8.3.9 Mahusiano na Ndoa (Nikah) - Utangulizi wa Mfumo wa Uislamu | Quran Course

8.3.9 Mahusiano na Ndoa (Nikah) - Utangulizi wa Mfumo wa Uislamu | Quran Course

Ndoa inasisitizwa sana katika Uislamu, na wanaume na wanawake wanahimizwa kuoa mara tu wanapoweza (yaani wamekomaa kimwili na wana uwezo wa kumtunza mke). Kwa kweli, ndoa inachukuliwa kuwa ni tendo la ibada, na kila tendo la kutimiza haja baina ya mume na mke ni sadaka.

Marriage is highly recommended in Islam, with men and women being encouraged to marry as soon as they are able (i.e. physically mature and capable of supporting a wife). It is in fact seen as an act of worship, and every act of fulfilment between husband and wife is a charity.

Anas (ra) alisimulia kwamba Mtume ﷺ alisema: "Mtu anapooa, amekamilisha nusu ya dini yake, basi na amche Allah kuhusu nusu iliyobaki."

Anas (ra) narrated that the Prophet (saw) said, “When a man marries, he has fulfilled half of his deen, so let him fear Allah regarding the remaining half.”.

Ndoa inachukuliwa kuwa ushirikiano wa kimaisha kati ya mwanaume na mwanamke, tofauti na ubia. Malengo ya ndoa ni mawili:

Marriage is regarded as a companionship between men and women, as opposed to a partnership. The objectives of marriage are two :

Kufurahia kampuni ya mtu wa jinsia tofauti.

To enjoy the company of a member of the opposite sex.

Kupata watoto, na hivyo kuhakikisha kuendelea kwa jamii ya binadamu.

To have children thereby guaranteeing the continuity of the human race.

Mkataba wa ndoa unaitwa nikah, na ni mkataba baina ya mwanamume na mwanamke ambao masharti yake yote lazima yatimizwe ili uwe sahihi na halali. Masharti hayo ni pamoja na:

The contract of marriage is called nikah, and it is a contract between a man and a woman of which all the conditions must be fulfilled for it to be correct and valid. These include:

Ijabu na Qabul.

Offer and acceptance.

Hakuna kulazimishwa wala shuruti.

No compulsion or duress.

Mashahidi wawili.

Two witnesses.

Walii wa ndoa (mlezi wa bibi harusi).

Waliy amr (guardian of the bride).

Malipo ya mahari (mahari, si lazima yawe pesa) kutoka kwa mwanaume kwenda kwa mwanamke.

Payment of mahr (dowry, not necessarily money) from the man to the woman.

Mwanamume na mwanamke hawako mahram kwa kila mmoja.

The man and woman are not mahram to each other.

Mwanamke huyo hayuko katika kipindi chake cha 'iddah (kipindi cha kusubiri).

The woman is not in her ‘iddah (waiting period).

Mwanamume na mwanamke wanaruhusiwa kuoana (k.m. mwanamke hajaolewa).

The man and woman are eligible for marriage (e.g. woman is unmarried).

Mwanamke Mwislamu lazima aolewe tu na mwanaume Mwislamu, na ni haramu kwake kuolewa na mwanaume wa imani nyingine yoyote. Kuhusu ndoa ya wanawake waumini, Allah (SWT) anasema,

The Muslim woman must only marry a Muslim man, and it is forbidden for her to marry a man of any other belief. Regarding the marriage of believing women, Allah (swt) says,.

"Hawawi halali kwa makafiri, wala makafiri hawahalali kwao." [TMQ 60:10]

“They are not lawful for the disbelievers, nor are the disbelievers lawful for them.” [TMQ 60:10].

Hata hivyo, inaruhusiwa kwa Mwislamu mwanaume kumwoa mwanamke asiye Mwislamu kutoka miongoni mwa Watu wa Kitabu (Myahudi au Mkristo), mradi wawe wenye usafi na wasiwe wameolewa. Allah (SWT) anasema,

However, it is permitted for the Muslim man to marry a non-Muslim woman from the People of the Book (Jew or Christian), provided that they are chaste and unmarried. Allah (swt) says,.

"Mmehalalishwa kwenu kuoa si wanawake wema wenye kuamini tu, bali pia wanawake wema miongoni mwa watu wa Kitabu walioteremshiwa kabla ya wakati wenu, mtakapowapa mahari yao na mkataka kujihifadhi, si kwa uasherati wala kwa kuchukua wanawake kwa siri." [TMQ 5:5].

“Lawful unto you in marriage are not only the chaste women who are believers, but chaste women among the people of the Book revealed before your time, when you give them their due dowers and desire chastity, not lewdness nor secret intrigues.” [TMQ 5:5].

Ndani ya mfumo wa ndoa, Sharia imebainisha majukumu na wajibu tofauti alio nao mwanamume na mwanamke. Haya yanakamilishana kikamilifu, kiasi kwamba maisha kati ya mwanamume na mwanamke yanajaa maelewano na utulivu.

Within the framework of marriage, the Shari‘ah has defined different roles and duties that men and women have. They complement each other perfectly, such that the life between man and woman is filled with harmony and tranquillity.

Moja ya masharti ya ndoa ni kwamba mwenza asiwe miongoni mwa makundi yaliyoharamishwa (mahaarim).

One of the conditions of marriage is that the partner must not be from the forbidden categories (maharim).

Maharimu wa mwanaume ni pamoja na: mama yake, wake wa baba yake, wake wa wanawe, bibi zake wawili, binti zake, wajukuu wake wa kike, dada zake, shangazi zake wa upande wa baba na wa upande wa mama, shangazi wakubwa wa familia yake, wapwa wake wa kike, mama wa mke wake, mama zake wa kunyonyesha na mama zao na binti zao, na dada zake wa kunyonyesha.

The maharim of the man include : his mother, the wives of his father, his sons wives, the two grandmothers, his daughters, his grand-daughters, his sisters, his paternal and maternal aunts, his great aunts, his nieces, his wife’s mother, his mothers by breast feeding and their mothers and daughters and his sisters by breast feeding.

Mahram wa wanawake hubainika kwa kuzingatia kinyume cha uelewa wa mahram wa mwanaume uliotolewa hapo juu.

The maharim of the women become clear given the opposite understanding of the maharim of the man given above.

Katika hali zote hizi, ingawa ndoa kati yao ni haramu, inaruhusiwa kwao kuchanganyika kwa uhuru katika maeneo ya faragha na ya hadharani. Allah (SWT) anasema,.

In all these cases, while it is forbidden for marriage to occur between them, it is permitted for them to mix freely in the private and public areas. Allah (swt) says,.

"Wamekatazwa kuoa: mama zenu, binti zenu, dada zenu, shangazi zenu upande wa baba, shangazi zenu upande wa mama, binti za kaka zenu, binti za dada zenu, mama zenu wa kunyonyesha, dada zenu wa kunyonyesha, mama wa wake zenu, na watoto wa kambo walio chini ya uangalizi wenu, waliozaliwa na wake zenu mliokwisha lala nao - lakini kama hamjalala nao, basi si dhambi kwenu (kuoa binti zao) - na wake wa watoto wenu wa kuzaa. Na mmekatazwa kuwaoa dada wawili kwa pamoja, isipokuwa yale yaliyokwisha tokea kabla. Hakika Allah ni Mwingi wa kusamehe, Mwenye kurehemu." [TMQ 4:23].

“Forbidden unto you are your mothers, and your daughters, and your sisters, and your father’s sisters, and your mother’s sisters, and your brother’s daughters and your sister’s daughters, and your foster mothers, and your foster sisters, and your mothers-in-law, and your step daughters who are under your protection (born) of your women unto whom you have gone in - but if you have not gone in unto them, then it is no sin for you (to marry their daughters) - and the wives of your own sons who spring from your own loins. And it is forbidden unto you that you should marry two sisters together, except what has already happened of that nature in the past. Lo! Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful.” [TMQ 4:23].

Shemeji wa mwanaume hawezi kuolewa na yeye wakati bado yuko kwenye ndoa na dada yake. Hata hivyo, licha ya hili, hawezi kuchanganyika kwa uhuru na shemeji yake kama anavyoweza kuchanganyika na mahram wengine. Vilevile, mwanamke hawezi kuchanganyika kwa uhuru na shemeji yake wa kiume. ‘Aqabah ibn ‘Aamir alisimulia kwamba Mtume ﷺ alisema: “Msiwakaribie wanawake wanapokuwa peke yao.” Mwanaume mmoja kutoka kwa Answar akasema: “Vipi kuhusu kaka wakubwa na wadogo wa mume?” Mtume ﷺ akasema: “Kuwa karibu nao kunapaswa kuepukwa kama mauti.”

The sister in law of a man cannot be married by him while he is still married to her sister. However despite this, he cannot mix freely with his sister in law as he can with the other maharim. Similarly, the woman cannot mix freely with her brother-in-law. ‘Aqabah ibn Amir narrated that the Prophet (saw) said, “Do not go near women when they are alone.” A man from the Ansar said, “What about the husband’s elder and younger brothers?” The Prophet (saw) said, “Intimacy with them is to be avoided as death.”.

Allah (SWT) anasema,

Allah (swt) says,.

"Wanaume ni walinzi na wasimamizi wa wanawake, kwa sababu Mwenyezi Mungu amewapa baadhi yao nguvu zaidi kuliko wengine, na kwa sababu wanawatolea kutokana na mali zao. Basi wanawake wema ni wenye kumtii Mwenyezi Mungu kwa unyenyekevu, na wanalinda (wakati wa kutokuwepo mume) yale ambayo Mwenyezi Mungu ameamuru walinde." [TMQ 4:34].

“Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has given the one more strength than the other and because they support them from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient and guard (in the husband’s absence) what Allah would have them guard.” [TMQ 4:34].

Ibn ‘Umar alisimulia, Mtume ﷺ alisema: “Kila mmoja wenu ni mlezi na atawajibishwa kwa anaowalea. Kiongozi ni mlezi (wa watu wake), mwanamume ni mlezi wa wanafamilia wa nyumbani mwake, na mwanamke ni mlezi na atawajibishwa kwa nyumba ya mumewe na watoto wake. Basi kila mmoja wenu ni mlezi na atawajibishwa kwa anaowalea.” Bukhari na Muslim.

Ibn ‘Umar narrated, the Prophet (saw) said, “Each of you is a guardian and is responsible for his ward. The ruler is a guardian (over his people) and the man is a guardian of the members of his household, and the woman is guardian and is responsible for her husband’s house and his offspring, and so each of you is a guardian and is responsible for his ward.” Bukhari and Muslim.

'Aisha (ra) alisimulia kwamba Mtume ﷺ alisema: "Mke anapotoa chakula cha nyumba yake bila kuharibu, atapata thawabu ya alichotoa, na mumewe pia atapata thawabu kwa alichokipata, na vivyo hivyo mhifadhi wa ghala. Hakuna hata mmoja wao atakayepunguziwa chochote katika thawabu ya mwenzake." Bukhari.

‘A’isha (ra) narrated that the Prophet (saw) said, “When a wife spends food of her house without spoiling, there is for her its reward for what she gives away, and there is also reward for her husband for what he earns, and the like (reward) for the storekeeper - none of them diminishing anything from the reward of another.” Bukhari.

Ushahidi huu, pamoja na mwingine, unaweka msingi ambao kutokana nao kunapatikana ufahamu wa haki na wajibu wa mume na mke kwa kila mmoja ndani ya mfumo wa maisha ya ndoa. Haya yameainishwa hapa chini.

These evidences, among others, define the basis from which come the understanding of the rights and duties of the husband and wife to each other within the framework of married life. These are outlined below.

Majukumu makuu ya mke ni:

The main responsibilities of the wife are :

Utii na kuomba ruhusa ya mumewe.

Obedience and taking permission of her husband.

Kulinda mali ya mumewe: Hii inajumuisha pesa zake, mali zake isiyohamishika, n.k.

Looking after her husbands wealth : This includes his money, property etc.

Ustawi wa mumewe: Lazima ahakikishe kwamba mahitaji ya mumewe yanatunzwa.

Welfare of her husband : She must ensure that her husband’s needs are taken care of.

Kuwatunza watoto.

Looking after the children.

Haki kuu za mke kwa mumewe ni:

The main rights of the wife from her husband are :

Ushirikiano: Ni haki ya mke kwamba mumewe ampe ushirikiano na adumishe mazingira ya upendo na mapenzi kwake.

Companionship : It is the right of the wife that her husband gives her companionship and maintains an environment of love and affection for her.

Matumizi na makazi: Mume lazima amtunzie mahitaji yake ya kimwili, amtafutie makazi, na ampe chochote anachohitaji ili atimize wajibu wake kama mke. Hii inajumuisha kumpa vitu anavyoweza kujipamba navyo na kujifanya mrembo.

Spending and shelter : The husband must look after her material needs, provide shelter for her, and give her anything she needs to fulfil her role as a wife. This includes providing things for her which she can use to adorn herself and make herself beautiful.

Khul‘a (Haki ya talaka): Mke anaweza kuomba kutengana na mumewe ikiwa hana furaha katika ndoa. Kuna sababu tatu ambazo kwazo anaweza kufanya hivyo: a) Mume anamdhuru moja kwa moja, kwa mfano kumpiga; b) Mume anamdhuru kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja, kwa mfano kutomtunza yeye au watoto wake; c) Anamchukia mume wake.

Khul‘a (Right of divorce) : The wife can ask for separation from her husband if she is unhappy with the marriage. There are three reasons for which she can do this : a) He harms her directly, e.g. beating her, b) He harms her indirectly, e.g. not providing for her or her children, c) She hates him.

Malezi ya watoto: Ni haki ya mke endapo ndoa itavunjika kuwa na malezi ya watoto mradi wawe chini ya umri wa miaka saba.

Custody of the children : It is the right of the wife if the marriage ends to have custody of the children as long as they are below the age of seven.

Kutokana na maelezo haya, inaonekana wazi kwamba maelezo ya haki na wajibu hawa wa wanaume na wanawake yanakamilishana kikamilifu. Katika Uislamu, hakuna suala la kupigania haki, wala mzozo kati ya majukumu ambayo kila mmoja anayatekeleza. Yote haya yamebainishwa na Allah (SWT), kwa hiyo kutii hayo kunamaanisha kwamba wanaume na wanawake wanaachiliwa huru kutokana na dhuluma na utawala wa jinsia nyingine.

From these descriptions, it can be seen that the details of these rights and duties for both men and women complement each other perfectly. In Islam, there is no issue of struggle for rights, or disputes between the roles that each fulfils. These are all defined by Allah (swt), so obedience to them means that men and women are freed from oppression and dominance by members of the opposite sex.

Hakika, Uislamu unawalazimu mume na mke kufanya juhudi zao zote ili kudumisha uhusiano mzuri na wa ushirikiano baina yao.

Indeed, Islam obliges that husband and wife make the utmost efforts to keep a beautiful and co-operative relationship with each other.

Abu Hurayrah (ra) ameripoti kwamba Mtume ﷺ alisema: "Muumini aliye mkamilifu zaidi katika imani ni yule aliye bora zaidi wao katika tabia, na walio bora zaidi miongoni mwenu ni wale walio bora zaidi kwa wake zao." Tirmidhi.

Abu Hurayrah (ra) reported that the Prophet (saw) said, “The most perfect of the believers in faith is he who is best of them in conduct, and the best of you are those who are best to their wives.” Tirmidhi.

‘Abdullah ibn ‘Amr alipokea kutoka kwa Mtume ﷺ kwamba alisema: “Dunia yote ni starehe ya muda, na starehe bora kabisa ya dunia ni mwanamke mwema.” Muslim

‘Abdullah ibn Amr reported that the Prophet (saw) said, “The whole world is a provision, and the best object of benefit of the world is the pious woman.” Muslim