Aqsaam (Nau'o'in) Al-'Urf
Aqsaam (categories Of) Al-‘urf
Ko dai 'Urf ɗin ko dai 'Urf ne mai fasadi wanda ba a karɓa, ko kuwa 'Urf ne mai inganci wanda aka raba shi gida biyu: Qawliy (wanda ya dogara da magana) da 'Amaliy (wanda ya dogara da aiki). Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan kuma an ƙara raba shi zuwa 'Aamm (na gama-gari) da Khaass (na musamman).
The ‘Urf is either a Faasid ‘Urf which is not taken, or a Saheeh ‘Urf which is divided into two types: Qawliy (speech based) and ‘Amaliy (practical/action based). Each of these is further divided into the ‘Aamm (general) and the Khaass (specific).
1 – Al-‘Urf Al-Qawliy wanda ake rarrabawa zuwa al-‘Aamm da al-Khaass:
1 – Al-‘Urf Al-Qawliy which is divided into the ‘Aamm and the Khaass:
Amma 'Urf Al-Qawliy Al-'Aamm kuwa yana kama da amfani da lafzin 'Ad-Daabbah ga kowace dabba banda mutum, alhali asalin lafzin an sanya shi ne don nuna duk abin da ke tafiya a bisa fuskar kasa, har da mutum.
- As for the ‘Urf Al-Qawliy Al-‘Aamm then this is like the usage of the Lafzh (wording) ‘Ad-Daabbah for every animal other than the human being whilst the Lafzh (worded expression) was originally placed down to indicate everything that moved upon the face of earth including the human.
'Urf al-Qawliy al-Khaass ya zo ne a matsayin abin da ya keɓanta ga wani nau'i ko rukuni na ilimomi, kamar ƙayyadaddun kalmomi (Istilaah) da malaman Nahw da Sarf na Larabci suka amince da su. Wannan ya haɗa da kalmomi kamar Al-Mubtada', Al-Khabar, Al-Jaarr, Al-Majroor da Al-Maf'ool Al-Mutlaq, misali. Haka kuma ya haɗa da kalmomin da malaman lissafi, kimiyyar ilimin abubuwa (physics) da sinadarai (chemistry) suka karɓa suka yi amfani da su, tare da sauran ilimomi.
- As for the ‘Urf Al-Qawliy Al-‘Khaass, then this is what is specific to a particular category or type from the ‘Uloom (sciences) like the agreed upon terminology (Istilaah) employed by the scholars of Arabic Nahw and Sarf (i.e. grammar). This would include the terms Al-Mubtada’, Al-Khabar, Al-Jaarr, Al-Majroor and Al-Maf’ool Al-Mutlaq, for instance. Or the Istilaah (terminology) used and adopted by the scholars of mathematics, physics and chemistry amongst other sciences.
2 – Al-'Urf Al-'Amaliy, wanda shi ma ya kasu zuwa al-'Aamm da al-Khaass:
2 – Al-‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy which is also divided into the ‘Aamm and the Khaass:
- Dangane da ‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy Al-‘Aamm (al'adar aiki ta gama-gari), to wannan shi ne abin da mutanen wata ƙasa suke yi gaba ɗaya a aikace. Misali shi ne shiga bandakuna ba tare da an ƙayyade tsawon lokacin da za a ɗauka a ciki ba, ko kuma yadda mutane suke yin ciniki ta hanyar aiki ba tare da furta kalmomin tayi da karɓa ba. Wannan shi ne inda ɗaya daga cikinsu zai ɗauki bulan gurasa daga wurin mai sayarwa sannan ya ba shi Qirsh biyu ba tare da ɗayansu ya yi magana ba. - Dangane da ‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy Al-Khaass (al'adar aiki ta musamman), to wannan kamar yadda mutanen wasu birane ko garuruwa suke al'ada ta cewa mai sayarwa yana ba mai saye ƙari fiye da adadin da suka yarda a tsakaninsu. Misali, idan aka sayi kowace tan ɗin kaya, mai sayarwa zai ƙara kilogiram goma. Ko kuma kamar abin da mutane suke al'ada a kansa na cewa dangin amarya suna kawo wa sabon ango da amarya abincin safe a ranar farko da suka tashi a matsayin miji da mata.
- As for the ‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy Al-‘Aamm, then this is what the people of a land are accustomed to as a whole practically in action. This is like entering the bathrooms without specifying the specific length of time that will be spent inside of them or like the people being accustomed to trade in practise (by actions) without the worded expressions of offer and acceptance. This would be where one of them would take a loaf from the seller and then give him two Qirsh without either of them speaking. - As for the ‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy Al-Khaass, then this is like people in some cities or towns being accustomed to the seller giving an increase to the buyer above the amount agreed upon between them. This would be for instance like if for every tonne purchased of the goods, the seller would increase the amount by ten kilogrammes. Or it is like what the people are accustomed to doing in respect to the family of the wife presenting breakfast to the new husband and wife on the first morning that they awoke as husband and wife.