7.3.4 Aina za Mali - Utangulizi wa Mfumo wa Uislamu | Quran Course

7.3.4 Aina za Mali - Utangulizi wa Mfumo wa Uislamu | Quran Course

Hii inafafanuliwa kama bidhaa ambazo Uislamu umezifanya kuwa mali ya Waislamu wote kwa pamoja, kiasi kwamba watu binafsi wanaruhusiwa kuzitumia, lakini wamekatazwa kuzimiliki kama mali yao binafsi.

This is defined as the commodities which Islam has made the property of Muslims as a whole, such that individuals are allowed to utilise them, but are forbidden from owning them as their own property.

Bidhaa hizi zimegawanywa katika makundi makuu matatu:

These commodities come under three main categories :

a) Huduma za jamii ambazo bila hizo maisha ya kila siku ya jamii hayawezi kwenda vizuri. Chini ya kundi hili huingia vitu kama akiba ya maji au mafuta. Muhammad ﷺ alisema: "Watu ni washirika katika mambo matatu: maji, malisho na moto."

a) The utilities of the community without which the everyday life of the community cannot properly function. Under this category comes things like water or oil reserves. Muhammad (saw) said, “The people are partners in three things : water, pastures and fire.”.

Hata hivyo, amri hii haizuiliwi kwa mambo haya matatu tu, bali inajumuisha kila kitu ambacho ni hitaji la pamoja kwa jamii nzima. Mitambo yote inayotumika kwa madhumuni kama hayo pia inachukuliwa kuwa mali ya umma, kama ile inayohitajika kuchota maji kwa matumizi ya umma, mabomba ya kusafirisha maji kwa watumiaji, au vituo vya umeme wa maji pamoja na nguzo zake na nyaya za usambazaji, n.k.

However, the order is not restricted to these three things, but it includes everything that is a common need for the whole community. All machinery used for such purposes is similarly regarded as public property, like that required for drawing water for public use, the pipes for transporting water to consumers, or hydro-electric power stations and their pylons and distribution cables etc.

b) Bidhaa ambazo kwa asili yake haziwezi kumilikiwa na mtu binafsi, kama vile bahari, mito, bustani za umma, misikiti na barabara kuu za umma. Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alisema: "Yeyote anayefika Mina kwanza ana haki juu yake."

b) Commodities that by their nature cannot be an individuals property like the seas, rivers, public parks, mosques and public highways. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said, “Whoever reaches Mina first has the right to it.”.

Kundi hili linajumuisha treni na aina nyingine za usafiri wa umma, au mifereji ya maji taka kando ya barabara za umma; haya hayawezi kuwa mali ya mtu binafsi kwa kuwa ni mali ya umma.

This category includes trains and other forms of public transportation, or sewerage drains along the public roads; they cannot be an individuals property for they belong to the public.

c) Madini asilia yasiyohesabiwa. Hizi ni pamoja na madini mengi, kama chumvi, magnesiamu au shaba, ambayo yapo kwa wingi mkubwa. Hayo ni mali ya Waislamu wote, na kumiliki kwa mtu binafsi au kwa kampuni kwa hayo ni haramu. Uchimbaji, utengenezaji, uhifadhi au usambazaji wa madini haya hautolewi kwa watu binafsi au kampuni kwa njia ya kipekee. Ni lazima yabaki kuwa mali ya pamoja ya Waislamu wote. Dola, kama mwakilishi wa Waislamu, yenyewe ndiyo inapaswa kuyachimba au kuwapa wengine kazi ya kuyakusanya, na mapato yote yahifadhiwe katika Bait al-Mal (hazina ya dola). Kisheria hakuna tofauti kati ya madini yaliyo wazi kwenye migodi, kama chumvi na antimoni sulfidi (mascara), na yale yaliyofichika ndani kabisa ya ardhi na ni magumu kuchimba, kama dhahabu, fedha, chuma, uranium n.k. Sababu ya Sharia kwa hili inatokana na simulizi ya Abaydh bin Hamman al-Mazni kwamba aliomba kwa Mtume ﷺ amgawie mali fulani katika Ma'reb, naye ﷺ akampa. Alipogeuka kurudi, Mtume ﷺ aliulizwa: "Ewe Mtume wa Allah, je, unajua ulichompa? Umemgawia maji yasiyohesabiwa." Msimulizi alisema: "Naye ﷺ akamchukulia tena."

c) Natural uncounted minerals. These include the many minerals, such as salt, magnesium or copper, which are vast in quantity. They are the property of all Muslims and individual or corporate possession of these things is forbidden. The mining, manufacture, storage or distribution of these minerals is not given to individuals or companies on an exclusive basis. It is necessary that they remain the common property of all Muslims. The State as the representative of the Muslims should itself mine them or sub-contract their collection, and all revenues should be kept in the Bait al-Mal (the State treasury). There is no difference, as regards the law, between the minerals whether they are in open mines like salt and antimony sulphide (mascara) or if they are deeply hidden underground and difficult to mine, like gold, silver, iron, uranium etc. The Shari’ah reason for this derives from the narration of Abaydh ibn Hamman al-Mazni that he requested the Messenger of Allah (saw) to allot him certain property in the Ma’reb, which he (saw) gave to him. When he turned back, the Messenger of Allah (saw) was asked, “O Messenger of Allah, do you know what you have given him? You allotted to him unaccounted water.” The narrator said, “He (saw) took it back from him.”.

Kuhusu kiasi kidogo cha madini kama mapambo ya dhahabu au fedha, ni halali kwa watu binafsi kuyamiliki. Kwa mfano, Mtume wa Mwenyezi Mungu ﷺ alimpa Bilal ibn al-Haris al-Mazni madini ya Qabaliyh huko al-Hijaz. Bilal alikuwa amemwomba Mtume wa Mwenyezi Mungu ﷺ amgawie hayo, basi yeye ﷺ akafanya hivyo na kumfanya kuwa mmiliki wake.

As regards small amounts of minerals like ornaments of gold or silver, it is allowed for individuals to own them. As an example, the Messenger of Allah (saw) allotted Bilal ibn al-Haris al-Mazni the minerals of Qabaliyh in al-Hijaz. Bilal had asked the Messenger of Allah (saw) to allot it to him therefore he (saw) did so and made him the owner..

Kwa kuwa Mali ya Umma ni mali ya Waislamu wote, basi ni haki ya kila mtu mmoja mmoja kufaidika na matumizi yake. Ikiwa bidhaa za mali hii ni za aina ambazo kila mtu anaweza kuzitumia moja kwa moja, kama maji, malisho, umeme, barabara za umma, mito na bahari, basi anaruhusiwa kufanya hivyo mwenyewe.

Since the Public Porperty is the property of all Muslims, it is accordingly the right of every individual to enjoy its utilisation. If the commodities of this property are such that every person can utilise them directly, like water, pasture, electricity, public roads, rivers and seas, then he is allowed to do so by himself.

Hata hivyo, ikiwa bidhaa za Mali ya Umma ni za aina ambayo si rahisi kwa kila mtu mmoja kuzitumia moja kwa moja, kama mafuta na madini, basi ni jukumu la Dola kuyachimba na kukusanya mapato yake katika Bait al-Mal, na kwa Khalifa kutumia kutoka humo kwa namna zenye manufaa kwa Waislamu wote. Inawezekana akaamua kusimamia ugawaji wa bidhaa na mapato hayo kwa njia mbalimbali:

However, if the commodities of Public Property are such that they are not easy for every individual to make use of directly, like oil and minerals, then it is for the State to mine them and collect their revenues in Bait al-Mal and for the Khaleefah to spend from it in ways that are useful to all Muslims. It is possible that he decides to undertake the distibution of the products and revenues in a variety of ways :

a) Inaweza kutumiwa kwa ajili ya uendeshaji na uchimbaji wa bidhaa za Mali ya Umma, pamoja na majengo ya umma, wafanyakazi, washauri, wataalamu, mitambo na viwanda.

a) It can be spent on the running and mining of Public Property commodities, as well as on public buildings, staff, advisors, experts, machinery and factories.

b) Inaweza kutumika kwa ajili ya Waislamu kwa kuwa wao ndio wamiliki wa pamoja wa bidhaa hizo. Kiongozi anaweza kugawa miongoni mwao vitu kama maji, gesi, mafuta au umeme bila malipo, au anaweza kuwapa fedha kutoka mapato yao kulingana na hali ya Waislamu, kwa ajili ya maslahi yao ya jumla.

b) It can be spent upon the Muslims since they are the common owners of the commodities. He can distribute amongst them things like water, gas, oil or electricity without charge or he can grant them money from their revenues according to the situation of Muslims for their general betterment.

c) Anaweza kuchukua kutoka humo mapato ya kutumia katika jihadi na yale ambayo jihadi inayahitaji, kama vile viwanda vya silaha, kuanzisha jeshi, na matumizi mengine ya Bait al-Mal ambayo Dola inalazimika kuwapatia watu.

c) He can take from it revenue to spend on jihad and what the jihad requires such as ordinance factories, establishing the army and other expenses of Bait al-Mal which are obligatory for the State to provide for the people.

Hii inajumuisha kila aina ya mali ya ardhi au jengo ambalo linahusiana na haki ya umma na ambalo halijumuishwi katika Mali ya Umma. Kwa hiyo Mali ya Dola inajumuisha vitu vinavyoweza kumilikiwa na mtu binafsi, kama ardhi, majengo na vitu vinavyohamishika. Kundi hili linajumuisha majengo ya ofisi za serikali, au fedha za serikali. Umma una haki juu ya mali hizi, na kwa hiyo uendeshaji wake na usimamizi wa matumizi yake umekabidhiwa kwa Khaleefah (yaani, kwa Dola), kwa sababu ana wajibu wa kutekeleza mamlaka yake kuhusu kila kitu kinachohusiana na haki ya umma, kama jangwa, milima, kingo za mito, ardhi isiyolimwa ambayo haimilikiwi na watu, majengo na mali ambayo Dola imeinunua na kuifanya inafaa kwa makazi, au ambayo imeitwaa kutoka kwa maadui katika vita, kama majengo ya idara za serikali, shule, hospitali na kadhalika.

This includes every commodity of land or building which is connected to the right of the public and is not included in the Public Property. So the State Property consists of things that are liable to individual possession such as land, buildings and moveable things. Included within this category are state office buildings, or state money. The public has a right to these and therefore their running and control over use is given to the Khaleefah (i.e. to the State) because he has the resposibility to exercise his powers regarding everything that is associated with the public right, like deserts, mountains, river banks, uncultivated lands not owned by people, buildings and property which the State has purchased and made suitable for dwelling, or has captured from enemies in war like state department buildings, schools, hospitals and the like.

Dola ina haki ya kutoa sehemu ya mali yake kwa watu binafsi, kama ardhi na majengo, kwa kuwa Khalifa anaweza kuwapa watu hayo kwa msingi wa umiliki na matumizi, au kwa msingi wa matumizi pekee, au watu wanaweza kuruhusiwa kulima ardhi iliyokufa na kwa njia hiyo kupata umiliki wake. Kwa njia yoyote ile mali ya Dola inavyotumiwa, ni kwa manufaa ya raia.

The State has the right to give of its property to individuals, such as lands and buildings, because the Khaleefah can give them to the people on an ownership and utilisation basis, or on the basis of utilisation only, or people can be permitted to cultivate dead land and thereby acquire its ownership.Whichever way the State Property is used, it is for the good of the citizens.

Kupitia kanuni hizi za umiliki, Uislamu unahakikisha kwamba kila mtu anapata kile anachostahili kwa haki kutoka kwa Muumba wake, tofauti na, kwa mfano, mfumo wa Kibepari ambapo ni wale tu wanaoshiriki katika mchakato wa uzalishaji ndio wenye haki ya mali. Wakati huo huo, unawapa watu motisha kamili ya kushiriki kikamilifu katika uchumi, kwa kutoweka kikomo cha kiasi gani wanaweza kumiliki. Pia, unahakikisha haki za watu juu ya mali ambayo Allah (SWT) amewapa, na unazuia watu wenye tamaa kuinyonya na kuihodhi kwa gharama ya wengine.

Through these ownership principles, Islam ensures that everyone gets what is rightfully due to him from his Creator unlike, for example, the Capitalist system where only those who take part in the production process have the right to wealth. At the same time, it gives full incentives to individuals to fully participate in the economy by not imposing a limit on how much they can own. As well, it guarantees the rights of the people over the wealth that Allah (swt) has endowed upon them, and prevents greedy individuals from exploiting and monopolising it at the expense of others.