9.16 Studia Palaestina: Palestinshunoslik va zamonaviy tadqiqot jamiyatlari hamda muassasalarining ko'payishi
9.16 Studia Palaestina: Palestine Studies And The Proliferation Of Modern Research Societies And Institutions
Zamonaviy davrda Falastin tadqiqotlari ilmiy soha sifatida bir necha qit'alarda ulkan darajada rivojlanib, so'nggi o'n yilliklarda ham kengayishda davom etmoqda, garchi yangi tashkil etilgan ba'zi markazlar asosan zamonaviy Falastin va arab‒isroil nizosiga qaratilgan bo'lsa-da. Bundan tashqari, bu mintaqaning qadimgi tarixi haqida gap ketganda, zamonaviy Yevropa ilmiy adabiyoti (hamda 1914 yilda tashkil etilgan Yahudiy Falastinni o'rganish jamiyati kabi dastlabki sionistik ilmiy jamiyatlar) hatto yahudiy tarixi haqida gapirganda ham umumiy va bir ovozda "Falastin" atamasini ishlatadi.
In modern times Palestine Studies as a scholarly discipline has grown phenomenally across several continents and has continued to expand in recent decades – although some of the recently founded centres focus largely on modern Palestine and the Arab‒Israeli conflict. Furthermore, when referring to the ancient history of this region, modern European scholarship (and early Zionist scholarly societies such as the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society, founded in 1914) universally and unanimously talk about ‘Palestine’, even when referring to Jewish history.
19-asrda "Muqaddas yer"ning Yevropaning siyosiy hamda madaniy-diniy kirib borishiga ochilishi Falastin haqida tog'lab ketgan nashrlarga sabab bo'ldi. Falastin tadqiqotlari hamda Falastinning qadimgi tarixi va merosiga oid ayrim ilmiy jamiyatlar, markazlar, loyihalar, muzeylar va jurnallarni keltiramiz:
The opening of the ‘Holy Land’ to Europe’s political, cultural-religious penetration in the 19th century resulted in mountains of publications on Palestine. To cite some of the scholarly societies/centres/projects/museums/ journals relevant to Palestine Studies and the ancient history and heritage of Palestine:
• Falastin tadqiqoti jamg'armasi (Palestine Exploration Fund) — 1860-yillarda Londonda tashkil etilgan, asosiy e'tibori qadimgi Falastinga qaratilgan; u "Palestine Exploration Quarterly" jurnalini nashr etgan.
• The Palestine Exploration Fund, founded in London in the 1860s with a focus on ancient Palestine; it published the Palestine Exploration Quarterly.
Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society: 1884 yilda tashkil etilgan bu tashkilot o‘n bir yil faoliyat yuritgan va Muqaddas Yerga ziyorat tarixiga oid o‘rta asr matnlarining tarjimalarini nashr etgan.
• The Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society: an organisation established in 1884, the society operated for eleven years and published translations of medieval texts relevant to the history of pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
Geografik yoki topografik ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan, yunon, lotin, arab, ibroniy, qadimgi frantsuz, rus va nemis tillaridagi turli xil manbalarga alohida e'tibor berildi. Uning nashrlari orasida Guy Le Strange'ning arab tilidan qilgan tarjimasi va al-Muqaddasiy (al-Maqdisiy) asarining izohli nashri ham bor edi: Description of Syria, including Palestine by Mukaddasi (1986), Nosir Xusrav'ning Suriya va Falastin orqali sayohati kundaligi (Diary of a Journey Through Syria and Palestine, 1888).
Particular attention was given to accounts containing geographical or topographical information in a variety of languages, including Greek, Latin, Arabic, Hebrew, Old French, Russian and German. Its publications included Guy Le Strange’s translation from Arabic and annotation of al-Muqaddasi’s (al-Maqdisi’s) work under the title: Description of Syria, including Palestine by Mukaddasi (1986), Nasir-I-Khusrau’s Diary of a Journey Through Syria and Palestine (1888).
• Falastinni o‘rganish bo‘yicha Nemis jamiyati (Deutscher Verein für die Erforschung Palästinas). Jamiyatning yillik nashri Falastinni o‘rganish bo‘yicha Nemis jamiyatining jurnali (Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins) edi.
• Deutscher Verein für die Erforschung Palästinas (German Society for the Exploration of Palestine). The Society’s annual publication was Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (Journal of the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine).
• Deutscher Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas (Falastinni o‘rganish bo‘yicha nemis jamiyati) 1877-yilda shveytsariyalik geograf Karl Tsimmerman tashabbusi bilan tashkil etilgan. Bu jamiyat Muqaddas Kitobni o‘rganish hamda Falastinning tarixi va madaniyatini tadqiq etishni targ‘ib qilish uchun tuzilgan birlashmadan kelib chiqqan. 1877-yildan boshlab jamiyat muntazam ravishda Tsimmermanning "Zeitschrift" jurnalini nashr etgan.
• The Deutscher Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas (German Association for the Study of Palestine) was established in 1877 at the initiative of the Swiss geographer Carl Zimmermann’s association for the promotion of Bible Studies and research on the history and culture of Palestine. From 1877 it regularly published Zimmermann’s Zeitschrift.
• Imperator pravoslav Falastin jamiyati (ruscha: Императорское православное палестинское общество) 1882-yilda Falastinni o‘rganish uchun ilmiy va siyosiy tashkilot sifatida tashkil etilgan. 1917-yilgi bolsheviklar inqilobidan so‘ng jamiyat Rossiya Falastin jamiyati (ruscha: Российское Палестинское Общество) deb nomlangan.
• Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (Russian: Императорское православное палестинское общество) was founded in 1882 as a scholarly and political organisation for the study of Palestine. Following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 the society was renamed the Russian Palestine Society (Russian: Российское Палестинское Общество)
va SSSR Fanlar akademiyasiga biriktirilgan edi. Uning asl rus tilidagi nomi 1992 yilda tiklangan.
and was attached to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Its original Russian name was restored in 1992.
• Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (Deutschen Palästina-Vereins jurnali) — Muqaddas Yerdagi Nemis Arxeologiya Institutining rasmiy byulleteni bo‘lib, u 1900-yilda tashkil etilgan. Jurnal arxeologiya, topografiya, ikonografiya, din, ijtimoiy antropologiya, filologiya va adabiyot kabi mavzularni yoritadi.
• Zeitschrifl des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (Journal of the German Society for Exploration of Palestine) is the official bulletin of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in the Holy Land (Deutsches Evangelisches Institut für Altertumswissenschaften des Heiligen Landes), founded in 1900. It covers topics such as archaeology, topography, iconography, religion, social anthropology, philology and literature.
• Falastin arxeologiya muzeyi (al-Quds/Quddus), 1918-yilda tashkil etilgan va 1938-yilda rasman ochilgan; 1967-yilgi bosqindan keyin Isroil uni "Rokfeller muzeyi" deb qayta nomlagan.
• Palestine Archaeological Museum (al-Quds/Jerusalem), was initiated in 1918 and officially opened in 1938; it was renamed ‘Rockefeller Museum’ by Israel after the 1967 occupation.
Falastin xalq folklori muzeyi (al-Quds/Quddus) 1930-yillarda al-Qal'ada tashkil etilgan.
• Palestine Folklore Museum (al-Quds/Jerusalem) was set up in al-Qala’a in the 1930s.
Jewish Palestine Exploration Society 1914-yilda tashkil etilgan bo‘lib, asosiy e’tibori qadimgi Falastinga qaratilgan edi; 1948-yildan keyin u Israel Exploration Society nomi bilan qayta nomlandi.
• Jewish Palestine Exploration Society was founded in 1914 with a focus on ancient Palestine; it was renamed after 1948 as the Israel Exploration Society.
Falastin Sharqshunoslik Jamiyati jurnali 1920 yildan 1948 yilgacha Quddusda Falastin Sharqshunoslik Jamiyati tomonidan nashr etilgan bo'lib, qadimgi tarix va qadimiy yodgorliklarga e'tibor qaratgan.
• The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society was published in Jerusalem by the Palestine Oriental Society from 1920 to 1948 and focused on ancient history and antiquities.
• Falastin tadqiqotlari instituti 1963-yilda Beyrutda tashkil etilgan bo‘lib, "Falastin tadqiqotlari jurnali"ni nashr etadi.
• The Institute for Palestine Studies, founded in Beirut in 1963, publishes the Journal of Palestine Studies.
Falastin tadqiqot markazi 1965-yilda Beyrutda FOAT (Falastin ozodlik tashkiloti) tomonidan tashkil etilgan; u "Falastin masalalari" (Shu'un Filastiniyah) nomli davriy nashrni chop etgan.
• Palestine Research Centre was founded by the PLO in Beirut in 1965; it published a periodical entitled Palestinian Affairs (Shu’un Filastiniyah).
“Holy Land and Palestine Studies” jurnali 2002-yilda tashkil etilgan; u Edinburgh University Press nashriyoti tomonidan chop etiladi.
• Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies was founded in 2002; it is published by Edinburgh University Press.
Ekseter universitetidagi Yevropa Falastin tadqiqotlari markazi 2009-yilda tashkil etilgan.
• The European Centre for Palestine Studies, Exeter University was established in 2009.
• Kolumbiya universiteti (Nyu-York) Falastin tadqiqotlari markazi.
• Center for Palestine Studies, Columbia University, New York.
• SOAS (London) Falastin tadqiqotlari markazi 2012-yilda tashkil etilgan.
• Centre for Palestine Studies (SOAS, London) was established in 2012.
Falastin muzeyi 2016-yilning may oyida Birzeytda ochildi.
• The Palestinian Museum opened in Birzeit in May 2016.