Matsalolin ahliyya (cikas ga ahliyya) su ne sifofin da ke samun mutum, kuma sakamakonsu shi ne su kawar da ahliyya ko wani ɓangare nata. Ana rarraba su zuwa kashi biyu: Samaawiyah da Muktasabah.

The impediments to the Ahliyah refer to those descriptions that happen to a person and as a result remove the Ahliyah or some of it. These are divided into two categories: Samaawiyah and Muktasabah.

1 – Matsalolin Samaawiyah (daga sama):

1 – The Samaawiyah (from the sky) impediments:

Waɗannan su ne abubuwan da ke faruwa ga mutum ba tare da son ransa ba, alhali kuwa ba shi da hanyar kawar da su. Mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu su ne:

These are the impediments that befall the human against his will whilst he had no way of repelling them. The most significant of which are:

Al-Junoon (rashin hankali), Al-‘Ut’h (wauta), suma (faɗuwa a sume) da barci, mantuwa, rashin lafiya da mutuwa. Idan mukallafi ya kamu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan hana aiki, cancantarsa (Ahliyah) za ta zama ta ragu ko ta cika ba ta cika ba dangane da Al-Wujoob da Al-Adaa’. A mafi yawan lokuta, cancantar Al-‘Adaa’ (aiwatarwa) tana fita daga gare shi sakamakon waɗannan abubuwan hana aiki (‘Awaarid). Misali, wanda ya rasa ikon tunani (Majnoon), mai barci da matattu ba mukallafai ba ne dangane da Adaa’ (aiwatarwa), ko da yake wasu haƙƙoƙi sun wajaba (Waajib) dangane da dukiyarsu ko kadarorinsu.

Al-Junoon (loss of mind), Al-‘Ut’h (imbecility), fainting (passing out) and sleeping, forgetfulness, sickness and death. If the Mukallaf is afflicted by any of these impediments his Ahliyah would become deficient or incomplete in respect to Al-Wujoob and Al-Adaa’. In most cases the Ahliyah of Al-‘Adaa (performance) falls from him as a result of these impediments (‘Awaarid). So for example, the one who has lost his ability to reason (Majnoon), the one sleeping and the dead are not Mukallaf in respect to the Adaa’ (performance) even if some rights are obligatory (Waajib) in respect to their wealth or properties.

2 - Matsalolin Hukunci (‘Awaarid) waɗanda ba na Samaawiyah ba ne, amma Muktasabah (na samu):

2 - Impediments (‘Awaarid) which are not Samaawiyah but ‘Muktasabah’ (acquired):

Waɗannan su ne ’Awaarid (abubuwan da ke hana ko canza hukunci) da mutum ko mutum yake siffantuwa da su bisa zaɓinsa. Mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu su ne:

These are the ‘Awaarid (impediments) that the human or person is characterised with by his choice. The most significant of which are:

Al-Jahl (jahilci), As-Sukr (maye), As-Safah (wauta) da Al-Hazl (wasa).

Al-Jahl (ignorance), As-Sukr (intoxication), As-Safah (foolishness) and Al-Hazl (jokiness).

Ana iya lura cewa waɗannan cikas-cikas suna fitowa ne daga mutum da kansa. Idan an aikata su da gangan da zaɓi, suna wakiltar zunubi, kuma maƙiyanci (rashin biyayya) ba ya zama dalili ko sanadin sauƙaƙa nauyin hisabi. Waɗannan na iya tabbatar da rashin cikar ko ƙarancin Ahliyyar Al-Wujoob (cancantar wajibci), kamar riƙe dukiyar Safeeh (wawa) ko yafe wa Jaahil (jahili) dangane da wasu Ahkaam da bai sani ba. Duk da haka, a mafi yawan lokuta Ahliyyar Al-Adaa’ (aiwatarwa) tana nan, kuma mutumin da waɗannan cikas-cikas suka shafa yana ci gaba da zama Mukallaf (mai nauyin doka) bisa ga Shar’a, kuma za a yi masa hisabi a kan ayyukansa a Dunyaa da Aakhirah. Misali, idan ya aikata wani aiki da ya wajabta Hadd daga cikin Hudood (hukunce-hukuncen laifuffuka da aka tsara), za a aiwatar da wannan Hadd a kansa.

It is noticeable that these impediments originate from the person. They represent sinfulness if undertaken wilfully by choice and the Ma’siyah (disobedience) is not valid to be a reason or cause for lightening the accountability. These can affirm the deficiency or incompleteness of the Ahliyah of Al-Wujoob (of obligation) like holding back of the wealth/property of the Safeeh (foolish) or pardoning the ignorant (Jaahil) in respect to some Ahkaam that he is not aware of. However, in most cases the Ahliyah Al-Adaa’ (performance) remains in place and the person who is characterised by these impediments remains Mukallaf (legally responsible) in accordance to the Shar’a and held to account for his actions in the Dunyaa and the Aakhirah. So for instance, if he was to undertake an act that obliged a Hadd from the Hudood (set penal punishments), that Hadd would be applied upon him.

Ahkāmin Shar'iyya masu tsari da suka shafi Ahliyya (cancantar mutum) da kuma abubuwan da ke hana ta suna nan a cikin littattafan Fiqhu, tare da hujjojinsu, baya ga bambancin ra'ayoyin malaman Fiqhu a kan wannan batu.

The detailed Ahkaam Ash-Shar’iyah related to the Ahliyah and the impediments are present within the books of Fiqh alongside their evidences in addition to the differences of opinion amongst the Fuqahaa’ within this issue.