以下是惩罚制度的原则：

The following are the principles of the punishment system :

穆斯林对其所做的每一件行为都负有责任，每一项罪行都有国家执行的相应刑罚。

1) The Muslim is accountable for every action that he/she has performed and for every crime there exists a punishment that is enforced by the State.

这一原则之所以重要，不仅在于它保护了社会，还在于：若这些罪行通过伊斯兰教法法庭接受惩处，其在来世的惩罚便可因此而免除。它起到赎罪（kaffara）的作用，也是悔罪和寻求宽恕的途径。穆斯林需要牢记，真主（SWT）知晓一切行为，并将一一清算。因此，与其在后世承受惩罚，不如在今世受罚，并真诚悔过。

Such a principle is important because it not only protects the society, but taking the punishment for such crimes through a court of Shari‘ah removes its punishment in the afterlife. It acts as a kaffara and is a means to repent and seek forgiveness. Muslims need to remember that Allah (swt) knows and will account all the actions. Therefore, it is better to get the punishment in this life and sincerely repent than to face the punishment in the afterlife.

在穆罕默德（愿主福安之）时代，许多穆斯林承认了自己应受严厉惩罚的罪行，以期在复活日免受其行为的报应。据艾布·达武德记载，有一人承认了非法性行为，并被判处石刑。穆罕默德ﷺ说："在真主看来，他比麝香的香气更令人喜爱。"

Many of the Muslims during the time of Muhammad (saw) confessed to their crimes that were severely punishable in order that they may avoid the retribution for their actions on the Day of Judgement. It is narrated by Abu Daud when referring to a man who confessed to an illegal sexual act, and was ordered to be stoned to death, Muhammad (saw) said, “He is more agreeable than the fragrance of musk in the eyes of Allah.”.

2) 应当尽可能地避免施行刑罚。

2) The punishment should be prevented as much as possible.

这一原则之所以适用，是因为刑罚的严厉性主要起到威慑作用。任何可疑或间接的证据都会使刑罚无法执行。事实上，在穆罕默德（saw）的圣训（生平）中有记载：当有人请求对自己执行刑罚时，他总是竭力设法免除刑罚。有记载说，穆罕默德ﷺ曾说：“错误地释放一个罪犯，胜过错误地惩罚一个无辜者。”阿伊莎（ra）传述说：“尽你所能避免刑罚。如果你为某个穆斯林找到任何出路，就释放他。如果伊玛目在赦免上犯了错误，那对他来说比在施加刑罚上犯错误要好。”

This applies because the severity of the punishment serves the primary role of a deterrent. Any shred of evidence that is doubtful or circumstantial will prevent the punishment. Indeed it is narrated in the Seerah (life) of Muhammad (saw) how he would exert himself to avert the punishment when individuals asked for the punishment to be implemented upon them. It is narrated that Muhammad (saw) said, “To free someone criminal mistakenly is better than to punish someone innocent mistakenly.” ‘A’isha (ra) narrated, “Ward off punishments as much as you can. If you find any way out for a Muslim then set him free. If the Imam makes a mistake in granting forgiveness it is better for him than that he should commit a mistake in imposing punishment.”.

这样，考虑到证明责任的沉重，伊斯兰司法体系中便不会出现错误定罪或不当惩罚的情况。

In this way, bearing in mind the heavy burden of proof, false conviction or unjustified punishment will be absent in the Islamic judiciary.

3) 伊斯兰教规定了刑罚，以保护和保障国家所有公民（无论穆斯林还是非穆斯林）的六项事物：信仰、名誉、理智、财产、生命和后代。

3) Islam sets down punishments to protect and secure six issues for all citizens of the State, whether Muslim or non-Muslim : Belief, Honour, Mind, Property, Life and Offspring.

信仰:伊斯兰信仰是宗教的支柱,如同珍贵的宝石一般,是需要守护的。因此,任何人在接受伊斯兰教并经过劝导之后,若想要背离伊斯兰教,都将受到死刑的惩罚。诽谤伊斯兰信仰的人,同样适用此惩罚。

Belief : The Islamic belief is the pillar of the deen and like any precious jewel, it is protected. Therefore, anyone who wants to leave Islam after accepting it and being advised, is subject to the penalty of death. The same punishment is applicable to anyone that slanders the belief of Islam.

关于非穆斯林，《古兰经》经文的含义是：

Concerning the non-Muslims, the meaning of the Qur’anic verse,.

“宗教中没有强迫。”[TMQ 2:256]

“There is no compulsion in religion” [TMQ 2:256].

确保非穆斯林不会被强迫皈依伊斯兰教，并保障他们践行自己宗教的权利。

ensures that non-Muslims cannot be forced to become Muslims, and their right to practice their religion is protected.

荣誉:在伊斯兰教中,女性是一种荣誉('ird),必须保护她们免受一切伤害、诽谤和有辱人格的行为。因此,伊斯兰教通过惩罚即使是在背后诋毁女性的人来维护女性的尊严。此外,伊斯兰教通过惩罚散布诽谤他人言论的人来保护人们的荣誉。凡经正当定罪确实犯有此罪者,将受到八十鞭的刑罚。

Honour : In Islam, women are an honour (‘ird) and must be protected from all harm, slander and degrading actions. Therefore, Islam protects the dignity of women by punishing those who even backbite against her. Moreover, Islam protects the honour of people by punishing those who spread slanders against them. Anyone who is properly convicted of doing so is punished by eighty lashes.

心智:在伊斯兰教中,饮用酒类以及其他任何使人神志昏迷的物质都是被禁止的。因此,这些物质对社会造成的一切必然社会问题都得以消除。饮用此类物质的刑罚是八十鞭。

Mind : The use of alcoholic drinks and any other substances that befog the mind are forbidden in Islam. Accordingly, all the social problems which are inevitable consequences of such substances on the society are removed. The punishment for use of such substances is eighty lashes.

财产：伊斯兰教通过设定严厉的惩罚来保护其所有公民的财产，例如对盗窃者实施断手之刑，但须符合此处适用的所有条件（如物品的价值、物品的存放地点等）。

Property : Islam protects the wealth of all its citizens by securing a harsh punishment, e.g. cutting the hand of the thief, subject to all the conditions which apply here (like the value of the goods, the place of storage of the goods etc.).

生命:穆罕默德ﷺ说:“穆斯林的血比天房及其周围的一切更为珍贵。”谋杀的刑罚是死刑,但死者的家属有权宽恕并接受血金。

Life : Muhammad (saw) said that, “The blood of a Muslim is worth more than the Ka‘aba and all its surroundings.” The punishment for murder is death, with the right of the family of the deceased to forgive and receive blood money.

后代：伊斯兰保证人们的血统得到正确的承认，确保没有任何孩子被错误地归属于其亲生父母之外的人。这主要通过禁止并惩处非法的性关系来实现。

Offspring : Islam guarantees recognition of the correct lineage of people and their children, and ensures that no child is wrongfully attributed to anyone other than their own parentage. This is primarily achieved by forbidding and punishing illicit sexual relations.

凭借这些保障,伊斯兰教保护人类视为最宝贵的事物。凡滥用这些保障中任何一项的人,都将受到惩处。

With all these securities, Islam protects the things which human beings hold as most valuable. Those who are guilty of abusing any of these securities are subject to punishment.