伊斯兰的司法体系完全以沙里亚为基础。我们必须留意这一事实：除非伊斯兰教被全面施行，否则公正就无法得到充分的实现。若不这样做，就等于舍弃安拉命令的一部分，并接受人的统治能更好地处理手头的问题。这不仅会扰乱社会的福祉，也等于承认安拉并非真正的主权者。我们在《古兰经》中看到，安拉对先知ﷺ说：

The judicial system in Islam is solely based on the Shari‘ah. We must be mindful of the fact that justice cannot be fully served until and unless Islam is applied in its totality. To do otherwise, would mean leaving parts of Allah’s commandments and accepting the rule of man as better able to cope with the issue at hand. This not only leads to the disruption of the society’s well-being but is also an acknowledgement that Allah (swt) is not truly the Sovereign. We find in the Qur’an, Allah (swt) says to the Prophet (saw) :

“但不然，以你的主发誓，他们在彼此的争执中，若不让你来裁决，并且在内心中对你的裁决不感到任何抵触，而是完全欣然接受，他们就不能算真正信仰。”（《古兰经》4:65）

“But no by your Lord they can have no (real) faith until they make you judge in all disputes between them and in their souls find no resistance against your decisions but accept them with the fullest conviction.” [TMQ 4:65].

伊斯兰司法制度的细节在其他地方（参见《司法制度》）已有讨论，但在此讨论统治制度与法院之间的关系是有益的。

The details of the Islamic judicial system are discussed elsewhere (see the Judicial System), but it is useful to discuss here the relationship of the ruling system with the courts.

这一类在伊斯兰统治体制中的法官，负责裁决民众与国家之间产生的争端。这类法官在伊斯兰国家的“马兹兰姆法院”（Mahkamat al-Madhaalim，意为“不义之事法院”）中行使审判权。简言之，这一法院的法官被任命，用以消除伊斯兰国家内的一切不义行为，无论这些行为是由哈里发、总督，还是国家的任何其他官员所为。在民众与伊斯兰国家官员发生争端的情况下，该法院的法官有权罢免该国家官员，一旦确认其怠忽伊斯兰教法或对民众施行了不义。

This category of judges within the ruling system of Islam consists of judges who settle disputes arising among the people and the State. This judge has jurisdiction within a court called Mahkamat al-Madhaalim (the Court of Unjust Acts) in the Islamic State. In essence, this judge of the Court of Unjust Acts is appointed to remove all unjust acts within the Islamic State, whether they are committed by the Khaleefah, governors, or any other official of the State. In cases of disputes between the people and the officials of the Islamic State, the judge of this court has the right to dismiss the official of the State once his negligence of the Shari‘ah or injustice committed upon the people is established.

例如，该法院可以审理伊斯兰国所执行的各类事务中涉及的以下问题：对公民的歧视、对沙里亚（Shari‘ah）的不当适用、对沙里亚或伊斯兰国宪法的不当解释、哈里发对向他提供的意见有所疏忽、对伊斯兰国公民不当征收税款，等等。

As examples, this court may investigate all matters executed by the Islamic State involving discrimination upon citizens, improper application of the Shari‘ah, improper interpretation of the Shari‘ah or the Constitution of the Islamic State, negligence by the Khaleefah of the opinions given to him, forcing a tax unduly upon the citizens of the Islamic State, etc.

有一种有趣的情况出现在审理哈里发忽视沙里亚（Shari‘ah）的案件时。Qadi al-Madhaalim（申冤法官）必须作出判决，或支持哈里发的行为，或反对哈里发。如果判决支持哈里发，那么哈里发的授权依然有效，而且实际上会使该案被认定为恰当的行为，而非疏忽。反之，如果法官判决反对哈里发，即意味着哈里发忽视了沙里亚，哈里发就必须遵从法官的判决。如果他未能这样做，法官便有权以忽视沙里亚为由，将哈里发罢免其职位。

An interesting situation arises when a case is studied involving the Khaleefah’s negligence of the Shari‘ah. The Qadi al-Madhaalim will have to either pass a judgement in favour of the actions of the Khaleefah or against him. If it is in favour of the Khaleefah, then the Khaleefah’s mandate will remain, and will, in fact, render the case as being proper and not negligence. If, on the other hand, the judge decides against the Khaleefah, which entails negligence of the Shari‘ah, the Khaleefah must abide by the judgement of the judge. If he fails to do so, the judge will be authorised to remove the Khaleefah from his position on the grounds of negligence of Shari‘ah.