在伊斯兰法庭上，每个案件只由一名法官负责审理。他有权依据《古兰经》和圣训（逊奈）作出判决。其他法官只能在主审法官提出要求时提供建议或协助。

In an Islamic law court only one judge is responsible for any trial. He has the authority to pronounce judgements based on the Qur’an and Sunnah. Other judges may only advise or assist, if requested to do so by the presiding judge.

伊斯兰的刑罚只有在证据确凿无疑、并且满足所有相关条件的情况下才能执行（例如，要证明通奸，需要四名证人）。如果证据存有任何疑点，整个案件即被驳回。

Islamic punishments can only be administered when the evidence is proven to be definite and all relevant conditions are met (for example four witnesses to prove adultery). If there is any doubt over the evidence the whole case is thrown out.

伊斯兰教中的法官分为三类：

There are three types of judge in Islam :

1) 卡迪·阿姆（Qadi ‘Aam）——负责裁决民众之间的纠纷，例如日常的土地问题、车祸、事故等。

1) Qadi ‘Aam - responsible for settling disputes among the people, e.g. everyday issues over land, car crashes, accidents etc.

2) 卡迪·穆赫塔西卜（Qadi Muhtasib）——负责化解乌玛内部的纠纷，以及处理那些损害社会公共利益的人，例如在街上大声喧哗、在市场上欺诈等行为。

2) Qadi Muhtasib - Responsible for resolving disputes that arise between the Ummah and any people who harm the society at large, e.g. shouting in the streets, cheating in the market etc.

3) 穆扎利姆法官（Qadi Madhaalim）——负责处理民众与国家官员之间的争端。他有权罢免任何统治者或政府官员，包括哈里发。

3) Qadi Madhaalim - who deals with disputes between the people and the State officials. He can dismiss any ruler or government official, including the Khaleefah.

第二任哈里发欧麦尔·本·哈塔卜（穆斯林的统治者，公元634至644年在位）是第一个在麦加设立监狱和拘留所的人。

The second Khaleefah ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (Amir of the Muslims between 634-644 CE) was the first to set up jails and prisons in Makkah.

根据司法制度，每个人，无论是穆斯林还是非穆斯林、男性还是女性，被告或被指控者，都有权委任代理人或代表。

Under the Judicial System, every person, Muslim or non-Muslim, male or female, defendant and accused has the right to appoint a representative or proxy.

在今天的穆斯林国家（例如巴基斯坦），民事法庭与刑事法庭之分，既有伊斯兰的部分，也有异教的部分，两者并行适用；这种情形并不存在于伊斯兰国家之中。伊斯兰国家将只以伊斯兰法的渊源为其依据，即《古兰经》和圣训（以及由二者衍生的一切）。

There is no distinction between civil and criminal courts as we see today in Muslim countries, e.g. Pakistan where both parts of Islam and parts of kufr are applied. The Islamic State will only use the sources of Islamic law, i.e. the Qur’an and the Sunnah (and whatever derives from them), as its reference.

伊斯兰的刑罚应立即执行，不得拖延或犹豫。除非依据法庭的判决，任何人都不得受到惩罚。此外，任何形式的酷刑都是不允许的。

Islamic punishments will be executed without delay or hesitation. No-one is to be punished except by a rule of court. In addition, any means of torture is not permissible.

根据伊斯兰制度，受到犯罪侵害的人有权原谅被告，或要求对罪行进行补偿（即 qisas，同态复仇/等量报复）；但 hadud（哈都德）刑罚属于真主（SWT）的权利，不在此列。

Under the Islamic system a person aggrieved of a crime has the right to forgive the accused or demand compensation (i.e. qisas) for a crime - except for hadud laws, which are the right of Allah (swt).

伊斯兰教的断手刑只有在满足七个条件时才适用。这些条件是：

The Islamic punishment of hand-cutting only applies if seven conditions are fulfilled. These are :

1) 两位证人（其证词没有矛盾或错误）。

1) Two witnesses (with no contradiction or error in their testimonies).

2)被盗物品的价值必须超过四分之一第纳尔(即4.25克黄金)的价值。

2) The value of the stolen goods must exceed 1/4 of a dinar in value (4.25g of gold).

3) 不能是食物（如果窃贼是饥饿的）。

3) Cannot be food (if the thief was hungry).

4) 不能是小偷的家人。

4) Cannot be from the thief’s family.

5) 商品本身必须是合法的（即清真的），例如不能是酒类。

5) Goods must be halal in nature (e.g. not alcohol).

6)必须是从安全的地方窃取的。

6) Must be stolen from a secure place.

7) 必须对财物毫无疑问（即窃贼对其绝无任何权利，例如来自公共国库的钱财）。

7) Must be no doubt on the goods (i.e. the thief definitely has no right over it, e.g. money from the public treasury).

在伊斯兰统治的整整1300年间，因盗窃而被砍手的人仅有约200人。

Throughout the entire 1300 years of Islamic rule only around 200 people had their hand cut off for theft.

任何人如果遭到统治者的不义对待，都有权将其告上法庭、与其交涉或对其提出批评。这一点在欧麦尔·本·哈塔卜时期的一件事中得到体现：一位妇女就他关于聘礼数额的一个错误做出了纠正。

Any person has the right to take the leader to court, speak to him or criticise him if he has done any transgressions towards him or her. This was the case when a woman in the time of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab corrected him over a mistake he made about the value of the dowry.

公民的名誉是穆斯林乌玛所承担的神圣信托。在没有提供四名证人来证实指控的情况下，指控另一名穆斯林不贞洁者，其刑罚是八十鞭。

The honour of a citizen is a sacred trust upon the Ummah. The punishment for accusing another Muslim of being unchaste without producing four witnesses to substantiate the claim is 80 lashes.

伊斯兰司法体系中的惩罚分为四类:

There are four categories of punishment in the Islamic Judicial System:

Hadud——安拉的权利，例如通奸（100鞭）、叛教（死刑）。 Wait, the list separator: the translation should be faithful and natural. Corrected: Hadud - 安拉的权利（Hadud - The right of Allah (SWT)），例如通奸（鞭刑100下）、叛教（死刑）。 Final translation: Hadud——安拉（SWT）的权利，例如：通奸（100鞭）、叛教（死刑）。

Hadud - The right of Allah (swt), e.g. fornication (100 lashes), apostasy (death).

الجنايات——个人的权利。他/她可以原谅罪犯，例如谋杀、人身伤害等案件。

Al-Jynayaat - The right of the individual. He/she may forgive the criminal, e.g. murder, bodily harm.

Al-Ta‘azir（التعزير）——社会的权利：那些影响普通公众日常生活的事项，例如乱丢垃圾、在市场上欺诈。

Al-Ta‘azir - The right of the community - those issues that affect the every day life of the general public, e.g. littering, cheating in the market.

Al-Mukhalafat - 国家的权利 - 影响国家运作的事项，例如超速行驶。

Al-Mukhalafat - The right of the State - issues affecting the running of the State, e.g. breaking the speed limit.