2.2 Islamning iqtisodiyotga bo‘lgan qarashi
2.2 The View of Islam towards the Economy
Islom boylikka bo'lgan munosabatni uni foydalanishga bo'lgan munosabatidan farqlaydi. Islom foyda keltiradigan vositalarni, ya'ni foydaning o'zidan farqli alohida masala deb hisoblaydi. Shunday ekan, mulk va inson mehnati boylikning tarkibiy qismlari bo'lib, ular foyda keltiradigan vositalardir. Ularning hayotda mavjudligi va ishlab chiqarilishi borasida Islom nazaridagi o'rni ularidan foydalanish masalasi hamda bu foydaga egalik qilish usulidan farq qiladi. Islom ayrim mulklardan foydalanish masalasiga bevosita aralashadi. Shu sababli u sharob va o'lik oziq-ovqat kabi ayrim mahsulotlardan foydalanishni taqiqlaydi. Xuddi shuningdek, raqs tushish va fohishalik kabi insonning ayrim harakatlaridan foyda olishni ham taqiqlaydi. Yana u yeyish taqiqlangan mahsulotlar savdosini man etadi, ijaraga olish taqiqlangan amallarni bajarishni ham man etadi. Bu mulk va inson mehnatidan foydalanishga taalluqlidir. Mulk va inson mehnatiga egalik qilish usuliga kelsak, Islom bu egalikni tartibga soluvchi ko'plab qonunlar belgilagan, masalan, ov va yerni o'zlashtirish qonunlari, ijara, ishlab chiqarish, meros, sadaqa va vasiyat qonunlari shular jumlasidandir.
The view of Islam towards wealth differs from its view of utilising it. Islam considers the means that produce a benefit a subject different from the subject of possessing the benefit. So property and human effort are the components of wealth, and they are the means which produce benefit. Their position in the view of Islam regarding their existence in life and in regard of their production differs from the question of using them, and from the method of possessing this benefit. Islam interferes directly in the question of utilising some properties. So it prohibits the use of some commodities such as wine and dead foodstuffs. Similarly, it prohibits benefiting from some of man’s actions, such as dancing and prostitution. It also prohibits the trade in commodities that are forbidden to be eaten, whilst prohibiting the hiring actions that are forbidden to be performed. This refers to the utilisation of the property, and man’s effort. However, regarding the method of possessing property and man’s effort, Islam has put numerous laws regulating this ownership, such as laws of hunting and land reclamation, and the laws of leasing, manufacturing, inheritance, donations and wills.
Bu boylik (mol-mulk)dan foydalanish va uning dastlabki egalik qilinish usuli haqida. Boylik ishlab chiqarishni yo‘lga qo‘yish borasida Islom odamlarni umuman mehnat qilib pul topishga ruhlantirish orqali buni rag‘batlantirgan. Islom ishlab chiqarishni oshirishning texnik usulini yoki ishlab chiqarish miqdorini belgilashga aralashmagan, balki bunga erishishni odamlarning o‘zlari xohlaganicha amalga oshirishga qoldirgan. Mulkning mavjudligiga kelsak, u bu dunyoda tabiiy ravishda mavjud. Uni Alloh (SWT) yaratgan va insonning ixtiyoriga qoldirgan. Alloh (SWT) aytadi:
This is regarding the utilisation of wealth and the manner of its initial ownership. Regarding generating the production of wealth, Islam encouraged that through motivating the people generally to earn. Islam did not interfere in defining the technical manner of increasing production, or the quantity of production, rather it left that to people to achieve as they like. Turning to the existence of property, it exists in this world naturally. Allah (swt), has created it, and left it for man’s disposal. Allah (swt):
"U sizning uchun yerdagi barcha narsalarni yaratgan Zotdir." [Al-Baqara: 29] Va U (swt) aytdi:
“It is He who created for you all that exists on earth.” [Al-Baqarah: 29] And He (swt) said:
"Alloh shunday Zotdirki, U sizlar uchun dengizni bo'ysundirdi, toki kemalar Uning amri bilan suzsin va toki siz Uning fazlidan izlashingiz uchun." [Al-Josiya: 12] Va U (SWT) aytdi:
“Allah is He Who put at your disposal the sea so that the ships may sail by His command, and so as you may seek His bounty.” [Al-Jathiyah: 12] And He (swt) said:
"U sizlar uchun osmonlardagi va yerdagi barcha narsalarni, hammasini O'zidan, xizmatga qo'ydi." [Al-Josiya: 13] Va U (SWT) aytdi:
“He put at your disposal that which is in the heavens and that which is in the earth, all from Him.” [Al-Jathiyah: 13] And He (swt) said:
“Inson o‘z taomiga nazar solsin. Biz suvni yog‘dirib, mo‘l-ko‘l quyganimizni. So‘ngra yerni yorib-yorib yuborganimizni. Unda donlar, uzumlar, sabzavotlar, zaytun va xurmolar, qalin, baland daraxtli bog‘lar, mevalar va o‘tloqlar o‘stirganimizni. Sizlar va chorvalaringiz uchun bahramand bo‘lishingiz uchun.” [‘Abasa: 24-32] Va U (subhanahu va taolo) aytdi:
“Let man consider his food. How We pour water in showers. Then split the earth in fragments. And cause the grains to grow therein. And grapes and fresh vegetation. And olives and dates, and enclosed gardens, dense with lofty trees. And fruits and grazes. Provision for you and your cattle.” [‘Abasa: 24-32] And He (swt) said:
“Biz unga sizning foydangiz uchun ko‘ylak (zirhli kiyim) yasash san’atini o‘rgatdik, toki u sizni bir-biringizning zo‘ravonligidan saqlasin”. [Al-Anbiyo: 80] Va U (SWT) aytdi:
“And We taught Him the art of making garments (of mail) for your benefit, to guard you from each other’s violence.” [Al-Anbiyaa: 80] And He (swt) said:
“Va Biz temirni nazil qildik, unda katta kuch va odamlar uchun ko‘plab foydalar bor.” [Al-Hadid: 25] Alloh (SWT) bu oyatlarda va boshqa oyatlarda shuni bayon qildiki, U (SWT) mulkni yaratdi va insonning mehnatini yaratdi, va U (SWT) ular bilan bog‘liq boshqa biror narsani zikr qilmadi. Bu shuni ko‘rsatadiki, U (SWT) mulkka yoki inson mehnatiga aralashmadi, faqat ulardan foydalanishi uchun odamlar uchun yaratganini ko‘rsatdi. U (SWT) boylik ishlab chiqarishga ham aralashmadi; Islom boylik ishlab chiqarishiga aralashishini ko‘rsatadigan hech qanday shariat matni yo‘q. Aksincha, shariat matnlari shariatning mulkni olish va inson mehnatini takomillashtirish masalasini odamlarga qoldirganini ko‘rsatadi. Rivoyat qilinishicha, Payg‘ambar ﷺ xurmo daraxtlarini qo‘lda changlatish masalasida shunday degan: “Siz o‘z dunyoviy hayotingizning odatiy ishlari (amr dunyakum)ni yaxshiroq bilasiz.” Shuningdek, rivoyat qilinishicha, Payg‘ambar ﷺ Yamandagi Jurash ahliga qurol yasashni o‘rganish uchun ikki nafar musulmonni yuborgan. Bu misollar shariatning boylik ishlab chiqarish masalasini odamlarga, ularning tajribasi va bilimiga ko‘ra ishlab chiqarilishi uchun qoldirganini ko‘rsatadi.
“And We sent down iron, in which is great might, as well as many benefits for mankind.” [Al-Hadid: 25] Allah (swt) illustrated in these verses and others, that He (swt) created property and created man’s efforts, and He (swt) did not discuss anything else that may be linked to them, which indicates that He (swt) did not interfere in the property or in man’s effort, except that He (swt) showed that He (swt) created them for people to utilise. He (swt) also did not interfere in the production of wealth; there is no Shari’ah text (divine legal text) which denotes that Islam interferes in the production of wealth. On the contrary, we find the Shari’ah texts indicate that the Shari’ah has left to the people the matter of extracting the property and improving man’s effort. It was narrated that the Prophet (pbuh) (pbuh) said in the issue of manual pollination of date trees: “You are more aware of the routine issues of your daily life (amr dunyakum).” It is also narrated that the Prophet (pbuh) (pbuh) sent two of the Muslims to Jurash of Yemen to learn weapons manufacturing. These examples indicate that the Shari’ah has left the matter of production of wealth to the people, to be produced according to their experience and knowledge.
Shu barchasidan ko'rinadiki, Islom iqtisodiy fanga emas, balki iqtisodiy tizimga e'tibor qaratadi. Uning mavzusi boylikdan foydalanish va uning manfaatiga egalik qilish usuli hisoblanadi. U boylikni ishlab chiqarish yoki uning foydasiga erishish vositalariga umuman murojaat qilmaydi.
From all of this, it is apparent that Islam focuses upon the economic system and not economic science. It makes the use of wealth, and the method of possessing its benefit as its subject. It does not address the production of wealth nor the means of the benefit at all.