Falastinning ko'p madaniyatli va xilma-xil identiteti har doim monomadaniy sionizmning anaxronizmiga keskin qarama-qarshi bo'lgan — sionizm kech paydo bo'lgan, Yevropa ko'chmanchi-mustamlakachi harakati bo'lgan. Irqiylashtirilgan va romantik XIX asr Yevropa millatchiligidan ilhomlangan monomadaniy mafkura sifatida sionizm XIX asr oxirida Markaziy va Sharqiy Yevropada paydo bo'lgan. Shuning uchun ajablanarli emaski, XIX asr oxiridan boshlab va 1948 yilda Isroil davlati tuzilguncha sionistik rahbariyat va institutlar o'zlarining rasmiy nutqi va nashrlarida tez-tez "Falastin" atamasini ishlatganlar. Bu amaliyot mamlakatni rasman Falastin deb atagan Yevropa va Britaniya rasmiylari bilan umumiy edi. Biroq Mandat davrida sionistlar bu "Falastin" atamasini o'zlarining xayoliy "Eretz Isroil" tasavvurlari bilan birga ko'p ishlatganlar, men esa buni 1992 yilda yozgan "Falastinliklarning badarga qilinishi" asarimda ko'rsatganman.

The multi-cultural identity and diversity of Palestine was always in sharp contrast to the anachronism of mono-cultural Zionism, a latecomer European settler-colonial movement. A mono-culturalist ideology inspired by racialised and romantic 19th century European nationalism, Zionism originated in Central and Eastern Europe at the end of the 19th century. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that from its beginning in the late 19th century and until the creation of Israel in 1948 the Zionist leadership and institutions themselves frequently used the term Palestine in their official discourse and publications, This practice was in common with European and British official designation of the country as Palestine. However, during the Mandatory period the Zionists often employed this term Palestine in tandem with their imaginary construct of Eretz Israel, while, as I show in my 1992 work Expulsion of the Palestinians:

Zionist siyosiy tafakkurida ko'chirish tushunchasi, 1882–1948: Falastinni parchalab tashlash va falastinliklarni etnik tozalash rejasi bir vaqtda tuzilgan (Masalha 1992).

The Concept of Transfer in Zionist Political Thought, 1982‒1948, simultaneously planning to dismantle Palestine and ethnically cleanse the Palestinians (Masalha 1992).

Bundan tashqari, sionistlarning "ko'chirish" va etnik tozalash strategiyalari hamda toponimik qirg'in amaliyotlari Falastinning xilma-xil va aralash makonini "sof" Yevropa mustamlakasi bilan almashtirishga qaratilgan edi — 1948 yilgacha sionistlar yishuvining Ashkenazi ustunlik qilgan, bir madaniyatli makoni (Kimmerling 2003).

Furthermore, the Zionist ‘transfer’ and ethnic cleansing strategies and toponymicidal practices sought to replace the heterogeneity and mixed space of Palestine with a ‘pure’ European colony, an Ashkenazi-dominated, mono-cultural space of the Zionist Yishuv until 1948 (Kimmerling 2003).

1948-yilda ming yillik tarixga ega bo‘lgan Yafo shahrining xilma-xilligi mikrokosmik va tipik tarzda etnik tozalashga uchradi hamda madaniy jihatdan vayron qilindi.

In a microcosmic and typical fashion the heterogeneity of the thousandsof- years-old Jaffa was ethnically cleansed and culturally destroyed in 1948.

Ushbu tarixiy, madaniy jihatdan aralash Falastin shahri 1948 yildan keyin almashtirildi va qo'shni Tel-Avivning "sof" yahudiy-evropacha shahri tomonidan o'zlashtirildi — Tel-Aviv "1948 yilgacha bo'lgan Yishuvning" (mustamlaka) poytaxti edi; qadimiy Yoffo o'zlashtirildi va bo'ysundirildi, 1948 yildan keyingi ivriycha nomi bilan Tel-Aviv-Yafo deb ataladi.

This historic, culturally mixed Palestinian city was replaced after 1948 and subsumed by the European ‘pure’ Jewish city of neighbouring Tel Aviv, ‘the capital of the pre-state Yishuv’/Colony, subsumed and subordinated ancient Jaffa under the post-1948 Hebrew designation of Tel Aviv-Yafo.

Ushbu sionistik xotirani o‘chirish va joy nomlarini yo‘q qilish loyihasi institutsional, idrokiy va hissiy jihatdan eksklyuziv yahudiy "pufagi" ichida shakllantirilgan. Yangi yahudiy davlatining rejalari ham shunday eksklyuziv bo‘lgan. Yahudiy davlati faqat yahudiylardan iborat bo‘lishi kerak edi va barcha taqsim qilish takliflarida tilga olingan, katta arab ozchiliklarining yahudiy davlati chegaralarida qolish ehtimoli uchun hech qanday siyosiy va byurokratik vositalar tayyorlanmagan edi.

This Zionist memoricidal and toponymicidal project was institutionally, cognitively, and emotionally built within an exclusionary Jewish ‘bubble’. The plans for the new Jewish state were similarly exclusive. The Jewish state was supposed to be purely Jewish and no political and bureaucratic tools were prepared for the possibility, mentioned in all partition proposals, that large Arab minorities would remain within the boundaries of the Jewish state.

(Kimmerling 2003: 22; qarang: Yiftachel 2006: 54; Shafir 1996a, 1996b, 1999)

(Kimmerling 2003: 22; see also Yiftachel 2006: 54; Shafir 1996a, 1996b, 1999)

Mandat davrida Falastindagi sionistik tashkilotlar "Falastin" so'zini "Eretz Yisroel" bilan almashtirishga qaratilgan turli yashirin va aldamchi usullarni qo'llashgan. Bunga misol qilib, Mandat hukumatining rasmiy markalariga ivrit tilidagi "Falastin" so'zi (פלשתינה) ortidan "Eretz Yisroel" ("Isroil yurti") ning ivritcha qisqartmasi (א״י) qo'shib qo'yilishini ko'rsatish mumkin. Bu markalar Falastin va qo'shni mamlakatlardagi o'n minglab arablar qo'liga tushgan, ularning ko'pchiligi ivrit tilini bilmagan va sionistlarning bu qisqartmasini tushunolmagan. 1920-yillarda falastinlik yetakchilar Falastinning Britaniya Mandat hukumatining rasmiy hujjatlari, markalari va pullarida "Eretz Yisroel" nomining kiritilishiga qarshi norozilik bildirishgan. Ammo bu hukumat 1917-yilgi Balfur deklaratsiyasining sionistlar foydasiga bo'lgan "va'da"siga sodiq edi, shu sababli ular Mandat ma'murиyatini o'z sionistlarga xayrixoh siyosatidan qaytara olmadilar.

During the Mandatory period the Zionist organisations in Palestine employed a variety of methods of subterfuge designed to conflate ‘Palestine’ with ‘Eretz Yisrael’. One such example of concealment and subterfuge was the insertion of the Hebrew abbreviation of Eretz Yisrael ( א״י ), ‘Land of Israel’, after the Hebrew word for Palestine ( פלשתינה ) on the official Mandatory government stamps – stamps which would have been handled by tens of thousands of Arabs in Palestine and neighbouring countries, most of them not knowing Hebrew and unable to decipher the Zionist Hebrew abbreviation ( .(א״י Although Palestinian leaders protested in the 1920s at this inclusion of ‘Eretz Yisrael’ in the official documents, stamps and currency of the British Mandatory Government of Palestine – a government which was committed to the pro-Zionist ‘promise’ of the 1917 Balfour Declaration – they were incapable of dissuading the Mandatory authorities from pursuing their pro-Zionist policies.

Biroq, 1948 yilgacha sionistik tashkilotlar tomonidan rasmiy atama "Falastin"dan keng foydalanilgani ikki asosiy sabab tufayli ajablanarli emas:

However, the extensive use of the official term Palestine by the Zionist organisations until 1948 is not surprising for two main reasons:

• Dunyodagi barcha hukumatlar va millionlab odamlar, ayniqsa Yevropa tillarini o'qiydiganlar, bu mamlakatni Falastin yoki Muqaddas zamin deb atashardi — istisno faqat Sion tarafdori bo'lgan yahudiy targ'ibotchilari edi, ular mamlakatni yana Eretz Isroil (Isroil yurti) deb ham atashardi:

• All governments and millions of people across the world, and especially readers of European languages, identified the country as Palestine or the Holy Land – the only exceptions were the Zionist Jewish advocates, who also identified the country as Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel):

Balfur deklaratsiyasining 1917-yil noyabridagi sionistlar tarafdori bo‘lgan majburiyatlariga ergashgan holda, Falastindagi sionistlar mustamlakasi (Yishuv)

• Following the pro-Zionist Balfour Declaration commitments of November 1917, the Zionist settler-colony in Palestine (the Yishuv)

…rivojlandi, ham "Britaniya mustamlakachiligi ichidagi aholi-joylashtiruvchi mustamlakachilik" sifatida, ham "Britaniya mustamlakachiligi bilan birga aholi-joylashtiruvchi mustamlaka" sifatida. Bu esa vujudga kelayotgan Yevropa yishuviga ikki yoqlama strategiyani amalga oshirish imkonini berdi: (a) Britaniyaning Falastindagi mandat tizimining rasmiy atamashunosligini soyada qoldirish (va u bilan "ichkaridan" ishlash); hamda (b) mustaqil sionistik ibroniy nutqini parallel ravishda yaratish.

evolved both as ‘settler-colonialism within British colonialism’ and as a ‘settler-colony with British colonialism’. This allowed the emerging European Yishuv to pursue a double strategy of (a) shadowing (and operating ‘from within’) the official terminology of British Mandatory system in Palestine; and (b) of creating a parallel autonomous Zionist Hebrew discourse.

Shunga qaramay, Falastin-Eretz Isroil (Falastin-Eretz Yisrol) nomi ostidagi aldash, evfemizm ("ko'chirish" so'zi), muqobil faktlar va yangi "yerdagi faktlar" Falastindagi sionistik koloniyaning ("Yishuv") davlat tashkil topishidan oldingi davrdagi yangi tildagi (newspeak) va strategiyalarining markaziy qismi bo'lgan. Buni quyidagi misollar aniq ko'rsatadi:

Nonetheless, subterfuge (of Palestine-cum-Eretz Yisrael), euphemism (‘transfer’), alternative facts, and new ‘facts on the ground’ were central to the newspeak and strategies of the Zionist colony (‘Yishuv’) in Palestine during the pre-state period and this is evident from the following examples:

• Suriya va Falastindagi yahudiy dehqonlar va hunarmandlarni qo‘llab-quvvatlash jamiyati 1890 yilda Hovevei Tsion tashkiloti qoshida tashkil etilgan bo‘lib, uni Rossiya podshohligi hukumatining rasmiy ko‘magi va qo‘llab-quvvatlashi bilan tuzilgan edi (Shafir 1996a: 46). Jamiyat Falastinda yahudiy qishloq xo‘jaligi koloniyalarini tashkil etishning amaliy masalalariga bag‘ishlangan edi, uning loyihalari orasida Rehovot va Xadera koloniyalarining tashkil etilishiga ko‘maklashish ham bor edi.

• The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Palestine was a Hovevei Tzion organ established in 1890 with official support and encouragement of the Tsarist Russian government (Shafir 1996a: 46). The Society was dedicated to the practical aspects of establishing Jewish agricultural colonies in Palestine and its projects included help with the founding of the colonies of Rehovot and Hadera.

• Falastin uchun Yahudiy agentligi 1930-yilda tashkil etilgan va 1948-yilda Isroil davlatining tashkil topishida markaziy rol o'ynagan; uning Ijroiya qo'mitasi raisi 1935-yildan 1948-yilning may oyigacha David Ben-Gurion bo'lgan. Faqat 1948-yildan keyin u o'z nomini Isroil uchun Yahudiy agentligi deb o'zgartirgan.

• The Jewish Agency for Palestine was founded in 1930, and played a central role in the founding of the Israeli state in 1948; the Chairman of its Executive Committee from 1935 until May 1948 was David Ben-Gurion. Only after 1948 did it change its name to the Jewish Agency for Israel.

Falastin idorasi (nemischa: Palästinaamt) — 1908-yilda Jahon Sionistlar tashkiloti ijroiya qo'mitasi tomonidan tashkil etilgan sionistik idoraning nomi edi.

• The Palestine Office (German: Palästinaamt) was the name of a Zionist agency set up by the executive of the World Zionist Organisation in 1908

…uning Yaffodagi idorasi bilan. Arthur Ruppin (Germaniya imperiyasida tug'ilgan; 1876–1943) boshchiligidagi Falastin idorasi Usmonlilar davrida Falastindagi sionistik mustamlakachilik faoliyati uchun markaziy tashkilot bo'lib xizmat qilgan, jumladan yer sotib olish va yahudiylarning immigratsiyasiga ko'maklashishni o'z ichiga olgan. Birinchi jahon urushidan keyin sionistlarning "Falastin idoralari" nomi boshqa ma'noga ega bo'ldi va Falastinga yahudiy immigratsiyasini safarbar qilish va tashkil etish vazifasi yuklatilgan sionistlarning xalqaro missiyalariga nisbatan qo'llanila boshlandi.

with its office in Jaffa. Headed by Arthur Ruppin (born in the German empire; 1876–1943), the Palestine Office served during the Ottoman period as the central agency for Zionist colonisation activities in Palestine, including land purchases and assisting Jewish immigration. After the First World War the Zionist name ‘Palestine Offices’ had a different connotation and applied to Zionist international missions charged with the mobilisation and organisation of Jewish immigration to Palestine.

Falastin idoralari Sionistlar ijroiya qo'mitasining Immigratsiya bo'limiga bo'ysundirilgan edi, bu bo'lim Falastin uchun Yahudiy agentligi bilan hamkorlik qilardi. Falastin idoralariga turli sionistik partiyalar vakillaridan tashkil topgan Falastin komissiyasi (Palaestinaamtskommission) rahbarlik qilardi.

The Palestine Offices were subordinated to the Immigration Department of the Zionist Executive, which worked with the Jewish Agency for Palestine. The Palestine Offices were run by a Palestine Commission (Palaestinaamts kommission) composed of representatives of various Zionist parties.

Falastin orkestri ("Isroil filarmoniya orkestri"; 1936 yilda Falastinda tashkil etilgan) va 1948 yilgacha uzluksiz ravishda Falastin orkestri deb atalgan.

• The Palestine Orchestra (‘Israel Philharmonic Orchestra’; founded in Palestine 1936) and was continuously called the Palestine Orchestra until 1948.

• Anglo-Palestine Bank: Isroilning eng yirik banki Bank Leumi (Milliy bank) dastlab Londonda Anglo Palestine Company nomi bilan tashkil etilgan. U 1899 yilda Londonda ro‘yxatdan o‘tkazilgan va Ikkinchi Sionistlar kongressi tomonidan tashkil etilgan Jewish Colonial Trust kompaniyasining filiali edi. Keyinchalik u rasmiy ravishda Anglo-Palestine Bank nomini oldi va bu nom 1948 yilgacha saqlanib qoldi.

• The Anglo-Palestine Bank: Israel’s largest bank, Bank Leumi (National Bank) was originally founded in London as the Anglo Palestine Company. It was a subsidiary of the Jewish Colonial Trust which was founded by the Second Zionist Congress and incorporated in London in 1899. It subsequently became officially known as the Anglo-Palestine Bank and this name continued until 1948.

• Palestine Electric Company 1923-yilda Pinxas Rotenberg tomonidan dastlab Yaffa Electric Company nomi bilan tashkil etilgan. Keyinchalik u Majburiy Falastinda Palestine Electricity, Corporation Limited nomi bilan ro'yxatdan o'tkazilgan.

• The Palestine Electric Company was initially founded in 1923 by Pihnas Rotenberg as the Jaffa Electric Company. It was later incorporated in Mandatory Palestine as the Palestine Electricity, Corporation Limited.

U 1961-yilda atigi hozirgi nomini — Israel Electric Corporation Limited nomini oldi. Bugungi kunda u Isroildagi eng yirik sanoat kompaniyalaridan biridir.

It only changed its name to the current one, the Israel Electric Corporation Limited, in 1961. Today it is one of the largest industrial companies in Israel.

"The Palestine Post" 1932-yilda Quddusda sionistik harakat doirasida tashkil etilgan va faqat 1950-yilda "The Jerusalem Post" nomini olgan. Gazetaning asosiy auditoriyasi Falastindagi va qo'shni mamlakatlardagi ingliz tilli o'quvchilar hamda chet eldagi yahudiy o'quvchilar edi: Britaniya mandati amaldorlari, mahalliy yahudiylar va arablar, sayyohlar hamda xristian ziyoratchilar. Sionistik tashkilotlar "The Jerusalem Post"ni Falastindagi Britaniya hokimiyatiga ta'sir o'tkazishning samarali vositasi deb hisoblashgan. Nashrning birinchi yilida "The Palestine Post" kuniga taxminan 4000 nusxada tarqalgan, 1944-yilga kelib esa uning tiraji 50 000 nusxaga yetgan.16

• The Palestine Post was established in Jerusalem in 1932 as part of the Zionist movement and only changed its name in 1950 to the Jerusalem Post. The newspaper’s targeted audiences were English readers in Palestine and neighbouring countries and Jewish readers abroad – British Mandate officials, local Jews and Arabs, tourists and Christian pilgrims. Zionist organisations considered the Jerusalem Post an effective medium for exerting influence on the British authorities in Palestine. During its first year the Palestine Post achieved a daily circulation of about 4000 copies and by 1944 its circulation reached 50,000 copies.16

Yahudiy Falastin tadqiqot jamiyati 1914-yilda qadimgi Falastinga e'tibor qaratgan holda tashkil etilgan; 1948-yildan keyin u Isroil tadqiqot jamiyati deb nomlandi.

• The Jewish Palestine Exploration Society was founded in 1914 with a focus on ancient Palestine; it was renamed after 1948 as the Israel Exploration Society.

Falastin futbol assotsiatsiyasi 1928-yilda sionistik yahudiy futbol klublari tomonidan tashkil etilgan; 1948-yildan keyin u Isroil futbol assotsiatsiyasi deb nomlangan.

• The Palestine Football Association was established in 1928 by Zionist Jewish football clubs; after 1948 it was renamed the Israel Football Association.

Palestine Potash Company 1930-yilda tashkil etilgan. 1951-yilda kompaniya Isroil hukumati tomonidan milliylashtirildi, 1953-yilda esa u Dead Sea Works deb nomlandi.

• The Palestine Potash Company was established in 1930. In 1951 the company was nationalised by the Israeli government and in 1953 it was renamed the Dead Sea Works.

• "Palestine Citrograph" — Falastinning sitrus sanoatiga bag'ishlangan oylik jurnal bo'lib, 1930-1940-yillarda Tel-Avivda Sionistlar jamoasi (Yishuv) tomonidan nashr etilgan; keyinroq uning nomi ibroniycha "Hadar" deb o'zgartirilgan.

• Palestine Citrograph, a monthly journal devoted to the citrus industry in Palestine, was published in Tel Aviv in the 1930s and 1940s by the Zionist Yishuv; the name was later changed to the Hebrew Hadar.

• Falastin iqtisodiy korporatsiyasi (hozirgi Isroil iqtisodiy korporatsiyasi)

• The Palestine Economic Corporation (now the Israel Economic Corporation)

1922 yilda Amerika sionistlari investorlari tomonidan ochiq aksiyadorlik jamiyati sifatida tashkil etilgan va AQShda ro‘yxatdan o‘tkazilgan. Dastlab u boshqa bir Amerika sionistik tashkiloti, Falastindagi Kooperativ muassasalarning Markaziy banki va "Falastin" nomli bir qator sionistik sho‘ba kompaniyalari, jumladan Falastin Ipoteka va Kredit Banki MChJ hamda Falastin Suv Kompaniyasi orqali mablag‘ joylashtirib, faoliyat yuritgan. Falastin Suv Kompaniyasining o‘zi 1933 yilda Falastin Iqtisodiy Korporatsiyasining sho‘ba kompaniyasiga aylangan, 1949 yilda esa u Histadrutning bo‘limi bo‘lgan Isroil Suv Kompaniyasi "Mekorot" deb qayta nomlangan.

was founded by American Zionist investors in 1922 as a public company and incorporated in the US. Initially it invested and operated through another American Zionist organisation, the Central Bank of Cooperative Institutions in Palestine and a string of Zionist ‘Palestine’ subsidiary companies including the Palestine Mortgage and Credit Bank Ltd and the Palestine Water Company. The Palestine Water Company itself became a subsidiary of the Palestine Economic Corporation in 1933 and in 1949 it was renamed Mekorot, the Israeli Water Company, a division of the Histadrut.

Palestine Endowment Funds 1922-yilda AQSh sionistik rahbarlari tomonidan tashkil etilgan bo‘lib, Falastindagi tanlab olingan va tasdiqlangan sionistik tashkilotlarga mablag‘ taqsimlashni ta’minlash maqsadida yaratilgan edi. Isroil davlati tashkil topganidan ko‘p yillar o‘tib, u Isroil Endowment Funds deb qayta nomlandi. Uning grantlari hozirda umumiy hisobda 1 milliard dollardan oshadi.

• Palestine Endowment Funds was created in 1922 by US Zionist leaders to enable the distribution of funds to selected and approved Zionist organisations in Palestine. Many years after Israel was established it was renamed Israel Endowment Funds. Its grants now total over $1 billion.

• Palestine Automobile Corporation Ltd 1934-yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, Tel-Aviv va Hayfa uchun Chevrolet dilerisi sifatida faoliyatini boshlagan. 1937-yilda kompaniya Ford mahsulotlarining yagona distribyutorligini qo'lga kiritib, AQSh va Yevropada ishlab chiqarilgan Ford avtomobillari hamda tijorat transport vositalarini sotgan. Isroil tashkil topganidan keyin ham kompaniya bir necha yil davomida "Palestine" nomi ostida faoliyat yuritishni davom ettirgan.

• The Palestine Automobile Corporation Ltd was founded in 1934 and began its activities as a Chevrolet dealer for Tel Aviv and Haifa. In 1937 the company took over the sole distributorship of Ford products, marketing Ford cars and commercial vehicles manufactured in the US and in Europe. The company continued to operate under the ‘Palestine’ name for several years after the establishment of Israel.

Flora Palaestina — Isroil Fanlar va Gumanitar fanlar akademiyasi tomonidan nashr etilgan, 1966-yilda birinchi marta chop etilgan nashr. U G‘arbda O‘rta er dengizi sohili, Sharqda Transiordaniya cho‘llari, Shimolda Livan tog‘lari va Janubda Sinay cho‘lini o‘z ichiga olgan geobotanik hududdagi Palaestina o‘simliklarining taksonomik va floristik ma’lumotlarini qamrab oladi. Yangilangan nashr, A. Danin tomonidan yozilgan “Flora Palaestina hududidagi o‘simliklarning tarqalish atlasi”, 2004-yilda chop etilgan.

• Flora Palaestina is a publication by the Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities, first appeared in 1966. It encompasses the Palaestina plant taxonomic and floristic data in the geo-botanical area between the Mediterranean coast in the west and the Transjordan deserts in the east, the mountains of Lebanon in the north and the desert of Sinai in the south. An updated version, Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area by A. Danin, was published in 2004.