8.4 Jenis-Jenis Mujtahid
8.4 Types of Mujtahid
Mujtahid Mutlaq (Mujtahid Mutlak)
A. Mujtahid Mutlaq (Absolute Mujtahid)
Para pengasas pelbagai mazhab dalam Fiqh Islam seperti Abu Hanifah, Shafi‟i, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Malik, Jafar dan yang lain dianggap sebagai Mujtahidin Mutlak. Golongan Mujtahidin ini membina Usul al-Fiqh mereka sendiri untuk mengeluarkan Ahkam (hukum-hukum) dan mereka tidak terikat dengan orang lain, iaitu mereka adalah bebas.
The founders of various schools of Islamic Fiqh such as Abu Hanifah, Shafi‟i, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Malik, Jafar and others are considered Mujtahideen Mutlaq. This category of Mujtahideen set up their own Usul al-Fiqh to extract the Ahkam (rules) and are not restricted by others i.e. they are independent.
B. Mujtahid dalam Mazhab
B. Mujtahid within a Madhab
Mujtahid-mujtahid ini mengikuti Usul al-Fiqh yang ditetapkan oleh Mujtahid Mutlaq untuk menggali Ahkam (hukum-hukum); contohnya, Imam Abu Yusuf berpegang kepada metodologi Imam Abu Hanifah.
These Mujtahideen follow the Usul al-Fiqh set up by the Mujtahid Mutlaq to extract the Ahkam (rules); e.g. Imam Abu Yusuf adhered to Imam Abu Hanifah‟s methodology.
Para mujtahid ini, dalam lingkungan sesebuah mazhab, secara umumnya mengikuti garis panduan mazhab masing-masing untuk mengeluarkan hukum. Namun begitu, mereka tidak menganggap diri mereka terikat untuk mengikuti imam-imam mereka dalam melaksanakan isu-isu tertentu. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan kenyataan bahawa mereka pernah berpegang kepada pendapat yang bertentangan dengan pendapat imam-imam utama mereka. Malah, sebahagian mujtahid seperti Imam Abu Yusuf telah mencapai tahap Mujtahid Mutlaq, tetapi beliau tidak membentuk mazhabnya sendiri kerana menghormati Imam Abu Hanifah.
These Mujtahideen, within a Madhab, generally followed the guidelines of their respective schools to extract rulings. Nevertheless, they did not consider themselves bound to follow their Imams in the implementation of particular issues. This is borne out by the fact that they have held opinions that were opposed to those of their leading Imams. As a matter of fact, some Mujtahideen such as Imam Abu Yusuf reached to the level of Mujtahid Mutlaq, but didn‟t form his own Madhab out of respect for Imam Abu Hanifah.
C. Mujtahid dalam masalah-masalah tertentu sahaja (Mujtahid Mas'ala)
C. Mujtahid in particular issues only (Mujtahid Mas‟ala)
Mujtahid ini mungkin mampu menangani satu isu tertentu, sementara ia tidak mampu menangani isu yang lain. Dengan kata lain, Mujtahid tersebut dapat mempelajari pendapat para fuqaha dan menelusuri Adilla (dalil-dalil) mereka, tetapi mungkin tidak mampu menetapkan pendapat baharu bagi isu-isu baharu.
This Mujtahid would be able to handle one single issue while he may be unable to handle another. In other words, the Mujtahid would be able to study the opinion of other jurists and trace their Adilla (evidences) but may be unable to establish new opinions for new issues.
Ulama seperti Abu'l-Hasan al-Karkhi dan Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi dalam mazhab Hanafi, Abu al-Fadl al-Marwazi dan Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi dalam mazhab Shafi'i, Abu Bakr al-Abhari dalam mazhab Maliki, serta 'Amr b. Husayn al-Khiraqi dalam mazhab Hanbali telah dimasukkan ke dalam kategori ini.
Scholars like Abu'l-Hasan al-Karkhi and Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi in the Hanafi school, Abu al-Fadl al-Marwazi and Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi in the Shafi'i, Abu Bakr al-Abhari in the Maliki and 'Amr b. Husayn al-Khiraqi in the Hanbali schools have been placed it this category.