Katika mahakama ya Kiislamu ni jaji mmoja tu anayewajibika kwa kesi yoyote. Yeye ndiye aliye na mamlaka ya kutoa hukumu kwa msingi wa Qur'ani na Sunnah. Majaji wengine wanaweza tu kutoa ushauri au kusaidia, endapo watapewa ombi la kufanya hivyo na jaji anayeongoza kesi.

In an Islamic law court only one judge is responsible for any trial. He has the authority to pronounce judgements based on the Qur’an and Sunnah. Other judges may only advise or assist, if requested to do so by the presiding judge.

Adhabu za Kiislamu zinaweza kutekelezwa tu pale ushahidi unapothibitika kuwa wa uhakika na masharti yote husika yanapotimizwa (kwa mfano, mashahidi wanne wa kuthibitisha zinaa). Iwapo kuna shaka yoyote juu ya ushahidi, kesi nzima hutupiliwa mbali.

Islamic punishments can only be administered when the evidence is proven to be definite and all relevant conditions are met (for example four witnesses to prove adultery). If there is any doubt over the evidence the whole case is thrown out.

Kuna aina tatu za hakimu katika Uislamu:

There are three types of judge in Islam :

1) Qadi ‘Aam - mwenye jukumu la kusuluhisha mizozo miongoni mwa watu, kwa mfano masuala ya kila siku kuhusu ardhi, ajali za magari, ajali nyingine n.k.

1) Qadi ‘Aam - responsible for settling disputes among the people, e.g. everyday issues over land, car crashes, accidents etc.

2) Qadi Muhtasib - Mtu anayehusika na kutatua migogoro inayotokea kati ya Ummah na watu wowote wanaoidhuru jamii kwa ujumla, kwa mfano kupiga kelele mitaani, kudanganya sokoni n.k.

2) Qadi Muhtasib - Responsible for resolving disputes that arise between the Ummah and any people who harm the society at large, e.g. shouting in the streets, cheating in the market etc.

3) Qadi Madhaalim - ndiye anayeshughulikia migogoro kati ya watu na maafisa wa Dola. Anaweza kumwondoa madarakani mtawala yeyote au afisa yeyote wa serikali, ikiwa ni pamoja na Khalifah.

3) Qadi Madhaalim - who deals with disputes between the people and the State officials. He can dismiss any ruler or government official, including the Khaleefah.

Khalifa wa pili ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (Amiri wa Waislamu kati ya mwaka 634 na 644 BK) ndiye wa kwanza kuanzisha magereza na jela huko Makka.

The second Khaleefah ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (Amir of the Muslims between 634-644 CE) was the first to set up jails and prisons in Makkah.

Chini ya Mfumo wa Mahakama, kila mtu, awe Mwislamu au si Mwislamu, mwanaume au mwanamke, mshtakiwa na mtuhumiwa, ana haki ya kuteua mwakilishi au wakala.

Under the Judicial System, every person, Muslim or non-Muslim, male or female, defendant and accused has the right to appoint a representative or proxy.

Hakukuwa na tofauti kati ya mahakama za kiraia na za jinai kama tunavyoziona leo katika nchi za Kiislamu, kwa mfano Pakistan, ambako sehemu za Uislamu na sehemu za kufuru zinatumika pamoja. Dola ya Kiislamu itatumia tu vyanzo vya sheria ya Kiislamu, yaani Qur'an na Sunnah (na kila kinachotokana nazo), kama marejeo yake.

There is no distinction between civil and criminal courts as we see today in Muslim countries, e.g. Pakistan where both parts of Islam and parts of kufr are applied. The Islamic State will only use the sources of Islamic law, i.e. the Qur’an and the Sunnah (and whatever derives from them), as its reference.

Adhabu za Kiislamu zitatekelezwa bila kuchelewa wala kusita. Hakuna mtu atakayeadhibiwa isipokuwa kwa amri ya mahakama. Zaidi ya hayo, aina yoyote ya mateso ya kumtesa mtu hairuhusiwi.

Islamic punishments will be executed without delay or hesitation. No-one is to be punished except by a rule of court. In addition, any means of torture is not permissible.

Chini ya mfumo wa Kiislamu, mtu aliyedhulumiwa kwa uhalifu ana haki ya kumsamehe mtuhumiwa au kudai fidia (yaani qisas) kwa uhalifu huo - isipokuwa sheria za hudud, ambazo ni haki ya Allah (SWT).

Under the Islamic system a person aggrieved of a crime has the right to forgive the accused or demand compensation (i.e. qisas) for a crime - except for hadud laws, which are the right of Allah (swt).

Adhabu ya Kiislamu ya kukatwa mkono hutekelezwa tu iwapo masharti saba yatatimizwa. Masharti hayo ni:

The Islamic punishment of hand-cutting only applies if seven conditions are fulfilled. These are :

1) Mashahidi wawili (ambao ushahidi wao hauna mgongano wala kosa).

1) Two witnesses (with no contradiction or error in their testimonies).

2) Thamani ya bidhaa zilizoibwa lazima izidi robo dinari (gramu 4.25 za dhahabu).

2) The value of the stolen goods must exceed 1/4 of a dinar in value (4.25g of gold).

3) Haiwezi kuwa chakula (ikiwa mwizi alikuwa na njaa).

3) Cannot be food (if the thief was hungry).

4) Hawezi kuwa kutoka katika familia ya mwizi.

4) Cannot be from the thief’s family.

5) Bidhaa lazima ziwe halali kwa asili yake (kwa mfano, si pombe).

5) Goods must be halal in nature (e.g. not alcohol).

6) Lazima iibiwe kutoka mahali pa usalama.

6) Must be stolen from a secure place.

7) Lazima kusiwe na shaka yoyote juu ya bidhaa hizo (yaani, mwizi hana kabisa haki juu yake, kwa mfano pesa kutoka hazina ya umma).

7) Must be no doubt on the goods (i.e. the thief definitely has no right over it, e.g. money from the public treasury).

Katika kipindi chote cha miaka 1300 ya utawala wa Kiislamu, watu takriban 200 tu ndio waliokatwa mikono kwa kosa la wizi.

Throughout the entire 1300 years of Islamic rule only around 200 people had their hand cut off for theft.

Mtu yeyote ana haki ya kumpeleka kiongozi mahakamani, kuzungumza naye au kumkosoa iwapo amemkosea mtu huyo kwa namna yoyote ile. Hili lilikuwa hivyo wakati mwanamke mmoja alipomrekebisha 'Umar ibn al-Khattab kuhusu kosa alilolifanya kuhusu thamani ya mahari.

Any person has the right to take the leader to court, speak to him or criticise him if he has done any transgressions towards him or her. This was the case when a woman in the time of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab corrected him over a mistake he made about the value of the dowry.

Heshima ya raia ni amana takatifu juu ya Ummah. Adhabu ya kumtuhumu Mwislamu mwingine kwa uzinifu bila kuleta mashahidi wanne wa kuthibitisha madai hayo ni viboko 80.

The honour of a citizen is a sacred trust upon the Ummah. The punishment for accusing another Muslim of being unchaste without producing four witnesses to substantiate the claim is 80 lashes.

Kuna aina nne za adhabu katika Mfumo wa Sheria wa Kiislamu:

There are four categories of punishment in the Islamic Judicial System:

Hadud - Haki ya Allah (SWT), kwa mfano zinaa (mapigo 100), kuritadi (adhabu ya kifo).

Hadud - The right of Allah (swt), e.g. fornication (100 lashes), apostasy (death).

Al-Jynayaat - Haki ya mtu binafsi. Yeye anaweza kumsamehe mhalifu, kwa mfano katika kesi ya mauaji, madhara ya mwili.

Al-Jynayaat - The right of the individual. He/she may forgive the criminal, e.g. murder, bodily harm.

Al-Ta‘azir - Haki ya jamii - masuala yanayoathiri maisha ya kila siku ya umma kwa ujumla, k.m. kutupa takataka hovyo, kudanganya sokoni.

Al-Ta‘azir - The right of the community - those issues that affect the every day life of the general public, e.g. littering, cheating in the market.

Al-Mukhalafat - Haki ya Dola - masuala yanayohusu uendeshaji wa Dola, kwa mfano kuvunja kikomo cha mwendo kasi.

Al-Mukhalafat - The right of the State - issues affecting the running of the State, e.g. breaking the speed limit.