9 Dialek dan Qiraat
9 Dialects And Recitations
Meskipun bahasa Arab merupakan bahasa umum di seluruh Semenanjung Arab, perbedaan lingkungan dan sejarah berbagai suku menghasilkan beragam dialek. Dalam beberapa kasus, setiap suku menggunakan kata yang berbeda untuk menyebut benda yang sama. Misalnya, sebagian suku menyebut singa dengan “asad”, sementara suku lain menyebutnya “layth”, “hamzah”, “hafs”, atau “ghadanfar”. Dalam kasus lain, perbedaan terjadi pada cara pengucapan huruf tertentu akibat perbedaan harakat. Namun, seiring waktu, dialek suku Quraisy muncul dari antara berbagai dialek tersebut sebagai dialek yang paling menonjol. Dialek Quraisy menjadi dialek yang paling dihormati di antara semua dialek karena alasan-alasan mendasar berikut:
Although Arabic was the common language throughout the Arabian peninsula, the different environments and histories of the various tribes produced a wide variety of dialects. In some cases, each tribe used different words to describe the same object. For example, some tribes called the lion an “ asad,” while other tribes called it a “ layth,” “hamzah,” “hafs,” or a “ghadanfar.” In other cases, differences occurred in the way certain letters were pronounced due to vowelling differences. However, in time the dialect of the tribe of Quraysh emerged from among the various dialects as the most prominent dialect. The Qurayshee dialect became the most respected of all the dialects for the following basic reasons:
1. Makkah dan daerah sekitarnya, termasuk tempat suci Ka‘bah, merupakan wilayah suku Quraisy. Setiap suku yang berbeda memiliki berhala yang melambangkan tuhan-tuhan suku mereka, yang diletakkan di dalam dan di sekitar Ka‘bah. Dengan demikian, Ka‘bah dianggap sebagai pusat spiritual bagi seluruh suku Arab, dan ziarah ke tempat suci tersebut dilakukan sepanjang tahun.
1. Makkah and its surrounding area, including the shrine of the Ka‘bah, were part of the tribal lands of the Quraysh. Each of the various tribes had idols representing their various tribal gods placed in and around the Ka‘bah. Thus the Ka‘bah was considered the spiritual center for all of the Arabian tribes, and pilgrimage to the shrine was made throughout the year.
Pada bulan haji, para peziarah dari seluruh suku datang ke Makkah untuk menunaikan manasik haji. Praktik ini dimulai oleh Nabi Ibrahim dan putra-putranya ketika mereka pertama kali membangun Ka‘bah, dan tetap menjadi kebiasaan di kalangan keturunan mereka di Jazirah Arab; namun, banyak ritual palsu yang mengandung kesyirikan dan takhayul ditambahkan pada manasik yang asli. Suku Quraisy memikul tanggung jawab pribadi untuk menyediakan air minum (siqayah) bagi seluruh peziarah dan hewan tunggangan mereka. Hal ini dilakukan tanpa dipungut biaya sebagai bukti kemurahan hati dan kemuliaan mereka. Dengan demikian, suku Quraisy menempati kedudukan yang sangat terpuji di antara bangsa Arab.
2. During the month of hajj, pilgrims from all of the tribes used to come to Makkah in order to perform the rites of hajj. This practice was started by Prophet Ibraheem and his sons when they first built the Ka‘bah and it remained a practice among their Arabian descendants; however, many false rituals involving idolatry and superstition were added to the original rites. The Quraysh took personal responsibility for supplying drinking water (siqaayah) for all of the pilgrims and their animals. This was done free of charge as evidence of their generosity and nobility. Thus, the Quraysh were held in a highly praiseworthy position among the Arabs.
3. Makkah berada di persimpangan semua jalur perdagangan utama antara Syam dan Persia di utara, serta Yaman dan Afrika di selatan. Akibatnya, kelas pedagang Quraisy menjadi kelas terkaya di antara keluarga-keluarga di Jazirah Arab, dan hal ini pada gilirannya membuat suku Quraisy sangat dihormati oleh berbagai suku di Jazirah Arab.
3. Makkah stood at the junction of all the major trade routes between Syria and Persia to the north, and Yemen and Africa to the south. As a result, the Qurayshee trading class became the richest class among the families in Arabia, which in turn led to the great respect that was given to the Qurayshee tribe by the various tribes of Arabia.