Daleel na Huɗu: Al-Qiyaas (Kwatance)

Daleel na Huɗu: Al-Qiyaas (Kwatance) - Al-Waadih Fee Usool ul-Fiqh | Quran Course

‘Ubaidullah Bin Mas’ood Al-Bukhaari ya bayyana shi da cewa:

‘Ubaidullah Bin Mas’ood Al-Bukhaari defined it by saying:

Tsawaita hukunci daga asali zuwa reshe saboda ‘illa ta gama-gari (hadin kai).

It is the extension of the Hukm in respect to the origin to the branch due to a unifying (common) ‘Illah (reasoning).

Ash-Shawkaani a cikin littafinsa ‘Irshaad Al-Fuhool’ ya bayyana shi da cewa:

Ash-Shawkaani in his book ‘Irshaad Al-Fuhool’ defined it as:

Ita ce fitar da irin hukuncin da aka ambata zuwa abin da ba a ambata ba, ta hanyar wani abu na bai ɗaya da ke tsakaninsu biyun.

It is the extraction of the like of a Hukm that has been mentioned to that which has not been mentioned by way of a shared commonality between them both.

Ibn Qudāmah Al-Hanbaliy a cikin littafinsa ‘Rawdat An-Naazhir’ ya bayyana shi da cewa:

Ibn Qudaamah Al-Hanbaliy in his book ‘Rawdat An-Naazhir’ defined it as:

Shi ne ɗaukar reshe a kan asali dangane da hukunci ta hanyar wani dalili na haɗin kai da ke tsakaninsu.

It is the carrying of the branch upon the origin in respect to a Hukm by way of a shared commonality between them.

Al-Ghazaaliy a cikin littafinsa ‘Al-Mustasfaa’ ya ce, yayin da yake bayyana Al-Qiyaas:

Al-Ghazaaliy in his book ‘Al-Mustasfaa’ said when defining AlQiyaas:

Shi'ar ɗaukar wani al'amari sananne (Ma'loom) a kan wani al'amari sananne dangane da kafa hukunci a kansu biyu ko kawar da shi daga gare su, saboda wani abu na gama-gari da ke haɗa su dangane da tabbatar da hukunci ko sifa (siffah), ko dangane da kawar da su daga gare su.

It is carrying a known matter (Ma’loom) upon a known matter in respect to establishing a Hukm for them both or negating it from them due to a shared commonality that joins them in respect to affirming a Hukm or a Siffah (description/attribute), or in terms of negating them from them.

Al-‘Allaamah ‘Abdul ‘Aliy Al-Ansaariy ya bayyana Al-Qiyaas da cewa:

Al-‘Allaamah ‘Abdul ‘Aliy Al-Ansaariy defined Al-Qiyaas as:

Shi ne daidaita abin da aka yi shiru a kansa da abin da aka ambata a cikin nassi (kamar yadda aka same shi) a cikin 'Illar Hukunci (hukunci).

It is the equalising of that which has been silent upon to that which has been mentioned in the text (as found) in the ‘Illah of the Hukm (ruling).

Duk waɗannan ma'anoni suna nuna ma'ana ɗaya guda wadda ke wakiltar gaskiyar Al-Qiyaas. Wannan ita ce: akwai nassoshi na Shari'a daga Alƙur'ani da Sunna waɗanda ke ambaton Hukuncin wani al'amari ko batu, kuma su ambaci ma'anar dalili (ʿIllah) na wannan Hukuncin.

All of these definitions indicate one single meaning which represents the true reality of Al-Qiyaas. This is that there are Shar’iyah texts from the Qur’aan and the Sunnah which mention the Hukm of a matter or issue and also mention the ‘Illah (reasoning) of this Hukm.

Ma'ana (‘Illah) yana wakiltar dalili/dalilin da yake sanya hukunci (Baa'ith) ga Hukm, kuma ga misali a kan haka:

The ‘Illah represents the motive/reasoning (Baa’ith) for the Hukm and the following is an example of this:

Ayar ya nemi a bar ciniki a lokacin Salatul Jumu'ah, kuma yana nuna haramcinsa a lokacin Salatul Jumu'ah, domin hakan yana wakiltar 'Man'un' (hani/haramtawa) bayan 'Ibaahah' (halascin asali), alhali 'Illar hakan shi ne Ilhaa'a (shagaltarwa) daga sallar Jumu'ah.

The Aayah has requested the leaving of trade at the time of Salaat ulJumu’ah and indicates its prohibition at the time of Salaat ul-Jumu’ah as it represents a ‘Man’un’ (prevention/forbiddance) following an Ibaahah (permissibility)’ whilst the ‘Illah of that is the Ilhaa’a (distraction) from the Jumu’ah prayer.

Mujtahidoon sun yi qiyas a kan ciniki zuwa duk wani aiki da ke karkatar da hankali daga sallar Juma'a. Don haka suka ce haramun ne yin haya ko ba da hayar wani abu a lokacin Juma'a, domin shi ma yana karkatar da hankali daga sallah, haka kuma yin wasanni ko halartar wani lacca da makamantansu... Dalilin hakan shi ne cewa waɗannan ayyuka da abubuwan da suka yi kama da su suna ɗauke da 'illar karkatar da hankali daga sallar Juma'a, saboda haka sun ɗauki hukuncin ciniki a lokacin sallah, wato haramcin da aka ambata a cikin Aayah, suka yi amfani da shi a kan abin da 'illar ta ke cikinsa.

The Mujtahidoon have made analogy upon the trade to any action that distracts from the Jumu’ah prayer. So they said that renting or leasing at the time of Jumu’ah is Haraam because it also distracts from the prayer and similarly practising sport or attending a lecture and so forth... The reason for that is that these actions and what is similar to them contain the ‘Illah of distraction from the Jumu’ah prayer and as such they have taken the Hukm of trading at the time of the prayer, which is the prohibition that has been mentioned in the Aayah, and applied it to that which the ‘Illah is also present in.

Saboda haka, idan za mu yi amfani da ma'anar farko ta Qiyaas a kan wannan misali, za mu kai ga wannan kammalawa:

Therefore, if we were to apply the first definition of Qiyaas upon this example we would come to the following conclusion:

Ana hana yin wasanni a lokacin Sallar Juma'a, kamar yadda ake hana ciniki a lokacin Juma'a, domin kowannensu yana karkatar da hankali daga yin Sallar Juma'a, ko kuma saboda wasanni da ciniki suna da ‘illa guda ɗaya a wannan hukunci, wato karkatar da hankali daga Sallar Juma'a.

Practising sport is prohibited at the time of Salaat ul-Jumu’ah joined to the prohibition of trading at the time of Jumu’ah because each of them distracts from the performance of Salaat ul-Jumu’ah or due to the unifying of sport and trade in respect to the ‘Illah which is distraction from the Jumu’ah prayer.

Daleel na Huɗu: Al-Qiyaas (Kwatance)

Ma'anar Al-Qiyaas: