Hellenistik dunyoning yana bir buyuk shaxsi, juda ta'sirli iskandariyalik kartograf va yozuvchi Ptolemey: Klavdiy Ptolemey (mil. 100–taxminan mil. 170)

Another giant of the Hellenistic world, the highly influential Alexandrian cartographer and writer Ptolemy: Claudius Ptolemaeus (c. AD 100–c. 170)

Ptolemey birinchi bo‘lib ma’lum bo‘lgan Falastinni tasvirlovchi xaritani tuzdi; Ptolemey so‘zsiz ravishda so‘zlab o‘tilgan Suriya-Koele, Finikiya va Falastinni aniq farqlagan, bu esa Falastinning alohida va mustaqil birlik sifatida tasavvur qilinganini va shunday munosabatda bo‘linganini isbotlaydi. Suriya-Koele yoki Koele-Suriya (yunoncha: Κοίλη Συρία, Koíle Syría; lotincha: Cava Syria; inglizcha: Hollow-Syria) nomi ba’zi tarixchilar tomonidan ko‘pincha zamonaviy, o‘ylab topilgan “Janubiy Suriya” atamasi bilan chalkashtiriladi yoki tenglashtiriladi (masalan, Cohen 2006: 41). Bu yondashuv qisman tarixiy Falastinning geosiyosiy birlik sifatida mavjudligini yashirishga qaratilgan bo‘lib, shu orqali Klassik antik davrda Falastin atamasining keng qo‘llanilganini inkor etadi.

produced the first known map to describe Palestine; Ptolemy clearly distinguished between the so-called Syria-Coele, Phoenicia and Palestine, proving the latter was conceived and treated as a separate and autonomous entity. The toponym Syria-Coele or Coele-Syria (Greek: Κοίλη Συρία, Koíle Syría; Latin: Cava Syria; English: Hollow-Syria) is often confounded or equated by some historians with the modern invented term ‘Southern Syria’ (e.g. Cohen 2006: 41). This strategy is partly designed to camouflage the existence of historic Palestine as a geo-political unit, thereby denying the widespread use of the term Palestine throughout Classical Antiquity.

Coelosyria va Celesyria sifatida berilgan, Coele-Suriya qadimgi davrda Suriyadagi bir hududning geografik nomi edi. Garchi Coele atamasining o'zi aramiycha kul, ya'ni "hammasi" (arabcha kul) so'zining transkripsiyasi bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da,

Rendered as Coelosyria and Celesyria, Coele-Syria was a geographical designation of a region in Syria in Classical Antiquity. Although the term Coele itself was possibly a transcription of the Aramaic kul, all (Arabic kul)

Suriya hududidan, bu atama aslida yunon va lotin tillarida boshqa ma’noga ega bo‘ldi: Cava Syria yoki Bo‘sh-Suriya. Muhimi shundaki, u ko‘pincha torroq ma’noda Livandagi Beqaa vodiysiga (Pliniy Qariyning «Tabiiy tarix» asari, V kitob, mil. 78 yil atrofida; Sartre 1988) va keyinchalik Shimoliy Suriyadagi Rim viloyati Suriya-Koele ga nisbatan qo‘llanilgan.

of the region of Syria, the term actually acquired a different meaning in both Greek and Latin: Cava Syria or Hollow-Syria. Crucially, it was often applied in a narrower sense to the Beqaa Valley of Lebanon (Pliny the Elder’s Naturalis Historia, Book V (c. 78 AD; Sartre 1988) and later to the Roman province of Syria-Coele in northern Syria.

323-yilda Iskandar Zulqarnayn (Buyuk Iskandar) imperiyasining parchalanishidan so'ng, ellinistik Salavkiylar va Ptolemeylar sulolalarining podshohlari Falastin uchun kurashdilar.

After the collapse of the Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great in 323 BC the Hellenistic Seleucid and Ptolemaic kings fought over Palestine.

Biroq, Koile-Suriya nomining rasmiy qo‘llanilishi Yunon-Suriya Salavkiylar davlatining davrida, ya’ni miloddan avvalgi 312 yildan miloddan avvalgi 63 yilgacha mavjud bo‘lgan davrda qandaydir bosqichda paydo bo‘lgan (Cohen 2006: 4I). Salavkiylar va Ptolemeylar imperiyalari Iskandar Zulqarnaynning imperiyasi parchalanganidan keyin vujudga kelgan va miloddan avvalgi I asrda Rimning yuksalishi bilan so‘nib ketgan. Poytaxti Antioxiya bo‘lgan Salavkiylar imperiyasi yunon-suriya madaniyatining yirik markazi bo‘lib, asosan shahar hududlarida yunon siyosiy elitasi hukmronlik qilgan joylarda yunon urf-odatlarining ustunligini saqlab turgan.

However, the official use of the name Coele-Syria emerged at some stage in the period of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire (Cohen 2006: 4I), which existed from 312 BC to 63 BC. The Seleucid and Ptolemaic empires began after the collapse of the empire of Alexander the Great and faded away with the rise of Rome in the 1st century BC. The Seleucid Empire, whose capital was Antioch, was a major centre of Hellenistic culture that maintained the pre-eminence of Greek customs where Greek political elites dominated, mostly in the urban areas.

Biroq yunon tarixchilari Gerodotni kuzatib, Koele-Suriya bilan Falastinni aniq farqlaganlar, garchi ikki geosiyosiy birlik o'rtasidagi aniq chegara borasida fikrlari bir xil bo'lmasa ham.3 Klassik antik davrda ba'zi tarixchilar "Koele-Suriya" atamasini kengroq ma'noda, ya'ni "butun Suriya" yoki "Finikiyasiz butun Suriya" ma'nosida ishlatganlar (Cohen 2006: 41), yunon geograflari va tarixchilari esa uni "Falastindan tashqari butun Suriya" ma'nosida qo'llaganlar. Bu fikrga Ptolemey ham kirgan bo'lib, keyingi avlod arab geograflari va olimlari uni arabcha nomi bilan, ya'ni Batlymus deb atashgan. Ptolemeyning dunyo xaritasi 2-asrda gellinistik jamiyatga ma'lum bo'lgan dunyoning xaritasidir. U taxminan 150-yilda yozilgan "Geografiya" asaridagi tavsifga asoslangan. Asrlar davomida G'arbda yo'qolgan bu asar arablar va vizantiyaliklarga ma'lum edi.

However Greek historians, following Herodotus, by and large made a clear distinction between Coele-Syria and Palaestina, although they were not in agreement as to the exact boundary between the two geo-political units.3 The term Coele-Syria was used by some historians in Classical Antiquity in a wider sense to indicate ‘all Syria’ or ‘all Syria without Phoenicia’ (Cohen 2006: 41) and by Greek geographers and historians to indicate ‘all Syria with the exception of Palestine’. This included Ptolemy, to whom later generations of Arab geographers and scientists referred using his name in Arabic: Batlymus. Ptolemy’s world map is a map of the world known to Hellenistic society in the 2nd century. It is based on the description contained in Ptolemy’s Geography, written c. 150. This work, which had been lost to the West for centuries, was known to the Arabs and Byzantines.

Bu XIV asrning oxirida Italiyaga olib kelindi va Florensiyada lotin tiliga tarjima qilindi (Edson 2007). Ptolemeyning jahon xaritasi Palaestina bilan Suriya-Coele, Finikiya (taxminan zamonaviy Livan) o'rtasida aniq farq qilgan.

It was brought to Italy in the late 14th century and translated into Latin in Florence (Edson 2007). Ptolemy’s world map made a clear distinction between Palaestina and Syria-Coele, Phenecia (roughly modern Lebanon)

...uch uchta mutlaqo alohida davlat sifatida. Quyida ko'rib chiqilganidek, imperator Hadrian tomonidan miloddan avvalgi 135 yilda keyinroq tashkil etilgan yangi Suriya-Falastin viloyati, Suriyaning shimolidagi 193 yilda tashkil etilgan Rim viloyati Suriya-Koele'dan farq qilgan.

as three completely distinct countries. As we shall see below, the new province of Syria-Palaestina created later by Emperor Hadrian in 135 AD was distinct from the Roman province of Syria-Coele created in 193 AD in the north of Syria.

Ptolemeyning ushbu uchta mamlakat — Palestina, Ko'le-Suriya va Finikiya o'rtasidagi bu muhim farqlash keyingi tarixchilar, geograflar, kartograflar, sayohatchilar, ziyoratchilar va sarguzasht izlovchilarga o'xshash farqlashlarni takrorlashda katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Miloddan avvalgi II asrda bu Knidoslik (hozirgi Turkiyada) Agatharxides yoki Agatharxus asarlarida ko'zga tashlanadi. Agatharxides o'z davrining muhim siyosiy arbobi bo'lib, Ptolemeyning o'g'illaridan biriga vasiy bo'lgan. Nutqlarini tuzishda u Fukididni taqlid qilgan, uning qadr-qimmatiga teng kelgan va aniqligi bilan undan ustun kelgan. Ptolemeyning dunyo xaritasi va Palestina, Ko'le-Suriya hamda Finikiya mamlakatlari o'rtasidagi farqlash to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki bilvosita Strabon, Pliniy Qariy, Diodor Sitsiliyalik, Iosif va Aleksandriyalik Filon tomonidan keltirilgan.

This crucial distinction made by Ptolemy between the three countries, Palaestina, Coele-Syria and Phoenicia, was hugely influential and impacted on the way future historians, geographers, cartographers, travellers, pilgrims and romance seekers would reproduce similar distinctions. In the 2nd century BC this was evident in the work of Agatharchides or Agatharchus of Knidos (in modern Turkey). Agatharchides was an important political figure of his time, and served as a guardian to one of Ptolemy’s sons. In composing his speeches Agatharchides was an imitator of Thucydides, whom he equalled in dignity and excelled in clarity. Ptolemy’s world map – and the distinction between the countries of Palaestina, Coele-Syria and Phenecia – was cited directly or indirectly by Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Diodorus Siculus, and Josephus and Philo of Alexandria.

Yuqorida ko'rib chiqamizki, Filastin va Palaestina nomlari 12, 14 va 15-asrlardagi kartograflar Muhammad al-Idrisiy, Pietro Vesconte, Marino Sanudo va Fra Mauroning dunyo xaritalarida ham uchraydi. Albatta, "dunyo xaritalari" faqat fazo va haqiqatni aks ettirish uchun emas edi: ular savdo va navigatsiya amaliy maqsadlari, savdogarlar va muqaddas joylarga ziyoratchilar uchun mo'ljallangan edi; dunyo xaritalari ko'pincha hokimiyatning ifodasi va amalga oshishi bo'lib, imperiyalar va davlat quruvchilari uchun tayyorlanardi. Ptolemeyning dunyo xaritasi bundan istisno emas edi: u ko'p asrlar davomida turli kuchlarning siyosiy maqsadlarini targ'ib qilish uchun yaratilgan, nusxalangan va qayta ishlangan. Xarita avvalo Rim imperiyasini kengaytirish uchun ishlatilgan. 9-asrda Ptolemeyning "Geografiya" asari va xaritasi yunon tilidan arab tiliga tarjima qilindi va al-Xorazmiyning (780–taxminan 850) O'rta er dengizi mintaqasi, Yaqin Sharq, Afrika va Osiyo xaritalarini tuzatishda rol o'ynadi; uning ilmiy ishi va geografik dunyo xaritasi musulmon global savdosi va Bag'dodga asoslangan Abbosiylar davlati xizmatida qo'llanildi. 19-asrning oxirida Ptolemeyning xaritasi Britaniya Falastin tadqiqot jamg'armasidan Klod Reynier Konder tomonidan qayta nusxalandi va Britaniyaning Yaqin Sharq va Falastindagi imperiya intilishlarini oshirish uchun ishlatildi.

As we shall see below, Filastin and Palaestina are also found on the world maps of cartographers Muhammad al-Idrisi, Pietro Vesconte, Marino Sanudo and Fra Mauro in the 12th, 14th and 15th centuries. Of course, ‘world maps’ were not just about representations of space and reality, they were designed for practical purposes of traffic and navigation and for the use of traders and pilgrims to the holy places; world maps often provided an expression and fulfilment of power and were produced for empires and state-builders. Ptolemy’s world map was no exception; it was produced, reproduced and revised to promote the political agendas of different powers across many centuries. The map was first used to expand the Roman Empire. In the 9th century Ptolemy’s Geography and map were translated from Greek into Arabic and played a role in the corrective cartography of al-Khawarizmi (780–c. 850) in the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, Africa and Asia, and his scientific work and geographic world map was used in the service of the Muslim global trade and the Baghdad-based Abbasid state. In the late 19th century Ptolemy’s map was reproduced by Claude Reignier Conder, of the British Palestine Exploration Fund, and used to advance British imperial ambitions in the Near East and Palestine.