10.4.6 惩罚作为最后的手段
10.4.6 Punishment as the Last Resort
需要指出的是,伊斯兰国所施行的刑罚,是遏制和预防犯罪过程中的最后手段。伊斯兰是一种"丁"(生活方式),其中各项制度彼此协调运作,构成一个完整、相互补足的整体。
It must be noted that the punishments administered by the Islamic State are the last resort in the process of curbing and preventing crime. Islam comes as a deen (way of life) where all the systems work in harmony, making an integrated and perfectly complementary whole.
因此,经济制度将确保国家所有公民的需求得到充分满足,使任何人都不必诉诸犯罪来维持生计。同样,教育制度将教导民众拒绝任何形式的犯罪(这些行为在伊斯兰教中都是被禁止的),并以顺服安拉(SWT)为准则。社会制度则将在民众心中培养对异性的尊重与尊严意识,并且男女在日常生活中的隔离将最大限度地减少这一领域犯罪发生的可能性。
Thus, the Economic System will ensure that all the citizens of the State will have their needs adequately fulfilled such that no-one need resort to crime to sustain themselves. As well, the Education System will teach the people the mentality of rejecting any kind of crime, all of which are forbidden in Islam, in favour of obedience to Allah (swt). And the Social System will inculcate within the people the mentality of respect and dignity towards the opposite sex, and the segregation between men and women in their daily life will minimise the possibility of crimes in this area.
在伊斯兰国家,预防犯罪分为三个层面:
In the Islamic State the prevention of crime works on three levels :
1) 信士的敬畏(Taqwa)
1) The Taqwa of the believer
穆斯林对伊斯兰的理性信条抱有坚定的信念,这一信条建立在对现实的考察和理智的运用之上。这为他们信仰伊斯兰提供了确凿的根基,并激励他们顺服唯一的真神安拉(SWT)。
The Muslim has conviction in the rational creed of Islam, which is built upon the study of reality and use of the mind. This gives them the definite foundation for their belief in Islam and motivates them to be subservient to the One and Only True God, Allah (swt).
犯罪是对真主(SWT)的违抗。穆斯林对天堂的向往和对火狱刑罚的畏惧,将使他们远离犯罪。
Crime is a disobedience to Allah (swt). The Muslim’s longing for the Paradise and their fear of the punishment of Hellfire will prevent them from committing crime.
2) 公众舆论
2) Public Opinion
穆斯林之间相互的权利与义务之一,便是彼此时刻关注、照料对方的事务。如此一来,各方面都会持续激励和鼓励人们遵守伊斯兰的行为准则。
It is one of the mutual rights and duties of the Muslims that they always look out for and take care the affairs of each other. Thus there will be a constant motivation and encouragement from all sides for people to observe the Islamic conduct.
在整个社会中,犯罪将受到唾弃和拒斥。罪犯和骗子不会被接纳,通过非法手段获得的财富或任何所谓的利益也不会受到尊重。社会主流价值观所施加的这种压力,将使那些受诱惑而想要犯罪的人不敢去犯罪。
Crime will be shunned and rejected by the society at large. Criminals and cheats will not be accepted, nor will wealth or any perceived benefits gained illicitly be respected. This pressure from the dominant values in the society will prevent those who are tempted to commit crime from doing so.
3) 刑罚
3) The Punishments
最后的手段是对犯罪行为后果的惧怕,即对其所带来惩罚的恐惧。
The last resort is the fear of the consequences of the criminal actions in terms of the punishment.
因此,在哈里发国家的历史上,司法机关执行哈德(hudud)刑罚及其他惩罚的情形极为罕见,原因正在于此。
It is for these reasons that so few incidences of implementation of hadud and other retributions by the judiciary were necessary in the history of the Khilafah.