1.1 Mazhab-Mazhab Tafsir
1.1 Schools Of Tafseer
Pusat-pusat tafsir yang paling terkenal yang berkembang pada zaman ini ialah Makkah, Madinah, dan 'Iraq. Di Makkah, madrasah tafsir Ibnu 'Abbas menjadi yang paling menonjol. 'Abdullah ibnu 'Abbas dianggap sebagai ulama tafsir yang paling agung di kalangan para sahabat. Beliau meriwayatkan bahawa pada suatu ketika Nabi ﷺ memeluknya dan mendoakannya seperti berikut,
The most notable centers of tafseer which evolved during this period were those of Makkah, Madeenah, and ‘Iraaq. In Makkah, the tafseer school of Ibn ‘Abbaas became the most prominent. ‘Abdullaah ibn ‘Abbaas was considered to be the greatest tafseer scholar among the sahaabah. He reported that once the Prophet ( ﷺ) hugged him and prayed for him as follows,
"Ya Allah, berikanlah kepadanya kefahaman yang mendalam dalam agama dan jadikanlah dia mahir dalam tafsir." 29
“O Allaah, give him a deep understanding of the religion and make him skilled in interpretation.” 29
‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud, ulama besar di kalangan para sahabat, dilaporkan telah dianugerahkan gelaran, “Tarjumaan al-Qur’aan,” 30 “Penterjemah al-Qur’aan.” Murid-murid paling terkenal Ibn ‘Abbas ialah Mujahid ibn Jabr, ‘Ikrimah (hamba yang telah dimerdekakan oleh Ibn ‘Abbas), Sa‘eed ibn Jubayr, Taawoos ibn Keesaan al-Yamaanee, dan ‘Ataa ibn Abee Rabaah.31
‘Abdullaah ibn Mas‘ood, the great scholar among the sahaabah, was reported to have conferred on him the title, “Tarjumaan al-Qur’aan,” 30 “Translator of the Qur’aan.” The most famous students of Ibn ‘Abbaas were Mujaahid ibn Jabr, ‘Ikrimah (the freed slave of Ibn ‘Abbaas), Sa‘eed ibn Jubayr, Taawoos ibn Keesaan al-Yamaanee, and ‘Ataa ibn Abee Rabaah.31
Di Madinah, madrasah tafsir yang paling terkenal ialah madrasah Ubayy bin Ka‘b, yang dianggap oleh kebanyakan rakan sezamannya sebagai qari terbaik Al-Qur'an. Ubayy juga merupakan orang pertama yang dipilih oleh Nabi ﷺ untuk mencatat wahyu Al-Qur'an. Nabi ﷺ diriwayatkan telah bersabda kepadanya,
In Madeenah, the most noted school of tafseer was that of Ubayy ibn Ka‘b, who was considered by most of his contemporaries as the top reciter of the Qur’aan. Ubayy was also the first person chosen by the Prophet (r) to record the revelation of the Qur’aan.32 The Prophet (r) was reported to have said to him,
Sesungguhnya Allah, Yang Maha Agung lagi Maha Mulia, telah memerintahkan aku untuk membacakan kepada kalian, "Lam yakunillatheena kafaroo." (Surah al-Bayyinah).
“Verily, Allaah, the Most Great and Glorious, has commanded me to recite to you, ‘Lam yakunillatheena kafaroo.’ (Soorah al-Bayyinah).”
dia bertanya sama ada Allah telah menyebut namanya, lalu Nabi (r) memberitahunya bahawa ya, dan Ubayy menangis.33 Murid-murid utama Ubayy ialah Zayd bin Aslam, Abu al-'Aaliyah, dan Muhammad bin Ka'b al-Qurathee.34
asked if Allaah had mentioned him by name, the Prophet (r) told him yes, and Ubayy cried.33 Ubayy’s most notable students were Zayd ibn Aslam, Aboo al ‘Aaliyah, and Muhammad ibn Ka‘b al-Qurathee.34
Di ‘Iraq, Ibn Mas‘ood mengetuai madrasah tafsir yang paling terkenal. ‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ood, orang keenam yang memeluk Islam,35 termasuk antara pembaca Al-Qur'an yang terbaik. Nabi ﷺ sendiri memuji bacaannya dengan bersabda,
In ‘Iraaq, Ibn Mas‘ood headed the most prominent school of tafseer. ‘Abdullaah ibn Mas‘ood, the sixth person to enter Islaam,35 was among the top reciters of the Qur’aan. The Prophet (r) himself praised his recitation saying,
"Sesiapa yang ingin membaca al-Qur'an dengan cara yang lembut sebagaimana ia diturunkan, hendaklah dia membacanya seperti Ibnu Umm 'Abd (Ibnu Mas'ud) membacanya." 36 Adapun tentang ilmu tafsirnya, Ibnu Mas'ud berkata, "Demi Dia yang tiada tuhan selain-Nya, aku tahu di mana dan mengapa setiap ayat dari kitab Allah diturunkan." 37
“Whoever wishes to recite the Qur’aan in the tender manner in which it was revealed should recite it as Ibn Umm ‘Abd (Ibn Mas‘ood) does.” 36 As for his knowledge of tafseer, Ibn Mas‘ood said, “By the One besides Whom there is no other god, I know where and why every verse of Allaah’s book was revealed.” 37
Di antara ramai murid Ibn Mas‘ood yang kemudiannya menjadi ulama dengan sendirinya ialah al-Hasan al-Basree, ‘Alqamah ibn Qays, Masrooq, al-Aswad ibn Yazeed, dan ‘Aamir ash-Sha‘bee.38
Among the many students of Ibn Mas‘ood who later became scholars in their own right were al-Hasan al-Basree, ‘Alqamah ibn Qays, Masrooq, al-Aswad ibn Yazeed, and ‘Aamir ash-Sha‘bee.38
Diriwayatkan oleh Ahmad (al-Musnad, no. 2274). Versi yang hanya menyebut separuh pertama doa Nabi ﷺ untuknya diriwayatkan dalam Sahih Al-Bukhari, jld. 1, hlm. 106, no. 145, dan Sahih Muslim, jld. 4, hlm. 1320-1, no. 6055.
29 Collected by Ahmad (al-Musnad, no. 2274). A version mentioning only the first half of the Prophet’s supplication on his behalf is reported in Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 1, p. 106, no. 145, and Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, pp. 1320-1, no. 6055.
30 Diriwayatkan oleh al-Haakim dan oleh Ibn Sa‘d dalam at-Tabaqaat. Lihat Siyar al-A‘laam an-Nubalaa’, jld. 3, hlm. 347.
30 Collected by al-Haakim and by Ibn Sa‘d in at-Tabaqaat. See Siyar al-A‘laam an-Nubalaa’, vol.3, p. 347.
31 Al-Itqaan fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, jil. 2, hlm. 242. Menarik untuk diperhatikan bahawa kesemua ulama besar ini adalah bekas hamba.
31 Al-Itqaan fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, vol. 2, p. 242. It is interesting to note that all of these great scholars were former slaves.
32 Menurut al-Waaqidee. Dinukil dalam Al-Isaabah fee Tamyeez as-Sahaabah. Mungkin beliau bermaksud di Madinah.
32 According to al-Waaqidee. Quoted in Al-Isaabah fee Tamyeez as-Sahaabah. Perhaps he meant in Madeenah.
Diriwayatkan oleh al-Bukhaari (Sahih Al-Bukhari, jld. 5, hlm. 97, no. 154) dan Muslim (Sahih Muslim, jld. 4, hlm. 1313, no. 6031).
33 Collected by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 5, p. 97, no. 154) and Muslim (Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p.1313, no. 6031).
34 Mabaahith fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, h.339.
34 Mabaahith fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, p.339.
35 Sifah as-Safwah, jld. 1, hlm. 395.
35 Sifah as-Safwah, vol.1, p. 395.
36 Diriwayatkan oleh ‘Umar, Ibn Mas‘ood dan sahabat-sahabat yang lain, dan dihimpunkan oleh Ahmad, Ibn Maajah (jilid 1, muka surat 77, no. 138), al-Haakim dan yang lain. Disahihkan oleh al-Albaanee dalam Saheeh al-Jaami‘ as-Sagheer, jilid 2, muka surat 1034.
36 Reported by ‘Umar, Ibn Mas‘ood and other sahaabah and collected by Ahmad, Ibn Maajah (vol. 1, p. 77, no. 138), al-Haakim and others. Authenticated by al-Albaanee in Saheeh al-Jaami‘ as-Sagheer, vol. 2, p. 1034.
Sahih Muslim, jilid 4, hlm. 1312, no. 6023.
37 Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p. 1312, no. 6023.
38 Mabaahith fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, hlm. 339.
38 Mabaahith fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, p. 339.