Izohlar

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Izohlar

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Kirish 1 Arabcha: birlik shakli — balad; ko'plik shakli — bilad.

Introduction 1 Arabic: sing. balad; plural bilad.

"Biladuna Filastin" ham Falastin tarixiy geografiyasiga oid o'n bir jildli ma'lumotnoma bo'lib, uni falastinlik muallif Mustafo Murod ad-Dabbog' (1965) yaratgan.

2 Biladuna Filastin is also an eleven-volume work of reference on the historical geography of Palestine by Palestinian author Mustafa Murad al-Dabbagh (1965

va 1972‒1986). Bu muhim Falastin ensiklopediyasi mintaqalar bo‘yicha tuzilgan bo‘lib, Falastinning shaharlari, qasabalari va qishloqlarini geografik, tarixiy, arxeologik, botanik va iqtisodiy jihatdan o‘rganadi.

and 1972‒1986). This important encyclopaedia of Palestine is arranged by region and surveys the cities, towns and villages of Palestine from geographical, historical, archaeological, botanical and economic perspectives.

3 Masalan, G'olib Muhammad Samrin, Qaluniya qishlog'i: Yer va ildizlar qarang:

3 See, for instance, Ghalib Muhammad Samrin, Qaryati Qaluniya: Al-ard wa-aljudhur:

Filastinuna fi qissat qaryah (1993 [Arabic]); Fateh’s underground magazine which first appeared in 1959 was called Filastinuna. Note: this is a bibliographic reference with an Arabic title in transliteration. Titles and names stay as the original writes them, so the text is carried over unchanged.

Filastinuna fi qissat qaryah (1993 [Arabic]); Fateh’s underground magazine which first appeared in 1959 was called Filastinuna.

4 ‘Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People’, at https://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, 30 aprel 2009 yilda joylangan.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, posted 30 April 2009.

5 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/1998/1948/378_said.htm 6 Monolatriya (yunoncha: monos – yagona va latreia – ibodat) – bu ko‘p xudolarning mavjudligiga ishonish, ammo ulardan faqat bitta oliy xudoga sig‘inish e’tiqodidir. Monolatriyaga misol qilib qadimgi Misr fir’avni Amenxotep IV ni keltirish mumkin. U o‘zini oliy ilohiy zot («xudolarning Xudosi») deb e’lon qildi, rasman ismini Axenaton deb o‘zgartirdi va o‘z hukmronligi davrida (miloddan avvalgi 1348/1346 yillar) Atonizmni joriy etdi. Axenatonning vorislari davrida Misr an’anaviy politeizmga qaytdi, Axenatonning o‘zi esa bid’atchi sifatida ko‘rila boshlandi.

5 http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/1998/1948/378_said.htm 6 Monolatrism (Greek: monos: single and latreia: worship) was belief in the existence of many gods but with the worship of only one supreme deity. An example of monolatrism was the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV who installed himself as a supreme divinity (‘God of gods’) and officially changed his name to Akhenaten and introduced Atenism during his reign (1348/1346 BC). Under Akhenaten’s successors, Egypt reverted to its traditional polytheism and Akhenaten himself came to be seen as a heretic.

7 Interview with William Montgomery Watt at: http://www.alastairmcintosh.

com/articles/2000_watt.htm 8 Samaritanism is one of the four distinct Abrahamic traditions of Palestine. The Samaritan tradition centres on the belief in the sanctity of Mount Gerizim (Arabic:

com/articles/2000_watt.htm 8 Samaritanism is one the four distinct Abrahamic traditions of Palestine. The Samaritan tradition centres on the belief in the sanctity of Mount Gerizim (Arabic:

Jabal Jarizim yoki Jabal at-Tur), Nablus shahri yaqinidagi ikki tog'dan biri. Bu tog' bugungi kunga qadar Somariylar dinining markazi bo'lib qolmoqda va Falastindagi somariylar uchun muqaddasdir. Ular muqaddas ibodatxona Quddus emas, aynan shu tog'da joylashgan deb hisoblashadi. Somariylarning muqaddas kitobi Somariy alifbosida yozilgan besh kitobdan iborat matndir. Taxminan 6000

Jabal Jarizim or Jabal al-Tur), one of the two mountains in the immediate vicinity of the Palestine city of Nablus. The mountain, which continues to be the centre of Samaritan religion to this day, is sacred to the Palestinian Samaritans who regard it, not Jerusalem, as having been the location of the holy temple. The Samaritan scripture is a text of five books written in the Samaritan alphabet. Some 6000

Samariya Tavrotı bilan Eski Ahd o'rtasida farqlar mavjud.

differences exist between the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Old Testament.

9 Klassik antik davr — bu atama bu yerda bir necha ming yildan ortiq davom etgan keng tarixiy davrga nisbatan qo‘llanilgan bo‘lib, bu davrda «klassik madaniyat» O‘rta dengiz mintaqasida markazlashgan hamda Qadimgi Yunoniston va Qadimgi Rim tsivilizatsiyalarining «Yaqin Sharq» bilan chuqur o‘zaro munosabatini o‘z ichiga olgan. Bu shunday davrki, unda yunon va rim madaniy ta’sirlari nafaqat gullab-yashnagan, balki Janubiy Yevropa, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo, «Yaqin Sharq» va Shimoliy Afrikada ulkan ta’sir ko‘rsatgan.

9 Classical Antiquity is a term broadly applied here to a long period of history (over a millennium) during which ‘Classical culture’ centred on the Mediterranean region and comprised the intimate interaction of the civilisations of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome with the ‘Near East’. It is a period in which Greek and Roman cultural influences not only flourished but also wielded enormous influence throughout Southern Europe, South-Eastern Asia, the ‘Near East’ and North Africa.

10 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, „Palestine", Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.

10 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, ‘Palestine’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.

britannica.com/place/Palestine 11 Josephus (Hebrew: Yosef ben Matityahu) calls himself in Greek Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), son of Matthias.

britannica.com/place/Palestine 11 Josephus (Hebrew: Yosef ben Matityahu).calls himself in Greek as Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), son of Matthias.

12 Falastinning Qaysariya qishlog‘i 1948-yilda yahudiy kuchlari tomonidan vayron qilingan.

12 The Palestinian village of Qaysariah was destroyed by Jewish forces in 1948.

1-bob

Chapter 1

1 "Sinuhe haqidagi hikoya" qadimgi Misr adabiyotining eng yaxshi badiiy asarlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Uning syujeti fir'avn Amenemxat I vafotidan keyingi davrga to'g'ri keladi; u miloddan avvalgi XX asr boshlarida 12-sulolaga asos solgan edi. Bu hikoyaning mashhurligi ko'plab saqlanib qolgan parchalardan ko'rinib turibdi. Misrshunoslar uning yozilgan sanasi haqida bahslashadilar; biz bu yerda muhofazakor sana sifatida miloddan avvalgi XIV asrni olamiz. U undan ham oldinroq yozilgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo buni aniq bilish mumkin emas.

1 The Story of Sinuhe is considered one of the finest works of fiction of Ancient Egyptian literature. Its narrative is set in the aftermath of the death of Pharaoh Amenemhat I who founded the 12th Dynasty in the early 20th century BC. The popularity of this story is evident from the many surviving fragments. Egyptologists argue about its composition date; here we take the conservative date of the 14th century BC. It could be earlier, but it is not known to be.

2 Ramesses II eng mashhur fir'avnlardan biridir; mashhur afsonaviy tasavvurda u "Chiqish" (Xuruj) fir'avni sifatida tanilgan.

2 Ramesses II is the most famous of the Pharaohs; in popular legendary imagination he has become the ‘Pharaoh of the Exodus’.

3 Qadimgi yunon mualliflari Afrikaga Liviya nomini berishgan.

3 The ancient Greek authors give to Africa the name of Libya.

4-son. Gatning joylashgan joyi, ehtimol, Tell al-Safi bo‘lib, bu Hevrondan 35 kilometr shimoli-g‘arbda joylashgan falastinlik qishloq bo‘lib, 1948 yilda Isroil tomonidan aholisi ko‘chirilgan.

4 The site most likely of Gath is Tell al-Safi, a Palestinian village 35 kilometres north-west of Hebron, depopulated by Israeli in 1948.

5. Vodiy al-Surar (zamonaviy ivrit tilida: Nahal Sorek).

5 In Wadi al-Surar (modern Hebrew: Nahal Sorek).

6 Isdud — 1948-yilda Isroil tomonidan aholisi ko‘chirilgan katta Falastin qishlog‘i.

6 Isdud was a large Palestinian village depopulated by Israel in 1948.

7-bo'lim. 677/676-yillarda Ossuriya podshosi Esarhaddon Sidonni bosib oldi va 675-yilda Misr bilan kurashda shaharni betaraf qilish maqsadida Tir shohi Ba'al I bilan shartnoma tuzdi. "Esarhaddon va Ba'al o'rtasidagi shartnoma" — Ninevada, Ashurbanipal kutubxonasida topilgan va Akkad xatida (mixxat yozuvida) yozilgan, Ossuriya podshosi Esarhaddon bilan Tir shohi Ba'al I o'rtasidagi shartnomani tasvirlovchi gil taxtacha yozuvidir. Uning parchalari hozirda Britaniya muzeyida saqlanmoqda.

7 In 677/676 the Assyrian king Esarhaddon conquered Sidon and in 675 BC concluded a treaty with king Ba’al I of Tyre designed to neutralise the city in the Assyrian struggle with the Egyptians. Esarhaddon’s Treaty with Ba’al is an Assyrian clay tablet inscription in Akkadian cuneiform describing a treaty between the Assyrian king Esarhaddon and King Ba’al I of Tyre. It was discovered in Nineveh in the Library of Ashurbanipal and fragments are currently in the British Museum.

Shartnoma, K 3500 + K 4444 + K 10235 raqamlari bilan nashr etilgan bo'lib, uni Hugo Winckler 1898-yilda o'zining "Altorientalische Forschungen", II (Qadimgi Sharq tadqiqotlari) asarida aniqlagan.

The treaty, published K 3500 + K 4444 + K 10235, was identified by Hugo Winckler in his Altorientalische Forschungen, II (Ancient Near Eastern Studies) in 1898.

Shartnomaga ko‘ra, Esarhaddon Baalga bir nechta aholi punktlarini, jumladan Akkoni, Dorni va Byblosni topshirdi. Matnda shunday deyilgan: «Agar Ba’al yoki ṣur-ri [Tir] xalqiga tegishli kema pi-lis-ti [Pilistu] yurti qirg‘og‘ida yoki Assuriya hududi chegaralarining istalgan joyida cho‘kib ketsa, kemadagi hamma narsa Esarhaddonga tegishli bo‘ladi ... Bular Assuriya shohi Esarhaddon o‘z xizmatkori Ba’alga bergan savdo portlari va savdo yo‘llaridir: a-ku [Akko] tomon, .du-uʾ-ri [Dor; Tantur] tomon, pi-lis-te [Pilistu] butun okrugida».

Under the terms of the treaty, Esarhaddon entrusted Baal with several settlements, including Acre, Dor and Byblos. The text includes: ‘If a ship of Ba’al or of the people of ṣur-ri [Tyre] is shipwrecked off the coast of the land of pi-lis-ti [Pilistu] or anywhere on the borders of Assyrian territory, everything that is on the ship belongs to Esarhaddon ... These are the ports of trade and the trade roads which Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, granted to his servant Ba’al; toward a-ku [Acre], .du-uʾ-ri [Dor; Tantur], in the entire district of.pi-lis-te [Pilistu]’.

8 Falastin Nakbasi haqida batafsil muhokama uchun qarang: Masalha (1992, 1997, 2005, 2012) va Khalidi W. (1992).

8 For an extensive discussion of the Palestine Nakba, see Masalha (1992, 1997, 2005, 2012) and Khalidi W. (1992).

2-bob

Chapter 2

1 Gerodot (1858), manzil: https://archive.org/stream/herodotus00herouoft/herodotus00herouoft_ djvu.txt 2 Encyclopaedia Britannica, manzil: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle/ Political-theory 3 Miloddan avvalgi I asrda yashagan yunon tarixchisi Diodor Sitsiliyskiy (Sitsiliyalik Diodor) o‘zining ko‘p jildli "Bibliotheca Historica" asarida Koele-Suriya janubda Falastindagi Yoppa (Yaffa)gacha cho‘zilganini ko‘rsatgan (Diodor Sitsiliyskiy, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX, 93; XXIX, 29; Charles Henry Oldfatherning tarjimasi.

1 Herodotus (1858), at: https://archive.org/stream/herodotus00herouoft/herodotus00herouoft_ djvu.txt 2 Encyclopaedia Britannica, at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle/ Political-theory 3 1st century BC Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (Diodorus of Sicily), in his multi-volume work Bibliotheca Historica, indicated that Coele-Syria stretched as far south as Joppa (Jaffa) in Palestine (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX, 93; XXIX, 29; translation by Charles Henry Oldfather.

3-bob

Chapter 3

1 Qarang, masalan, Ovid, Metamorphoses, IV kitob, http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph4.htm 2 Balzam — balzam daraxtining xushbo'y saqich nomi bo'lib, arabcha Balasam so'zidan olingan; lotincha: balsamum; yunoncha: βάλσαμον; ibroniycha: bosem.

1 See for instance, Ovid, Metamorphoses Book IV, http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/ trans/Metamorph4.htm 2 Balsam, the name of the fragrant gum of the balsam tree, is derived from the Arabic Balasam; in Latin: balsamum; Greek: βάλσαμον; Hebrew: bosem.

3 Iskandariyalik Appian, "Rim tarixi muqaddimasi", Livius.org, http://www.

3 Appian of Alexandria, ‘Preface of the Roman History’, Livius.org, http://www.

livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-preface-1/? Shuningdek, miloddan avvalgi 150-yilda yunon-rim tarixchisi Nikomedialik Arrian (hozirgi Izmit, Turkiya) "Iskandar Zulqarnayn yurishlari" (Anabasis Alexandri) asarida, Buyuk Iskandarning yurishlarini tasvirlab, shunday yozadi: "Qizil dengizning o'ng tomonida, Bobildan narida, Arabistonning asosiy qismi joylashgan va uning bir qismi Finikiya dengiziga hamda Filastin Suriyasiga tutashadi" (Arrian 2006: 89).

livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-preface-1/? Also in 150 AD Greco- Roman historian Arrianus of Nicomedia (modern Izmit, Turkey), in Anabasis Alexandri, which describes the campaigns of Alexander the Great, writes: ‘On the right side of the Red Sea beyond Babylonia is the chief part of Arabia, and of this a part comes down to the sea of Phoenicia and Palestinian Syria’ (Arrian 2006: 89).

4 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm 5 Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Volume 1, Book V: Chapter 13, http://penelope.

uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html 6 Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia Liber Primus, Thelatinlibrary.com, http:// www.thelatinlibrary.com/pomponius1.html 7 See also ibid.

8 «Philo Judaeus», Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Philo-Judaeus 9 «Every Good Man is Free», XII.75.

8 ‘Philo Judaeus’, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/ biography/Philo-Judaeus 9 ‘Every Good Man is Free’, XII.75.

Solishtirganda, Yahudiylikning zamonaviy ravviylik yo'nalishining o'tmishdoshlari bo'lgan farisiylarning umumiy soni Yosifus tomonidan 6000 kishi deb baholangan (Flavius 2004).

10 In comparison, the total population of Pharisees, the forerunners of modern Rabbinic Judaism, were estimated by Josephus at 6000 (Flavius 2004).

11 ‘Early Jewish Writings’, http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book33.

html

html.

4-bob

Chapter 4

1 Provincia Arabia, ya'ni Rim davridagi Arabia Petraea, "Arab Filipp" nomi bilan tanilgan rimlik imperator Filippning tug'ilgan joyi edi. U miloddan avvalgi 244 yildan 249 yilgacha hukmronlik qilgan. Filipp keyinchalik Rim imperiyasining yirik arbobiga aylandi (Bowersock 1994: 122).

1 Provincia Arabia, or the Roman Arabia Petraea, was the birth place of ‘Philip the Arab’, Roman Emperor from 244 to 249 AD. Philip went on to become a major figure in the Roman Empire (Bowersock 1994: 122).

2 Peraea (yunoncha: Περαία, «narigi mamlakat»), Iordan daryosi vodiysining sharqiy tomonini egallagan. Keyinchalik bu atama lotincha Transjordan (Iordan orti) so'zi bilan almashtirildi.

2 Peraea (Greek: Περαία, ‘the country beyond’), occupied the eastern side of the Jordan River valley. Subsequently the term was replaced by the Latin Transjordan.

3 Rimliklar Falastinda avtonom shahar-davlatlar tizimini targ'ib qilishdi. Rim tomonidan miloddan avvalgi 63-yilda bosib olinganidan keyin Sharqiy Falastin va Suriyada gellenlashgan o'nta (yoki o'n birta) shaharning ittifoqi tuzildi; Skifopol (hozirgi Baysan) bundan mustasno, ularning hammasi Iordan daryosining sharqida joylashgan edi. Bu ittifoq miloddan keyingi II asrgacha saqlanib qoldi.

3 The Romans promoted a regime of autonomous city-states in Palestine. A league of ten (or eleven) Hellenised cities in Eastern Palestine and Syria was formed after the Roman conquest in 63 BC; apart from Scythopolis (modern Beisan), all lay east of the Jordan River. The league survived until the 2nd century AD.

4 Rimliklar Arabiston yarimorolini uch hududga bo‘lishgan: Arabia Petraea, Arabia Deserta va Arabia Felix (Unumdor Arabiston), bu hudud Yamanni ham o‘z ichiga olgan.

4 The Romans divided Arabia into three regions: Arabia Petraea, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix (Fertile Arabia), which included the Yemen.

5. Yunoncha: Καισάρεια; zamonaviy Falastin qishlog‘i Qaysariya; 1948-yilda Isroil tomonidan aholisi ko‘chirilgan va vayron qilingan.

5 Greek: Καισάρεια; the modern Palestinian village of Qaysariah; depopulated and destroyed by Israel in 1948.

6 Praeses (lotincha: praesides), Konstantin Buyuk (hukmronlik davri 306–337) davrida ishlatilgan atama

6 Praeses (Latin: praesides), a term used under Constantine the Great (r. 306–337)

...viloyat hokimlarining ma'lum bir toifasini, konsularlar va korrektorlardan keyin eng quyi darajadagi toifasini ifodalash uchun.

to refer to specific class of provincial governors, the lowest after the consulares and the correctors.

7 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, ‘Palestine’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.

Britannica.com/place/Palestine. Rim davrining eng yuqori cho'qqisida Iordan daryosining g'arbidagi Falastinning umumiy aholisi bir million kishidan oshmagan (Pastor 1997: 6) bilan solishtirganda.

britannica.com/place/Palestine 8 In comparison, the total population of Palestine west of the River Jordan at the height of the Roman period did not exceed one million (Pastor 1997: 6)

9 Gaza shahridan 10 kilometr janubda, qirg‘oq qumtepalarida joylashgan; arabcha Tell Umm al-Amr nomi bilan tanilgan arxeologik qoldiqlar; uni nomi berilgan rohib Avliyo Hilarion qurdirgan (u miloddan avvalgi 329-yilda Gazaning janubida tug‘ilgan).

9 Located on coastal dunes 10 kilometres south of Gaza city; the archaeological remains of what is known in Arabic as Tell Umm al-Amr; built by St. Hilarion (born in southern Gaza in 329 AD), the monk after whom it was named.

10 Miafizitlar Iso Masihning tabiati, ilohiy va insoniy, bir butunlikda birlashgan deb ishonadilar. Xalsedon xristianligi miafizitizmni umuman olganda to'g'ri talqin qilish mumkin deb hisoblagan bo'lsa-da, shunga qaramay ular buni monofizitizmning bir shakli deb biladilar.

10 Miaphysites believe that the nature of Jesus, divine and human, are united in one. Although Chalcedonian Christianity considered Miaphysitism in general to be amenable to an orthodox interpretation, they nevertheless perceive it to be a form of Monophysitism.

11 "Kesariya Palestina kosasi", http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ bowl-caesarea-Palaestinae va http://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/la-coupede- cesaree-de-palestine 12 "Kesariya Palestina", New Advent (Katolik ensiklopediyasi), http://www.newadvent.

11 ‘Bowl from Caesarea Palaestina’, http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ bowl-caesarea-Palaestinae and http://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/la-coupede- cesaree-de-palestine 12 ‘Caesarea Palaestina’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopaedia), http://www.newadvent.

org/cathen/03134b.htm 13 Bu Eski Ahdning olti versiyada nashrining atamasi bo'lib, yunoncha Septuagintaning boshqa yunoncha tarjimalar bilan so'zma-so'z qiyosiy solishtirilgan ulkan asaridir.

org/cathen/03134b.htm 13 The term for an edition of the Old Testament in six versions, an immense wordfor- word comparison of the Greek Septuagint with Greek translations.

14 ‘Caesarea Palaestina’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopaedia), at: http://www.

newadvent.org/cathen/03134b.htm 15 http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm. Avliyo Albina of Caesarea, u III asrda vafot etgan, Rim-katolik Martirologiyasida ham keltirilgan.

newadvent.org/cathen/03134b.htm 15 http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_martyrs.htm. St Albina of Caesarea, who died in the 3rd century, is also listed in the Roman Catholic Martyrology.

16 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.html.

17 Dastlab "titular see" (nomli yepiskoplik kafedra) unvoni patribus infidelium ("kofirlar yurtlarida") ma'nosida qo'llanilgan. 1882 yilda Katolik cherkovi pravoslav xristianlar bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilash va musulmonlarning xafa bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik maqsadida in partibus infidelium iborasini bekor qildi.

17 Originally the title ‘titular see’ applied to patribus infidelium (‘in the lands of the unbelievers’). In 1882 the Catholic Church, seeking to improve relations with Orthodox Christians and avoid causing offence to Muslims, abolished the expression in partibus infidelium.

18-Episkop Antioxus Palestina Secunda viloyatidagi Kapitoliya shahrini vakil qilgan; bu Iordan daryosining sharqida joylashgan qadimiy shahar bo‘lib, zamonaviy Beyt Ras qishlog‘i bilan, Irbid mintaqasida, aniqlanadi.

18 Bishop Antiochus represented the city of Capitolias, in Palaestinae Secunda, an ancient city east of the River Jordan and is identified with the modern village of Beit Ras in the Irbid region.

19 The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, http:// www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.xv.html 20 Bu ibora klassik yunon tilidagi ἐγκώμιον (enkomion) so‘zidan kelib chiqqan.

19 The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, http:// www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xi.xv.html 20 The expression is derived from the Classical Greek ἐγκώμιον (enkomion)

kishi yoki narsaning maqtovi.

meaning ‘the praise of a person or thing’.

21-bob. G'azo mintaqasidagi mahalliy qishloq xo'jaligi asosan yillik yog'ingarchilikka bog'liq edi; bugungi kunda G'azo shahrida yillik yog'ingarchilik 400 mm ni tashkil etadi, janubda, 20 kilometr uzoqlikda joylashgan quruqroq Rafah mintaqasida esa atigi 200 mm yog'in tushadi.

21 Local farming in the Gaza region depended largely on the annual rain fall; today Gaza city enjoys 400 mm of annual rain fall, while the more arid region of Rafah, located 20 kilometres to the south, gets only 200 mm.

22 Ruth Webb, «Chorikios of Gaza’da ritorik va teatrlashtirilgan afsonalar», Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University, http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/ display/3259

22 Ruth Webb, ‘Rhetorical and Theatrical Fictions in Chorikios of Gaza’, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University, http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/ display/3259

23 Timothy W. Seid, "Origins of Catena in Gaza", http://legacy.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/catena.html 24 Le Stampa, 12 May 2015, http://www.lastampa.it/2015/05/12/esteri/vaticaninsider/en/when-muslim-politicians-send-their-daughters-to-convent-schools-5xtR7LSxokCjnjuFLHwjAM/pagina.html 25 http://archmemory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/forgotten-as-if-you-never-were.html 26 Among the prominent Christian ascetics of the period was Barsanuphius of Palestine (died c. 540 AD). Born in Egypt, he lived in a Palestinian monastery in absolute seclusion for fifty years (Barsanuphius 2006).

23 Timothy W. Seid, ‘Origins of Catena in Gaza’, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~seidti/ iam/catena.html 24 Le Stampa, 12 May 2015, http://www.lastampa.it/2015/05/12/esteri/vaticaninsider/ en/when-muslim-politicians-send-their-daughters-to-conventschools- 5xtR7LSxokCjnjuFLHwjAM/pagina.html 25 http://archmemory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/forgotten-as-if-you-never-were.html 26 Among the prominent Christian ascetics of the period was Barsanuphius of Palestine (died c. 540 AD). Born in Egypt, he lived in a Palestinian monastery in absolute seclusion for fifty years (Barsanuphius 2006).

27 Avliyo Antoniy (251–356), koptlik rohib, cho'l monastirchiligining ham otasi, ham asoschisi sifatida tanilgan. Cho'l onalari esa kamroq ma'lum, chunki erta davr avliyolarining hayoti erkaklar tomonidan erkak monastir tinglovchilari uchun yozilgan (King 1989).

27 St Anthony (251–356), a Coptic monk, became known as both the father and founder of desert monasticism. The Desert Mothers are less well known because the lives of the early saints were written by men for male monastic audiences (King 1989).

28 Koinobiy — devorga o‘ralgan bir qancha binolardan iborat jamoaviy monastir bo‘lib, rohiblar jamoada yashardi. Bu atama yunon tilidagi koinos (umumiy) va bios (hayot) so‘zlaridan olingan.

28 Coenobium is a communal monastery with a number of structures surrounded by a wall and the monks lived in a commune. This term is based on the Greek koinos (common) and bios (life).

29 Sufiy Islomda tariqa, ya’ni “yo‘l” metafora sifatida, mistik tomonidan ichki haqiqatga qarab olib boriladi.

29 In Sufi Islam, the tariqah, or ‘path’, metaphor is taken by the mystic towards the inner truth.

30 Sabbas’ Life was written by one of his disciples, Cyril of Scythopolis (525‒559).

30 Sabbas’ Life was written by one of his disciples, Cyril of Scythopolis (525‒559)

(hozirgi Bayt Shan) Falastin Ikkinchi viloyatida, nasroniy rohib va Falastindagi monastir hayoti tarixchisi, nasroniylikning dastlabki yillarida (Kazhdan 1991). Ingliz tilida "The Lives of the Monks of Palestine" nomi bilan tanilgan uning asari Vizantiya Falastinidagi monastir hayotining asosiy manbalaridan biridir.

(modern Beisan) in Palaestinae Secunda, a Christian monk and historian of monastic life in Palestine in the early years of Christianity (Kazhdan 1991). His work known in English as The Lives of the Monks of Palestine is one of the main sources of monastic life in Byzantine Palestine.

31 Mar Saba monastiri — 2011-yilda Falastinning bu tashkilotga a'zo bo'lishi munosabati bilan UNESCO'ga taqdim etilgan ro'yxatga kiritilgan o'n uchta Falastin obidasidan biridir.

31 Mar Saba Monastery is one of thirteen Palestinian sites included on the list submitted to UNESCO following the admission of Palestine to this organisation in 2011.

32 Al-Jazeera, 22 February 2010.

6-bob

Chapter 6

1 Umaviy Marvoniy xalifalarning davri 684-yilda Marvon ibn al-Hakam bilan boshlangan.

1 The period of the Umayyad Marwanid Caliphs began with Marwan ibn al-Hakam in 684.

2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jerusalem-architecture-in-the-umayyadperiod 3 Islomiy va Rim-Vizantiya uslublarining bu aralashmasi "Hisham saroyi"/Xirbat al-Mafjar (Ariho), shuningdek, ar-Ramla va Tiberiyada (Xirbat al-Minyar) ham uchraydi. Bu aralashma VII asrda Jund Filastin shaharlarida zarb qilingan arab-vizantiya tangalarida ham kuzatiladi.

2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jerusalem-architecture-in-the-umayyadperiod 3 This mixture of Islamic and Roman Byzantine styles is also found in the ‘Hisham Palace’/Khirbat al-Mafjar, Jericho, and in al-Ramla and Tiberias (Khirbet al-Minyar). It is also found in the Arab Byzantine coinage minted in the towns of Jund Filastin in the 7th century.

Ushbu falastinlik shahar al-Ramladan 15 kilometr janubi-g‘arbda joylashgan bo‘lib, 1948 yilda aholisi 5420 kishi edi. U 1948 yilda Isroil tomonidan vayron qilingan.

4 This Palestinian town, located 15 kilometres south-west of al-Ramla, with a population of 5420 in 1948, was destroyed by Israel in 1948.

5 Via Maris — qadimgi savdo va strategik yo‘lning zamonaviy nomi bo‘lib, u Erta Bronza davriga borib taqaladi. Bu yo‘l Misrni Suriya va Hilol Xosibi (Fertile Crescent) bilan bog‘lagan hamda Falastin qirg‘og‘i bo‘ylab o‘tgan: qadimgi shaharlar G‘azo, Ashqalon, Isdud, Yofo va Tantur orqali, so‘ngra sharqqa burilib, Megiddo va Esdraelon vodiysi orqali Tiberiyagacha, so‘ngra Golan tog‘lari orqali Damashqqacha borgan.

5 Via Maris is the modern name for an ancient trade and strategic rout dating from the Early Bronze Age. It connected Egypt with Syria and the Fertile Crescent and followed the coast of Palestine through the ancient cities of Gaza, ‘Asqalan, Isdud, Jaffa and Tantur before turning east through Megiddo and the Esdraelon valley until it reached Tiberias, then through the Golan Heights to Damascus.

Arsuf shahri Yaffadan taxminan 16 kilometr shimolda, Qaysariyadan esa 34 kilometr janubda, O'rta er dengizi sohilida joylashgan edi. V–VI asrlarda Vizantiya hukmronligi davrida u Palaestinae Prima qirg'oq mintaqasidagi ikkinchi yirik shahar bo'lib, faqat Qaysariyadan keyin o'rinda turardi. Shaharda samariyaliklar va xristianlar yashardi, shuningdek, O'rta er dengizi mamlakatlariga mahsulotlari eksport qilinadigan gullab-yashnagan shisha sanoati mavjud edi. Ilk islom davrida shahar gullab-yashnashda davom etdi va keng ko'lamli sopol ishlab chiqarish yo'lga qo'yildi (Hütteroth and Abdulfattah 1977: 140).

6 Arsuf was about 16 kilometres north of Jaffa and 34 kilometres south of Caesarea on the Mediterranean coast. Under the Byzantines in the 5th‒6th centuries AD it was the second largest city in the coastal region of Palaestinae Prima, second only to Caesarea. It was populated by Samaritans and Christians and had a prosperous glass industry with products exported to Mediterranean countries. Under early Islam the city continued to prosper and large pottery production was developed (Hütteroth and Abdulfattah 1977: 140).

7 Le Strange al-Maqdisiy haqida shunday degan: uning «Filastin va, ayniqsa, o‘zi tug‘ilib o‘sgan shahar Quddus tavsifi asarning eng yaxshi qismlaridan biridir. U yozgan hamma narsa o‘zining kuzatishlari mevasidir, turli mamlakatlarning odatlari va an’analari haqidagi tavsiflari esa kitoblar va odamlar haqidagi chuqur bilimlar bilan mustahkamlangan, zukko va kuzatuvchan aql izini kasb etadi» (Le Strange 1890: 5‒6).

7 Le Strange commented that al-Maqdisi’s ‘description of Palestine, and especially of Jerusalem, his native city, is one of the best parts of the work. All that he wrote is the fruit of his own observation, and his descriptions of the manners and customs of the various countries, bear the stamp of a shrewd and observant mind, fortified by profound knowledge of both books and men’ (Le Strange 1890: 5‒6).

8 ‘Legio VI Ferrata’, http://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-vi-ferrata/?; Kennedy (1980).

9 ‘Coin/Archives’, http://www.coinarchives.com/w/results.php?search=fals+and+ islamic 10 Aelia Capitolina Rim va Vizantiya davrida Quddusning rasmiy nomi edi, u 638 yilgacha, arablar shaharni egallagunga qadar qo‘llanilgan. Dastlab arablar nomning birinchi qismini «Iliya» shaklida saqlab qoldilar (al-Maqdisiy 2002: 43).

9 ‘Coin/Archives’, http://www.coinarchives.com/w/results.php?search=fals+and+ islamic 10 Aelia Capitolina was the official Roman and Byzantine name of Jerusalem until 638 AD when the Arabs occupied the city and initially kept the first part of the name as ‘Ilya’ (al-Maqdisi 2002: 43).

11 Isroil Ramla shahar muzeyining to'plamlarida o'rta asr islom tangalarining turli namunalari saqlanadi, jumladan 1964 yilda Oq masjid majmuasi yaqinida topilgan 376 ta oltin dinor va oltita oltin quyma xazinasi. Qarang: http:// en.goramla.com/category/ramla-museum-1

11 The collections of the Israeli Municipal Museum of al-Ramla contain a range of medieval Islamic coins including a hoard of 376 gold dinars and six gold bars discovered in 1964 in the vicinity of the White Mosque compound. See http:// en.goramla.com/category/ramla-museum-1

12 Bu falastinlik shahar 1948-yilda Isroil tomonidan aholisidan mahrum qilinib, vayron etilgan, va hozir arab shahri yerlarida yahudiy posyolkasi Azor joylashgan.

12 This Palestinian town was depopulated and destroyed by Israel in 1948 and the Jewish settlement of Azor now stands on the lands of the Arab town.

13 "Al-Yazuri", Islam ensiklopediyasi, ikkinchi nashr, P. Bearman va T. tahriri ostida

13 ‘Al-Yazuri’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, edited by P. Bearman, T.

Bianqui, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs (Leiden: Brill Online).

7-bob

Chapter 7

1 https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2892/ 2 https://truthaholics.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/records-of-jerusalem-deedsfound- in-ottoman-archives-cause-israel-unease/ Xuddi shunga o'xshash ulushdagi vaqf mulklari (20‒25 foiz) kech Usmonli davrida Falastindagi Akka shahrida ham mavjud bo'lgan (Reiter 2010: 110).

1 https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2892/ 2 https://truthaholics.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/records-of-jerusalem-deedsfound- in-ottoman-archives-cause-israel-unease/ A similar proportion of waqf properties (20‒25 per cent) also existed in the Palestinian city of Acre during the late Ottoman period (Reiter 2010: 110).

3 Nea cherkovi 614 yilda Fors bosqinchilari shaharni egallagan paytda vayron qilingan, ammo uning qoldiqlari bir necha o‘n yil o‘tib Umaviylar tomonidan qurilish materiali manbai sifatida yana ishlatilgan (Ben-Dov 1977).

3 The Nea Church was destroyed during the Persian conquest of the city in 614, but its remains were further used as a source of building material by the Umayyads few decades later (Ben-Dov 1977).

Yarmarkada, shuningdek, Quddus eski shahrining Illés Relyef modeli ham namoyish etildi. Bu model erigan rux (sink) dan qo‘lda yasalgan va qo‘lda bo‘yalgan. U 1864 yildan 1873 yilgacha Falastinda yashagan venger katolik Stiven Illés tomonidan qo‘lda yasalgan.

4 The fair also exhibited the Illés Relief model of the Old city of Jerusalem, a model hand-crafted from molten zinc and is hand-painted. It was hand-crafted between 1864 and 1873 by Stephen Illés, a Hungarian Catholic who lived in Palestine.

8-bob

Chapter 8

1 "Falastin xalqi mustamlakachilik ixtirosidir", Azmi Bishara'ning Falastin xalqining mavjudligi haqidagi fikrlari, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, 2009-yil 30-aprelda joylangan.

1 ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, in Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc , posted 30 April 2009.

2 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lWcChegBF2sC&pg=RA1-PA65&redir_ esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 3 Yusuf al-Natsheh, ‘Suq al-Qattanin (Market of the Cotton Merchants)’, in Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers, 2016, http://www.discoverislamicart.

org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;pa;mon01;6;en 4 A Gazetteer of the World. Or Dictionary of Geographical Knowledge. Vol. 1 (Edinburgh and London: A. Fullarton and Co. 1959): 38‒39.

5 Asl kichik aholi punkti Karmel tog‘ining yonbag‘irlarida, kech Bronza davrida (miloddan avvalgi 14-asrda) qurilgan.

5 The original small settlement was built on the slopes of Mount Carmel in in the late Bronze Age (14th century BC).

6 Sekin (sequin) — Venetsiya Respublikasi tomonidan XIII asrdan to Napoleon 1797-yilda Venetsiyani egallagunga qadar zarb qilingan oltin tanga edi. Venetsiya namunasiga ergashib, shunga o'xshash tangalar asrlar davomida butun O'rta er dengizi bo'ylab, Falastinda va Usmonli imperiyasining barcha hududlarida ishlatilgan.

6 The sequin was a gold coin minted by the Republic of Venice from the 13th century until the takeover of Venice by Napoleon in 1797. Following the Venetian model, similar coins were used for centuries throughout the Mediterranean, in Palestine and throughout the Ottoman Empire.

9-bob

Chapter 9

1 https://arablit.org/2013/01/15/we-have-on-this-earth-what-makes-life-worthliving/ 2 http://www.all-poetry.ru/stih307.html 3 Birinchi rus yozuvchisi, u Falastinga ziyoratchi sifatida borgan, Dmitrij Daškov edi, Istanbuldagi Rossiya elchixonasining diplomati va ikkinchi maslahatchisi. U «Ruskie poklonniki v Ierusalime. Otryvok iz putešestvija po Grecii i Palestine v 1820» deb nomlangan insho yozgan (Merlo 2013).

1 https://arablit.org/2013/01/15/we-have-on-this-earth-what-makes-life-worthliving/ 2 http://www.all-poetry.ru/stih307.html 3 The first Russian writer who went to Palestine as a pilgrim was Dmitrij Daškov, a diplomat and the second counsellor of the Russian Embassy in Istanbul. He wrote an essay entitled ‘Russkie poklonniki v Ierusalime. Otryvok iz putešestvija po Grecii i Palestine v 1820’ (Merlo 2013).

4 «Quddus (1291 yildan keyin)», New Advent (Katolik entsiklopediyasi), 1910, http://www.

4 ‘Jerusalem (After 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http://www.

newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm; also Hummel and Hummel (1995). Other accounts put the figures at 15,000 in 1910 and 12,000 in 1913: http://www.josephzeitoun.

5 Isroil davlatining asoschisi Devid Grun (keyinchalik Devid Ben-Gurion)

com/2015/07/ 5 The founding father of the Israeli state David Grun (later David Ben-Gurion)

U Rossiya imperiyasida tug'ilgan va 1906 yilda Falastinga ko'chib kelgan. Birinchi jahon urushi boshlangach, rus fuqarosi bo'lgan Ben-Gurionni Usmonli hokimiyati Falastindan surgun qildi va u 1918 yilda bosib olgan Britaniya qo'shinlari bilan birga Falastinga qaytdi.

was born in the Russian Empire and immigrated to Palestine 1906. After the First World War broke out, Ben-Gurion, a Russian subject, was deported by the Ottoman authorities from Palestine and he returned to Palestine with occupying British forces in 1918.

6 ‘Quddus (1291 yildan keyin)’, New Advent (Katolik ensiklopediyasi), 1910, http:// www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm 7 http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/Warren.htm 8 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CydMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=filastin& hl=en&ei=XuBVTa-bEc-EhQfR36C0DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=filastin&f=false 9 Bu viloyat 1860-yillarning oxirida vilayet nomi bilan tanilgan.

6 ‘Jerusalem (After 1291)’, New Advent (Catholic Encyclopedia), 1910, http:// www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm 7 http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/Warren.htm 8 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CydMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=filastin& hl=en&ei=XuBVTa-bEc-EhQfR36C0DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result& redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=filastin&f=false 9 The province became known as vilayet in the late 1860s.

10 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1913_Ottoman_Geography_Textbook_ Showing_the_Sanjak_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine.jpeg 11 Mikhail Nu‘aymah (1889‒1988), Livanlik muallif va taniqli arab shoiri, 1902‒1906 yillarda Nazaretdagi rus o‘qituvchilar seminariyasida ham tahsil olgan.

10 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1913_Ottoman_Geography_Textbook_ Showing_the_Sanjak_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine.jpeg 11 Mikhail Nu‘aymah (1889‒1988), a Lebanese author and well-known Arab poet, was also educated at the Russian teachers college in Nazareth in 1902‒1906.

Falastin Imperator Pravoslav Jamiyati 12, http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.

الجمعية الإمبراطورية الأرثوذكسية الفلسطينية 12 , http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.

qarang: ibid.

htm 13 See for example: ibid.

14 http://www.mansaf.org/orth_society.htm; https://arabic.rt.com/news/586864-130

15 http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2012/05/20125915313256768.

html (Masalha 2012).

16. «Muqaddas yer: Falastin va unga qo'shni mamlakatlarga xizmat safari hisoboti» [Holy Land: Report on a Business Trip to Palestine and Adjacent Countries] (Kiev: Kiev Theological Academy, 1875).

16 ‘Святая земля: Отчет по командировке в Палестину и прилегающия к ней страны’ [Holy Land: Report on a Business Trip to Palestine and Adjacent Countries] (Kiev: Kiev Theological Academy, 1875).

17 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Manual_of_ Palestinean_Arabic%2C_for_self-instruction_1909.png 18 Darvishning she'rida "o'zlikka aylanish" ko'pincha "boshqa o'zlik" sifatida tasvirlangan.

17 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Manual_of_ Palestinean_Arabic%2C_for_self-instruction_1909.png 18 The ‘becoming of self ’ was often described in Darwish’s poetry as the ‘other self ’.

Biroq, "borliqning bo'lib borishi" atamasi Martin Haydegger "Borliq va vaqt" (2010) asarida ishlab chiqqan tushunchaga asoslangan. Bu tasavvur shuni nazarda tutadiki, borliqning bo'lib borishining ontologik haqiqati (dunyodagi borliq, borliqning asta-sekin ochilib va ifodalanib borishi) inson tafakkuri va harakati orqali namoyon bo'ladi.

However the term ‘becoming of being’ is based on the insight Martin Heidegger developed in Being and Time (2010). The conception assumes that the ontological truth of being’s becoming (being in the world, being becomes progressively uncovered and articulated) is mediated by human thinking and action.

19-Nassor 1911-yilda, shuningdek, arab tilida sionizm haqidagi birinchi kitobni nashr etdi. Kitob "Sionizm: uning tarixi, maqsadi va ahamiyati" deb nomlangan bo'lib, unda u sionizmni Falastindagi falastinlik arablarni siqib chiqarishga intilayotgan mustamlakachi-ko'chmanchi harakat sifatida tasvirlagan (Beška 2014a).

19 Nassar also published in 1911 the first book in Arabic on Zionism, entitled Zionism: Its History, Objective and Importance, in which he described Zionism as a settler-colonial movement seeking to displace the Palestinian Arabs in Palestine (Beška 2014a).

20 Bracy ishi tanqidi uchun qarang: Beška (2012).

20 For a critique of Bracy’s work, see Beška (2012).

21-raqam. Bu tarixiy nom Iordan vodiysining sharqiy yassitoʻligi butun hududiga, jumladan, oʻsha paytda Nablus sanjogʻining bir qismi boʻlgan Ammonga ham tegishli edi.

21 The historic name applies to the entire area of the eastern plateau of the Jordan valley including ‘Amman, then part of the Nablus sanjak.

22 Falastin, 31 January 1912, p. 1.

23 Yiannis Meimaris, "The Discovery of the Madaba Map: Mythology and Reality", at: http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/articles/MeimarisMap.html 24 See also Khalidi, W. (1988); Kasmieh (1992).

23 Yiannis Meimaris, ‘The Discovery of the Madaba Map: Mythology and Reality’, at: http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/articles/MeimarisMap.html 24 See aso Khalidi, W. (1988); Kasmieh (1992).

25 Bu xatga u Teodor Gertsldan javob oldi (Beška 2007).

25 To this letter, he received a reply from Theodor Herzl (Beška 2007).

26. Imod ad-Din al-Isfahoniy — Salohiddin xronikachisi va maslahatchisi — Hattin jangida va undan keyin salibchilarni Muqaddas yerdan haydash yurishida hozir bo‘lgan (al-Isfahoniy 1888).

26 Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, a chronicler and advisor to Saladin, was present at the Battle of Hittin and the subsequent campaign to expel the Crusaders from the Holy Land (al-Isfahani 1888).

27 Shukri al-‘Asali, “Kitab min Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi ila qa’id al-hamla al-Hawraniyya Sami Basha al-Faruqi”, al-Muqtabas, 5 dekabr 1910, Beška (2014b) manbasida keltirilgan.

27 Shukri al-‘Asali, ‘Kitab min Salah al-Din al- Ayyubi ila qa’id al-hamla al-Hawraniyya Sami Basha al-Faruqi’, al-Muqtabas, 5 December 1910, cited in Beška (2014b).

28 Mandat davridagi Falastin milliy harakatining rahbariyati va maqsadlari haqida batafsil muhokama uchun qarang: al-Hut (1981).

28 For further discussion on the leadership and goals of the Palestinian national movement during the Mandatory period, see al-Hut (1981).

29-qarang, masalan, Azmi Beshara, ‘Falastin xalqi – mustamlakachilik ixtirosi’, Azmi Beshara Falastin xalqining mavjudligi haqida, https://www.youtube.

29 See, for instance, Azmi Beshara, ‘The Palestinian People is a Colonial Invention’, in Azmi Beshara on the existence of a Palestinian People, https://www.youtube.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, 30 aprel 2009 yilda joylangan.

com/watch?v=EOqAGbpoDZc, posted 30 April 2009.

30 ‘Abd al-Hadi 1909-yilda Parijda faoliyat yuritgan yashirin tashkilot al-Fatat (Jam’iyat al-’Arabiyah al-Fatat, “Yosh arab jamiyati”) ning asoschilaridan biri edi. Bu arab millatchilik tashkiloti Usmonli tuzumi doirasida arab madaniy va ma’muriy avtonomiyasi hamda birligi uchun xizmat qilardi. ‘Abd al-Hadi, shuningdek, 1919-yilgi Parij tinchlik konferensiyasida Amir Faysalning shaxsiy kotibi sifatida ham faoliyat yuritgan.

30 ‘Abd al-Hadi had been a founding member of the 1909 Paris-based underground al-Fatat (Jam’iyat al-’Arabiyah al-Fatat, ‘the Young Arab Society’), an Arab nationalist organisation which was devoted to Arab cultural and administrative autonomy and unity within the Ottoman system. ‘Abd al-Hadi had also served as private secretary of Amir Faisal at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

31 Aryeh Dayan, "Yahudiy davlatini saqlab qolgan kommunistlar", Haaretz, 9

31 Aryeh Dayan, ‘The Communists Who Saved the Jewish State’, Haaretz, 9

May 2006, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-communistswho- saved-the-jewish-state-1.187221

32 1948-yil 14-may (5708-yil 5-iyar) kuni chiqqan Isroil Rasmiy Gazetasining 1-sonida e'lon qilingan.

32 Published in the Israeli Official Gazette, No. 1 of the 5th Iyar, 5708 (14 May 1948).

10-bob

Chapter 10

1 Frantsiya Sionistlar federatsiyasi yig'ilishida so'zlangan nutq, Parij, 28

1 A speech delivered at a meeting of the French Zionist Federation, Paris, 28

1914-yil mart, Litvinoff (1983, 24-maqola: 115‒116).

March 1914, in Litvinoff (1983, paper 24: 115‒116).

2-qarang: Ruppinning Yahudiy agentligi ijroiya qo'mitasi yig'ilishidagi bayonoti bayonnomasi, 20

2 See protocol of Ruppin’s statement at the Jewish Agency Executive’s meeting, 20

1936-yil may (Heller 1984: 140).

May 1936 (in Heller 1984: 140).

3 Brian Klug, “The Other Arthur Balfour “PROTECTOR OF THE JEWS””, 8

3 Brian Klug, ‘The Other Arthur Balfour “PROTECTOR OF THE JEWS”’, 8

Iyul 2013, http://www.balfourproject.org/the-other-arthur-balfour-protectorof- the-jews/ 4 Ami Isseroff keltirgan, «British Support for Jewish Restoration», http://www.

July 2013, http://www.balfourproject.org/the-other-arthur-balfour-protectorof- the-jews/ 4 Cited by Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.

mideastweb.org/britzion.htm; Masalha (1992, 1997, 2003).

5 J. N. Darby, Letters of J. N. Darby, Vol. 2 (London: G. Morrish, n.d.).

6 Raqamlar 32:1; Ibtido 31:25; Ibtido 37:25.

6 Numbers 32:1; Genesis 31:25; Genesis 37:25.

7 Ami Isseroff tomonidan keltirilgan, “Britaniyaning yahudiylarning qayta tiklanishiga ko‘magi”, http://www.

7 Cited by Ami Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’, http://www.

mideastweb.org/britzion.htm.

8 Ibid.

9. 1821-yilning o‘zidayoq Angliya cherkovi o‘zining Cherkov missionerlik jamiyati va London yahudiylar jamiyati orqali (aniqroq aytganda, 1808-yilda yahudiylarni nasroniylikka o‘tkazish maqsadida tashkil etilgan Yahudiylar orasida nasroniylikni targ‘ib qilish jamiyati) bu yerda doimiy vakolatxona tashkil etish masalasini ko‘rib chiqa boshladi. London yahudiylar jamiyati 1833-yilda, Muhammad ‘Ali shaharni egallagani sababli yuzaga kelgan inqirozdan ikki yil o‘tib, Quddusda Angliya cherkovining birinchi doimiy missiya markazini ochdi. 1841-yilda Quddusda Britaniya va Prussiya homiyligida protestant episkopligi tashkil etildi.

9 As early as 1821 the Anglican Church, through its Church Missionary Society and the London Jews Society (more properly, the Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, founded in 1808 to convert the Jews to Christianity), was considering the establishment of a post. The London Jews Society established the first permanent Anglican mission station in Jerusalem in 1833, two years after the crisis caused by the capture of the city by Muhammad ‘Ali. In 1841, a Protestant bishopric in Jerusalem was established under joint British and Prussian auspices.

10 Rossiyaning Muqaddas Yerga bo‘lgan qiziqishi, ayniqsa Qrim urushidan keyin kuchaydi, chunki Rossiya Usmonli imperiyasida pravoslav manfaatlarini himoya qilish orqali o‘z siyosiy maqsadlarini ilgari surish imkoniyatidan foydalandi.

10 Russian interest in the Holy Land increased particularly after the Crimean War, as Russia availed itself of the opportunity of furthering Russian political concerns through protection of Orthodox interests in the Ottoman Empire.

Bu voqea 1860-yilning boshida, Quddusga boradigan rus ziyoratchilarini parvarish qilish uchun mo‘ljallangan yotoqxonalar, idoralar va kasalxonalardan iborat keng majmua hamda rus sobori qurilishining boshlanishi bilan kuzatildi.

This was witnessed as early 1860 with the commencement of the building of a Russian cathedral and of a vast complex of hostels, offices and hospitals for the care for Russian pilgrims to Jerusalem.

11 Nemis ta'siri Nemis evangelist cherkovining nemis diakonissalari kasalxonasi, Suriya protestant yetimxonasi, nemis koloniyasidagi kasalxona-ajralmaslar (kosaxona) hamda Najotkor lyuteran cherkovi boshqaruvida o'z aksini topgan.

11 German influence was reflected in the German Evangelical Church’s administration of the hospital of the German deaconesses, the Syrian Protestant Orphanage, the Leper Hospital in the German colony, and the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer.

12 Shu bilan birga, Shotlandiya cherkovi missiyasi ham tashkil etildi, u Quddusdagi Avliyo Andrey (St Andrew's) cherkovidan tashqari Falastinning bir necha markazlarida tibbiy va ta'lim xizmatlarini ko'rsatdi.

12 Not to be outdone, the Church of Scotland mission was established, which, in addition to St Andrew’s in Jerusalem, provided medical and educational services in several centres in Palestine.

13 Bu mashhur she'r Kipling tomonidan 1899-yilda yozilgan.

13 This famous poem was written by Kipling in 1899.

14 Isseroff tomonidan keltirilgan, “Yahudiylarning tiklanishiga Britaniya ko‘magi”.

14 Cited by Isseroff, ‘British Support for Jewish Restoration’.

15 Bu yerda Said "Ular o'zlarini ifodalay olmaydi; ularni ifodalashi kerak" degan Karl Marksning hikmatini "Orientalizm" kitobiga epigraf sifatida keltiradi.

15 Here Said uses Carl Marx’s adage: ‘they cannot represent themselves; they must be represented’ in an epigraph to Orientalism.

16 http://web.nli.org.il/sites/JPress/English/Pages/Palestine-Post.aspx 17 Haaretz gazetasining 1969-yil 4-aprel sonida xabar qilinganidek.

16 http://web.nli.org.il/sites/JPress/English/Pages/Palestine-Post.aspx 17 Reported in Haaretz, 4 April 1969.

18 Wadi al-Hawarith — Falastindagi yana bir qishloqning nomi ham shu edi, u 1948-yilda aholisi ko‘chirilgan qishloq edi.

18 Wadi al-Hawarith was also the name of a Palestinian village depopulated in 1948.

19 ta ravvin donishmand, ularning qarashlari Mishnada qayd etilgan.

19 Rabbinic sages whose views were recorded in the Mishnah.

20 ta Yahudiy Og‘zaki Tavrot olimi.

20 Jewish Oral Torah scholars.

21 Yahudiy xalqining ixtirosi haqida batafsil muhokama uchun qarang: Masalha (2007)

21 For further discussion of the invention of the Jewish people, see Masalha (2007)

va Sand (2009).

and Sand (2009).

22 boshqa asosiy sabab zamonaviy ibroniy tiliga arab tilining ta'sirining ortida turadi, jumladan: (1)

22 Other key reasons behind the influence of Arabic on modern Hebrew include: (1)

1948-yilda Isroil davlati tashkil topguniga qadar Falastinda aholining ulkan ko'pchiligi arab tilida gaplashardi; (2) Ibroniy tilining qayta tiklanishining dastlabki bosqichlarida unga yangi semit so'zlari va shakllari tezkor ravishda kerak bo'ldi, shu sababli u Arab tili kabi tirik semit tiliga tayanishga majbur bo'ldi, zero yangidan yaratilgan zamonaviy ibroniy tili uni ishlatish uchun tayyor, boy manba sifatida topdi; (3) semit tillari orasida arab tili ibroniy tiliga eng yaqin tildir (Shehadeh 1998: 62; Chomsky 1967: 217).

until the establishment of Israel in 1948 Arabic was spoken by the overwhelming majority of people in Palestine; (2) during the early stages of its revival Hebrew urgently needed new Semitic words and patterns and had to rely on a living Semitic language such as Arabic which the newly invented modern Hebrew found as a readily available rich resource to exploit; (3) Arabic is closest to Hebrew amongst the Semitic languages (Shehadeh 1998: 62; Chomsky 1967: 217).

23 Isroil tadqiqotlarining ko'p qismi Isroil ibroniy tilining jargonidagi arab sifatlarining ko'pligiga va arab tilining rasmiy bo'lmagan, standart bo'lmagan, so'zlashuv ibroniy tiliga sezilarli ta'siriga qaratilgan (Blanc 1954; Shehadeh 1998).

23 Much of Israeli research has focused on the abundance of Arabic adjectives in Israeli Hebrew slang and on the significant impact of Arabic on the ‘non-official’, non-standard, colloquial Hebrew (Blanc 1954; Shehadeh 1998).

24 Biroq, ba'zi so'zlar ommalashmadi. Masalan, Ben-Yehudaning "pomidor" uchun taklif qilgan so'zi badora edi – bu Falastin arab tilining jonli shevasidagi bandora so'zining ibroniycha shakli. Ben-Yehuda bu lug'aviy kurashda yutqazdi, bugungi kunda isroillik ibroniy tilida so'zlovchilar 'agvaniya so'zidan foydalanadilar (Balint 2008) – bu ibroniycha 'agav ildizidan olingan bo'lib, "sevmoq, orzu qilmoq" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Bu ham Yevropa (va vulgar) an'anasini aks ettiradi.

24 However, some words did not catch on. For instance, Ben-Yehuda’s word for ‘tomato’ was badora, the Hebrew version of the Palestinian colloquial Arabic bandora; Ben-Yehuda failed to win this logistic battle and today Israeli Hebrew speakers use the word ‘agvania (Balint 2008) – from the Hebrew root ‘agav which means ‘to love, to desire’. This also reflects the European (and vulgar)

“Sevgi olmasi” (italyancha: pomo d’oro; fransuzcha: pommes d’amour) — XVI asrda Janubiy Amerikadan Italiyaga olib kelingan va Yevropaliklar tomonidan shahvoniy kuchga ega deb hisoblangan Ацtek mevasi uchun.

‘love apple’ (Italian: pomo d’oro; French: pommes d’amour) for the Aztec fruit which was first brought to Italy from South America in the 16th century and to which the Europeans attributed aphrodisiac powers.

25 Avishai Margalit, "The Myth of Jerusalem", The New York Review of Books 38(21), 1991-yil 19-dekabr.

25 Avishai Margalit, ‘The Myth of Jerusalem’, The New York Review of Books 38(21), 19 December 1991.

26 Uri Davis, "Histadrut: davomiylik va o'zgarish", Norvegiya kasaba uyushmalari federatsiyasining Xalqaro bo'limiga 1999-yil yanvarida taqdim etilgan hujjat.

26 Uri Davis, ‘The Histadrut: Continuity and Change’, paper submitted to the International Department, Norwegian Trade Union Federation, January 1999.

27 Shamir — "chaqmoqtosh" degani. Talmudda Sulaymon podshoh Birinchi ibodatxonani qurishda kesish asboblari o‘rniga Shamirdan foydalangani haqidagi afsona bor.

27 Shamir means flint. The Talmud contains the myth of King Solomon using Shamir in the construction of the first temple in the place of cutting tools.

28 Don C. Benjamin, "Stories and Stones: Archaeology and the Bible, an introduction with CD Rom", 2006, http://www.doncbenjamin.com/pav/docs/ archaeology_and_the_bible.pdf, izoh 78, 254-bet.

28 Don C. Benjamin, ‘Stories and Stones: Archaeology and the Bible, an introduction with CD Rom’, 2006, http://www.doncbenjamin.com/pav/docs/ archaeology_and_the_bible.pdf, note 78, p. 254.

29 Geografik nomlarning taxminan dörtdan bir qismi arabcha nomlardan tovushlarning o‘xshashligi asosida kelib chiqqan.

29 Approximately one-quarter of all geographical names were derived from the Arabic names on the basis of the similarity of sounds.

1890-yilda asos solingan yangi sionistlar aholi punkti, ya’ni Rehovot shahri biblik Rehoboth shahri nomi bilan atalgan bo‘lib, bu nom o‘xshash, lekin Negev cho‘lida mutlaqo boshqa joyda joylashgan edi.

30 Founded in 1890, the new Zionist settlement/city of Rehovot was named after a biblical town of a similar name, Rehoboth, which stood at a completely different location in the Negev Desert.

31 Oren Yiftachel’s Introduction to Noga Kadman’s Erased From Space and Consciousness (2008), p. 8, cited in Manar Makhoul, ‘Un-erasing the Nakba:

Falastin shaxsiyati Isroilda Birinchi intifadadan keyin, 2013-yil 13-mart, http:// mondoweiss.net/2013/03/palestinian-identity-intifada/.

Palestinian Identity in Israel since the First Intifada’, 13 March 2013, http:// mondoweiss.net/2013/03/palestinian-identity-intifada/.

32 Jonathan Cook, "Isroilning arab nomlarini xaritadan o'chirish rejasi", The Electronic Intifada, 2009-yil 17-iyul, http://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-plan-wipearabic- names-map/8351

32 Jonathan Cook, ‘Israel’s Plan to Wipe Arabic Names off the Map’, The Electronic Intifada, 17 July 2009, http://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-plan-wipearabic- names-map/8351

Ibid.

33 Ibid.