29.2 Sotish mumkin emas, agar sizda mavjud bo'lmagan narsani - Islomiy shaxsiyat | Quran Course

29.2 Sotish mumkin emas, agar sizda mavjud bo'lmagan narsani - Islomiy shaxsiyat | Quran Course

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29.2 Sotish mumkin emas, agar sizda mavjud bo'lmagan narsani

29.2 It Is Not Allowed To Sell What You Do Not Have

by Sheikh Taqīuddīn An-Nabahānī2 min readViewed 113 times

Bir narsani egalik huquqi to'liq qaror topmasdan sotish joiz emas, shuning uchun bunday holatda amalga oshirilgan sotuv bekor (botil) hisoblanadi. Bu ikki holatda tasdiqlanadi. Birinchidan, kishi molni o'zi egalik qilmasdan turib sotadi. Ikkinchidan, u molni sotib oladi, ammo egalik huquqi to'liq qaror topmasdan, ya'ni egalik huquqining to'liq bo'lishi egallab olishga bog'liq bo'lgan narsani egallab olishdan oldin sotadi. Bunga sabab shuki, sotuv shartnomasi faqat egalik qilingan mulkda amalga oshadi. Demak, hali egalik qilinmagan yoki sotib olingan, ammo egalik huquqi hali to'liq qaror topmagan, chunki unga egallab olish amalga oshmagan narsa ustida sotuv shartnomasi bo'lishi mumkin emas, chunki Shar'iatda unda shartnoma amalga oshadigan joy mavjud emas. Allohning Elchisi ﷺ o'zi egalik qilmagan narsani sotishni man qildilar. Hakim ibn Hizom (roziyallohu anhu) rivoyat qilinadi, u shunday degan:

It is not allowed to sell a good before completing its ownership so selling it in this situation is a void sale. This is verified in two situations. Firstly, that one sells the good before he owns it. Secondly, he sells it after buying it but before he completes owning it via taking possession in that whose completion of ownership is conditioned upon taking possession. This is because the sale contract only occurs upon owned property so that which is not owned yet or is purchased but its ownership is not yet completed since its possession has not yet been taken, then there cannot occur over it the sale contract because there does not exist a place for the contract to occur over it in the Shar’a. The Messenger of Allah (saw) prohibited the sale of what the seller does not own. It is narrated from Hakeem bin Hazam (ra) who said:

Bu hadislar, sotuvchi egalik huquqini to‘liq amalga oshirmagan narsani, uni egallamaguncha sotishni aniq taqiqlaydi. Sababi shundaki, egallashni talab qiladigan narsaning egaligi xaridor uni egallamaguncha to‘liq bo‘lmaydi, shuningdek, u narsa sotuvchining mas’uliyati (kafolati) ostida bo‘ladi.

These ahadith are explicit in prohibiting that which they have not taken possession of since the seller has not completed his ownership over it. This is because that which requires taking possession of, then its ownership is not completed until the buyer possesses it and also because it is in the guarantee of its seller.

Shuning uchun aniqlanadiki, sotuvning haqiqiyligi sharti – sotuvchining mol-mulkka egalik qilishi va unga bo‘lgan egalikni to‘liq amalga oshirgan bo‘lishidir. Agar u mulkka egalik qilmasa yoki egalik qilsa-yu, o‘z egaligini unda to‘liq amalga oshirmagan bo‘lsa, uni sotish mutlaqo joiz emas. Bunga o‘lchanadigan, tortiladigan yoki sanaladigan narsalar uchun egallab olish sotuvni to‘liq amalga oshirish sharti bo‘lgan holda, sotuvchi egallab olmagan narsasini sotishi ham kiradi. Egallab olish mulkchilikni to‘liq amalga oshirish sharti bo‘lmagan narsalar, ya’ni o‘lchanmaydigan, tortilmaydigan va sanalmaydigan narsalar, masalan, hayvon, uy va yer kabi narsalar bo‘lsa, sotuvchi ularni egallab olishdan oldin sotishi joiz. Chunki ijob va qabul orqali sotuv shartnomasining o‘zi sotuvni amalga oshiradi, u narsani egallab olgan yoki olmaganidan qat’i nazar. Demak, u o‘zining egaligi to‘liq amalga oshgan narsani sotgan bo‘ladi. Sotuvning batil bo‘lishi masalasi egallab olish yoki olmaslikka emas, balki sotuv predmetining mulkiga va unda egalikning to‘liq amalga oshishiga bog‘liqdir. Tortilmaydigan yoki sanalmaydigan narsalardan egallab olinmagan narsani sotishga ruxsat berilishi esa sahih hadis bilan sobit bo‘lgan. Al-Buxoriy Ibn Umar (roziyallohu anhu) dan rivoyat qilgan: u Umar (roziyallohu anhu) ga tegishli bo‘lgan, boshqarish qiyin bo‘lgan tuyaga minib ketayotgan edi.

Hence it is clarified that it is a condition of the validity of sale that the seller owns the good and has completed his possession therein. If however he does not own it or he owns it but has not completed his own ownership therein then it is absolutely not allowed to sell it. This includes what he owns but has not taken possession in what taking possession is a condition to complete the sale which is what is measured, weighed and counted. As for those for which taking possession is not a condition of completing ownership which is other than that which is measured, weighed or counted such as the animal, house and land and what is similar then it is permitted for the seller to sell it before taking possession. This is because the mere occurrence of the sale contract by offer and acceptance completes the sale whether he takes possession of it or not, so he would have sold that which his ownership over it is accomplished. The issue of the sale being void is not related to taking possession or not; rather it is related to the ownership of the sale and the completion of ownership therein. As for permitting the sale of something that has not been possessed in other than what is weighed or counted, this is established by the sahih hadith. And Al-Bukhari narrated from ibn Umar (ra) that he was riding troublesome camel which belonged to Umar

Bu sovg'a orqali sotishda mulkka egalik qilishdan oldin tasarruf etish sotilgan mol uchun egalik tugallanganini bildiradi. Bu sotuvchining unga bo'lgan mulki tugallanganini ko'rsatadi va shu sababli uni sotish joizdir. Demak, sotuvchi egalik qiladigan va unga bo'lgan mulki tugallangan narsani sotishi mumkin. Egaligi tugallanmagan narsani esa sotish joiz emas. Shunga ko'ra, kichik savdogarlarning qilayotgan ishi ham joiz emas: ular mol xaridorlari bilan savdolashib, narx kelishib olgach, uni unga sotadilar, so'ngra xaridor uchun molni sotib olish maqsadida boshqa savdogarning oldiga boradilar, keyin esa uni olib kelib xaridorga topshiradilar. Bu egasi bo'lmagan narsani sotish hisoblanadi. Savdogardan mol haqida so'ralganda, u o'zi bilan emas, balki bozorda boshqalarda mavjudligini biladi. Shunda u yolg'on gapirib, mol mavjud deb xaridorga sotadi va sotgandan keyin uni sotib olishga boradi. Bu haromdir va joiz emas, chunki bu egasi bo'lmagan narsani sotishdir. Xuddi shunday, sabzavot va don bozoridagi do'kon egalarining, egaligi tugallanmasdan turib sabzavot va bug'doy sotishlari ham joiz emas. Ba'zi savdogarlar dehqonlardan sabzavot yoki bug'doy sotib oladi va molni qo'lga olishdan oldin sotadi. Bu joiz emas, chunki oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari egaligi faqat molni qo'lga olish bilan tugallanadigan narsalar qatoridandir. Xorijdan mol keltiruvchilar ham shunga o'xshash ish qiladi. Ulardan ba'zilari molni sotib, mamlakat ichida yetkazib berishni shart qilib qo'yadi va ular kelishidan, ya'ni ular ustidan egaligi tugallanishidan oldin sotadi. Bu sotuv man etiladi, chunki bu egalik tugallanmasdan turib sotishdir.

This is disposal in the sale by gift before taking possession of it which indicates the completion of ownership in the sold good before taking possession of it. It indicates the permissibility of selling it because the seller’s ownership therein has been completed. Accordingly whatever the seller owns and his ownership is completed over it then it is permitted for him to sell it. And whatever (good) whose ownership is not completed is not permitted to be sold. Hence what is done by small traders of bargaining with the buyers of the good then agreeing with him over the price and selling it to him, then going to another trader to buy it for the one whom he sold it to and then presenting it and delivering it to the buyer is not permitted because it is selling that which is not owned. When the trader is asked about the good, it is not before him nor does he own it but he knows it exists in the market with others. So he lies and tells the buyer that it is present and sells it to him, then he goes to buy it after selling it. This is haram and not permitted as it is selling that which is not owned. Similarly what is done by the owners of shops in the vegetable and grain market when they sell vegetables and wheat before their ownership therein is completed. Some traders buy vegetables or wheat from farmers and sell it before they have taken possession of it. This is not permitted as it is from the foodstuff wherein ownership is not completed except by taking possession of it. Similar is what importers from other countries do. Some of them sell the goods and make the delivery in the country a condition therein, then sell them before they arrive i.e. before their ownership over them is completed. This sale is forbidden as it is selling before the ownership over it is completed