10.8 Sionistik toponimik usullar va strategiyalar Nakbadan keyingi davrda: Isroil joy nomlari loyihalarining asosiy xususiyatlari
10.8 Zionist Toponymic Methods And Strategies In The Post-nakba Period: Key Features Of The Israeli Place Names Projects
1948 yilgacha Palestinadagi toponimik jarayonlar sionistlar nazoratida emas edi. Nakba davridagi ommaviy etnik tozalash va Isroilning tarixiy Falastinning deyarli 80 foizi ustidan to'liq nazorat o'rnatganidan so'ng, nomlash bo'yicha madaniy siyosat keskin tezlashdi. Endi davlat toponimik loyihalari Falastinni arablashtirishsizlantirish samaradorligini ta'minlash vositasi sifatida ishlatila boshlandi. Bu vositalardan biri rasmiy Isroil yo'l belgilari bo'lib, ular ko'pincha ibroniy, arab va ingliz tillarida yoziladi. Ammo arab va ingliz yozuvlari ham yangi ibroniycha joy nomlarining transliteratsiyasi bo'lib, asl falastinlik arabcha nomni aks ettirmaydi. Albatta, isroilliklarning aksariyati arab tilini o'qiy olmaydi; bu qisman Isroil ichidagi mahalliy falastinliklarga yangi ibroniycha joy nomlarini o'zlashtirish zarurligini eslatish yoki yo'q bo'lib borayotgan falastinlik arablardan aniq rozilik izlash maqsadida qilingan (Shohat 2010: 264), bu esa arablarni Falastinni arablashtirishsizlantirishda sherik qilib qo'yadi.
Until 1948 the Zionists were not in control of the toponymic processes in Palestine. Following the mass ethnic cleaning of the Nakba and the Israeli assumption of full control of nearly 80 per cent of historic Palestine, the cultural politics of naming was accelerated radically. State toponymic projects were now used as tools to ensure the effectiveness of the de-Arabisation of Palestine. One of these tools consisted of the official Israeli road signs, which are often in Hebrew, Arabic and English. But both the Arabic and the English are transliterations of the new Hebrew place names – rather than reflecting the original Palestinian Arabic name. Of course the overwhelming majority of Israelis cannot read Arabic; this is partly to remind the indigenous Palestinians inside Israel of the need to internalise the new Hebrew place names or perhaps to seek the express approval of the vanishing Palestinian Arab (Shohat 2010: 264), making Arabs complicit in the de-Arabisation of Palestine.
Quyidagilar Isroil-sionistlarning Nakbadan keyingi davrda joy nomlarini o'zgartirish va yangi joy nomlarini yaratish usullarining asosiy xususiyatlari va metodlari edi:
Key features and methods of Israeli Zionist renaming patterns and creation of new place name in the post-Nakba period included:
• Isroil armiyasining roli: 1949-yilgi Ibroniy nomlari qo‘mitasi
• The role of the Israeli Army: the Hebrew Names Committee of 1949
va Yevropalik mustamlakachilarni mahalliylashtirish.
and indigenising of the European settlers.
• Davlat tomonidan amalga oshiriladigan loyihalar: Isroil hukumat nomlar qo'mitasi.
• State-enforced projects: the Israeli Governmental Names Committee.
Sionistik ko'chmanchilar va o'rta asr salib yurishchilarining afsonaviy toponimikasi.
• The legendary toponymy of Zionist settlers and the medieval Crusaders.
• Toponimitsid va Falastin merosini o‘zlashtirish; Falastin o‘tmishining jim qilinishi: taqlid qilish, Falastin joy nomlarining arabiylikdan tozalanishi va egalik da’vosi.
• Toponymicide and the appropriation of Palestinian heritage; silencing of the Palestinian past: mimicry, the de-Arabisation of Palestinian place names and assertion of ownership.
• O'tmishni foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan shaklga keltirish: hokimiyat/bilim aloqasi.
• The creation of a usable past: the power/knowledge nexus.
• Yahudiylashtirish strategiyalari va mulkchilikni tasdiqlash: Bibliya, Talmud va Mishna nomlarining ustiga qatlanishi.
• Judaisation strategies and the assertion of ownership: the superimposition of biblical, Talmudic and Mishnaic names.
• Yangi Yevropa manzarasini unutish va o‘chirish maydoni sifatida shakllantirish.
• Fashioning a new European landscape as a site of amnesia and erasure.
Yangi ibroniycha joy nomlari va yo'l belgilarini ingliz va arab tiliga transliteratsiya qilish, 1967-yildagi bosqindan keyin.
• Transliteration of new Hebrew place names and road signs into English and Arabic, post-1967 occupation.