksiyadordan farq qilmaydi va ularning har biri direktorlarni saylashda bitta ovozga ega.

The authority which runs the Co-operative through its management and carries out its activity is the board of directors elected at the annual general meeting and formed from the shareholders, where every shareholder has a vote irrespective of the number of his shares. So one with one hundred shares is no different from a shareholder with one share, and each of them has one vote in electing the directors.

Kooperativlar turli xil bo'ladi, masalan, kasbiy kooperativlar, iste'molchilar kooperativlari, qishloq xo'jaligi kooperativlari va ishlab chiqarish kooperativlari. Ushbu kooperativlar umuman olganda yo iste'molchilar kooperativlari bo'ladi, bunda foyda xaridlar miqdoriga qarab taqsimlanadi, yoki ishlab chiqarish kooperativlari bo'ladi, bunda foyda ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulot miqdoriga qarab taqsimlanadi.

Co-operatives are of many kinds, like professional Co-operatives, the consumer Co-operatives, agricultural Co-operatives, and production Cooperatives. These Co-operatives, as a whole, are either consumer Cooperatives, where profits are divided according to purchases, or production Co-operatives, where the profit is divided according to the production.

Ushbu matn kooperativlarni tasvirlaydi, ular quyidagilarga ko'ra haqiqiy emas va Islom qoidalariga zid:

This describes the Co-operatives, which are invalid and contradict the rules of Islam according to the following:

1. Kooperativ kompaniya bo‘lgani uchun, u haqiqiy bo‘lishi uchun Shar’ bayon qilgan kompaniya shartlariga javob berishi kerak. Islomda kompaniya – ikki yoki undan ortiq shaxs o‘rtasidagi shartnoma bo‘lib, ular foyda olish maqsadida iqtisodiy loyihani amalga oshirishga kelishadilar. Shuning uchun kompaniya faoliyati sheriklar tomonidan amalga oshirilishi uchun unda bir “vujud” (shaxs, sherik) bo‘lishi lozim. Boshqacha aytganda, kompaniya qonuniy bo‘lishi uchun unda o‘z ulushiga ega bo‘lgan va shu bilan birga kompaniya tashkil etilgan ishni bevosita olib boradigan sherik (vujud) bo‘lishi kerak. Demak, agar kompaniyada ham ulushga ega, ham uning ishini olib boruvchi sherik mavjud bo‘lmasa, unda kompaniya mavjud emas. Bu shartlarni kooperativlarga tatbiq etsak, ular qonuniy jihatdan haqiqiy kompaniyalar emasligini ko‘ramiz, chunki ular faqat mulk (kapital) asosida qurilgan. Ular ish bajarish to‘g‘risidagi shartnomaga emas, balki kapital taqdim etish va uning faoliyatini (ishini) yurituvchi boshqaruv tashkil etish to‘g‘risidagi shartnomaga asoslanadi. Shuning uchun kompaniyaga obuna bo‘lgan shaxslar faqat o‘z mulklari (kapitali) orqali birlashadilar; shu sababli kompaniyada “vujud” mavjud emas. Demak, kooperativ “vujud”ga ega bo‘lmagani uchun haqiqiy qonuniy kompaniya hisoblanmaydi. U dastlabki bosqichdayoq mavjud emas deb qaraladi, chunki kompaniya kapitalni boshqarish shartnomasi bo‘lib, bu amal “vujud”ni talab qiladi. Kompaniyada “vujud” bo‘lmasa, Shar’ nuqtai nazaridan u kompaniya bo‘lib qolmaydi.

1. The Co-operative is a company, so it should fulfil the conditions of a company as stated by the Shar’a in order to be valid. The company in Islam is a contract between two or more persons, in which they agree to run an economic project for the purpose of achieving a profit. Therefore, there must be a body so that the activity of the company is carried out by partners. In other words, the company should include a body (partner) who has a share in the company to be legal. Thus if there did not exist a partner in the company who has shares in it and additionally runs the work which the company was established for, then no company exists. If we apply these conditions to Co-operatives we find that they are not legally valid companies, because they are built upon property (capital) only. They are not based on an agreement to carry out work; the agreement is to provide capital and establish a management that will run its activities (work). Therefore, the people who subscribed to the company only associate together via their properties (capital); thus the company does not have a body. Accordingly, the Co-operative does not represent a legal company, as it does not include a body. It is considered non-existent in the first instance as the company is a contract to manage capital, and this action requires a body. When a company has no body, it fails to be a company from the Shar’a point of view.

2. Bundan tashqari, foydani xarid qilingan miqdorga yoki ishlab chiqarishga muvofiq taqsimlash, sarmoyaga yoki mehnatga nisbatan emas, ruxsat etilmaydi. Agar shirkat sarmoya asosida tuzilgan bo‘lsa, foyda sarmoya bilan belgilanishi kerak; agar mehnat asosida tuzilgan bo‘lsa, u ham mehnat bilan belgilanishi kerak. Demak, foyda yo sarmoyaga, yo mehnatga, yoki ikkalasiga birgalikda tegishli bo‘ladi. Ammo foydani xaridlar yoki ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha taqsimlashni shart qilib qo‘yish ruxsat etilmaydi, chunki bu Shar’iy nuqtai nazarga ko‘ra shartnomaga zid keladi. Har bir shart, agar u shartnoma talab qilgan narsaga zid bo‘lsa yoki shartnoma manfaatiga mos kelmasa, bu fosid (haqiqiy bo‘lmagan) shartdir. Foydani xaridlar yoki ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha taqsimlash shartnoma talab qilgan narsaga zid keladi, chunki Shar’iy nazarda shartnoma mulk (sarmoya) yoki mehnat ustiga qurilgan, shuning uchun foyda sarmoya yoki mehnat nisbatida bo‘lishi kerak. Agar u xaridlar yoki ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha shart qilib qo‘yilsa, bu fosid shart bo‘ladi.

2. Furthermore, distributing profits proportional to purchases or according to production, rather than relative to the capital or relative to the work is not allowed. If the company was concluded on the basis of capital then the profit should be determined by the capital, and if it was concluded on the basis of work it should also be determined by work. So the profit follows either the capital or the work, or both of them. But to stipulate the distribution of the profit according to purchases or according to production is not allowed, because this contradicts the contract in the opinion of the Shar’a. And every condition that contradicts what is required by the contract or it is not for the interest of the contract, is an invalid condition (Fasid). Distributing the profit according to purchases or according to the production contradicts what is required by the contract, because the contract in the view of the Shar’a, applies upon the property (capital) or the work, so the profit should be in proportion with the capital or the work. If it is stipulated according to purchases, or the production, it would be an invalid (Fasid) condition.