Egalik qilmagan narsani sotish va egaligi hali to‘liq o‘tmagan narsani sotish, bu haqdagi hadislar tufayli, taqiqlangandir. Hadislar umuman, egalik qilinmagan yoki egaligi to‘liq bo‘lmagan barcha sotuvlarni o‘z ichiga oladigan darajada kelgan. U zot ﷺ shunday dedilar:

Selling that which one does not own and that whose ownership has not been accomplished is forbidden due to the ahadith concerning that. The ahadith came generally including all sales of that which is not owned or whose ownership is not completed. He (saw) said:

Va u Utbah ibn Usaydga dedi:

And he said to Uttab bin Usayd:

Biroq bu umumiy dalillar oldindan to‘lab sotib olish (salam) savdosidan boshqa holatlarda aniqlashtirilgan. Oldindan to‘lab sotib olish savdosiga kelsak, Shar’iy hukm uni taqiqdan istisno qilgan va ruxsat bergan. U zot ﷺ shunday degan:

However these general evidences have been specified in other than the sale of advance credit. As for advance credit sale, the Shar’a has excluded it from the prohibition and permitted it. He (saw) said:

"Salam" — bu "salaf" so'zi bilan vaznan va ma'noan bir xil bo'lib, ikki fatha bilan talaffuz qilinadi. Bu shunday sotuvki, unda kelajakda ma'lum muddatdan keyin egalik qilinadigan, sifatlari bayon etilgan tovar uchun, hozirda narxning to'liq to'lanishi amalga oshiriladi; ya'ni muddatga kafolat sifatida oldindan berilgan pul, ma'lum muddat ichida beriladigan mol uchun narxdir. Oldindan to'lanadigan muddatli savdo — bu sotuv shartnomasi tuzilganidek, hamda "salam" va "salaf" so'zlari bilan tuziladigan savdo turidir. Uni "aslam" va "aslaf" deb ham atashadi. Unga xuddi sotuvdagidek shartlar tatbiq etiladi. Odamlar orasida salam va tasleef muomalasi, ayniqsa dehqonlar va savdogarlar ehtiyoji tufayli amalga oshadi. Ekinlar va mevalar egalari o'zlari uchun va ularga kerakli ishlarni bajarish uchun xarajatga muhtoj bo'ladilar. Pul tanqisligi yuzaga kelib, ularda mablag' yo'q bo'lib qolishi mumkin, shuning uchun ular mahsulot pishib yetilishidan oldin, xaridor belgilangan muddat kelganda tovarni topshirish sharti bilan, shartnoma majlisida darhol qabul qilib olinadigan oldindan to'lov narxiga sotadilar. Savdogar ham tovarni o'zida mavjud bo'lmagan holda, ular belgilagan ma'lum muddatga sotadi va belgilangan muddat kelganda tovarni topshirish sharti bilan narxni shartnoma majlisida darhol qabul qilib oladi.

The “salam” is the “salaf” with two “fatha” in weight and meaning. It is the one who delivers present compensation for a described compensation as surety for a period i.e. advance money as price for a good he will possess after a time for a specific period. The advance credit sale is a category of sale which is contracted according to what a sale is contracted, and by the word “salam” and “salaf”. And it is (also) said “aslam” and “aslaf”. The same conditions are considered as in a sale. The transaction of people in salam and tasleef takes place because they are in need of it particularly the farmers and traders. The owners of crops and fruits need expenditure for themselves and upon it to complete what these crops and fruits require of work. Money could become scarce such that they do not have it, so they sell their produce before it emerges for an advance price which he takes possession of immediately in the contract session (majlis al-‘aqd) upon the condition of delivering the good to the buyer when the imposed period falls due. The trader would sell the goods not with them for a specific period which they would determine, and they take possession of the price immediately in the contract session upon condition of delivering the good when the imposed period becomes due.

Oldindan to'lovli kredit savdosining joiz ekani Sunnat bilan sobit bo'lgan. Ibn Abbos (roziyallohu anhu)dan rivoyat qilinadi, u aytdi:

The permissibility of advance credit sale is established by the Sunnah. It is narrated from ibn Abbas (ra) who said:

Abdurahman bin Abza va Abdulloh bin Abi Avfo ikkovlari aytdilar:

From Abdurahman bin Abza and Abdullah bin Abi Awfa who both said:

Va bir rivoyatda:

And in a narration:

Barcha bu narsalar muddatli savdo-sotiqni (salam) ruxsat etishning aniq dalillaridir. Salam qaysi narsalarda joiz va qaysilarda joiz emasligi esa hadis va ijmo'da aniq bayon qilingan. Chunki salam — egasi bo'lmagan narsani sotib olish hamda mulki to'liq o'tmagan narsani sotib olishdir, va ikkalasi ham man etilgan. Salam ularga aniq matn bilan istisno qilingan, shuning uchun u man etilishni boshqa narsalardan ajratib ko'rsatgan. Shunga ko'ra, salam joiz bo'ladigan narsalar aniq bayon etilishi zarur. Matnlarga qaytganimizda, salam o'lchanadigan va tortiladigan narsalarda joiz ekanini, xuddi sanaladigan narsalarda joiz bo'lgani kabi, topamiz. O'lchanadigan va tortiladigan narsalarda uning ruxsat etilishi esa Ibn Abbos rivoyat qilgan hadisda sobit bo'lgan narsaga asoslanadi. Allohning Elchisi ﷺ shunday degan edilar:

All these are clear evidences for permitting advance credit sale. As for what are the things in which salam is allowed, and what are the things in which it is not permitted, this is clear in the hadith and Ijma’a. This is because the salam is buying that which is not owned and buying something over which ownership has not been completed, and they are both prohibited. Salam was excluded for them by a clear text so it specified the prohibition in other than that. Accordingly it is necessary that the thing in which salam is valid be clearly stated. Upon returning to the texts we find that Salam is permitted in everything that is measured and weighed just as it is permitted in everything counted. As for permitting it in what is measured and weighed, this is due to what is established in the hadith of ibn Abbas. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said:

Ibn Abbos rivoyat qilgan boshqa hadisda aytilishicha, u kishi dedi: Allohning Elchisi ﷺ dedilar:

And in another narration of ibn Abbas who said: The Messenger of Allah (saw) said:

Bu shuni bildiradiki, yetkazib beriladigan pul o‘lchanadigan va tortiladigan narsada bo‘ladi. Sanaladigan narsalarda esa, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari bo‘yicha salamning (oldindan to‘lov asosidagi savdoning) ruxsat etilganligi to‘g‘risida ijmo‘ (ulamolar kelishuvi) tuzilgan. Bu ijmo‘ni Ibn Mundhir rivoyat qilgan. Al-Buxoriy rivoyat qilib aytdi: Shu‘ba bizga rivoyat qildi va dedi: Muhammad yoki Abdulloh ibn Abi Al-Majolid xabar berdi va dedi:

This indicates that the money which is delivered is in what is measured and weighted. As for its permissibility in the counted (things), the Ijma’a has contracted upon the Salam in foodstuff being allowed. This Ijma’a has been transmitted by ibn Mundhir. Al-Bukhari narrated and said: Shu’bah related to us and said: Muhammad or Abdullah bin Abi Al-Majalid informed and said:

Bu oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining ruxsat etilganligini bildiradi. Oziq-ovqat mahsuloti o'lchanmasligi, tortilmasligi yoki sanalmasligi mumkin emas, shuning uchun bu hukm o'lchanadigan, tortiladigan yoki sanaladigan barcha oziq-ovqat mahsulotlariga taalluqlidir, xuddi egalik qilib olish unga taalluqli bo'lgani kabi, chunki u egalik qilib olinishi kerak bo'lgan narsadir, va xuddi u ortiqcha miqdor ribosi (riba al-fadl) bilan bog'liq bo'lgani kabi, agar o'lchovda, og'irlikda yoki sanoqda ortiqcha bo'lsa, u riba hisoblanadi. Demak, salam ham u bilan bog'liqdir, chunki u o'lchanadigan, tortiladigan va sanaladigan oziq-ovqat mahsulotidir. Hadisda o'lchanadigan narsaning ruxsat etilganligi haqida matn bor, ammo sanaladigan narsa zikr qilinmagan. Oziq-ovqat mahsulotining ruxsat etilganligi ustidagi ijmo' sanaladigan narsani salamga kiritadi.

This indicates that foodstuff is permitted. Foodstuff is not devoid of being measured, weighed or counted so the rule is related to all that foodstuff which is measured, weighed or counted just like taking possession is related to it in its being of that which needs taking possession of and just as it is related to riba of excess (riba al-fadhl) in its being riba if there is excess in the measure or weight or count. So salam is also related to it in its being foodstuff which is measured, weighed and counted. In the hadith is a text upon the permissibility of the measured and the counted but it did not mention the counted (thing). The Ijma’a over the permissibility of foodstuff makes the counted (thing) included in the Salam.

Biroq, oldindan to'lanadigan narsalar aniq ta'rifga ega bo'lishi shart, masalan, Juroniy bug'doy, Birniy xurmo, Misr paxtasi, Hind ipagi, Turkiya anjiri, va aniq o'lchov yoki vaznga ega bo'lishi shart, masalan, Suriya sa'i, Iroq funti, kilogramm va litr; ya'ni o'lchov yoki vazn ma'lum va ta'riflangan bo'lishi kerak.

However it is necessary that the things paid for in advance are exact in description like Jurani wheat, Birni dates, Egyptian cotton, Indian silk, Turkish figs and exact in measurement or weight like a Syrian sa’a, an Iraqi pound and the kilo and litre i.e. it is necessary that the measure or weight be known and described.

Xuddi avans to'lanadigan toifa ma'lum bo'lishi shart bo'lganidek, sotuv ham muddatli bo'lishi va muddat ma'lum bo'lishi kerak. Salam darhol amalga oshirilsa, to'g'ri bo'lmaydi, balki muddat shart qilib qo'yilishi zarur, chunki Payg'ambar ﷺ shunday degan:

Just as it is obligatory for the category for which the advance is paid be known, similarly the sale must be for a period and it must be a known period. Salam is not valid immediately, but rather it is necessary that the period be made a condition due to the Prophet (saw)’s statement:

Bu shuni ko'rsatadiki, muddat salamning sahih bo'lishi uchun shartdir. Ammo agar narx darhol to'lanadigan bo'lib, hech qanday muddat belgilanmagan bo'lsa, unda bu salaf (avans bilan sotish) deb atalmaydi, chunki uni salam va salaf qiladigan narsa ikki bahodan birini oldinga surish va ikkinchisini kechiktirishdir. Muddatni ma'lum qilish shart, Nabiy ﷺ ning: "ma'lum muddatga" degan so'zlari sababli. Muddatni belgilash faqat o'zi farq qilmaydigan muddatlar uchundir, masalan oy, yil, olti oy yoki shunday va shunday sanagacha, shu tarzda ularda katta farq bo'lmasin, masalan Qurbon hayti yoki Ramazongacha. Xuddi shuningdek, nasroniylarning Pasxasi va ularning ro'zasi uchun salam qilish ham joizdir, chunki bu ma'lum va farq qilmaydi. Kichik farq kechiriladi. Har bir muddat, yaqin yoki uzoq muddat o'rtasida farq bo'lmagan holda, kechiktirishga ruxsat etiladi. Ammo "ajal" (muddat) so'zi o'z ma'nosiga ega bo'lib, unga ko'ra odamlarning urf-odatiga qarab ish tutiladi. Agar ular soatni bunda hisobga olmasa va u darhol (sotuv) turiga kiradi deb hisoblasa, ammo uni muddat deb hisoblasa, u holda soat ham yil muddat hisoblanganidek muddat hisoblanadi.

This indicates that the period is a condition for the validity of salam. However where it is immediate and no period is determined then it is not called advance credit sale because that which makes it Salam and salaf is the bringing forward of one of the compensations and delaying the other. It is necessary that the period be known due to the Prophet (saw)’s statement: “for a known period.” Specifying the period is only for a period which in itself does not differ such as a month, year, six months or to such and such date in a way that there is no great difference over it like Eid al-Adha or to Ramadhan. Similarly it is valid that the salam be for the Easter of the Christians and their fasting as this is known and does not differ. A minor difference is forgiven. Every period is allowed to be delayed until without difference between a nearby or a remote period. However the word “period” (ajal) has an indication which is acted upon according to the terminology of the people over its indication. If they consider that an hour is not considered therein but rather it is from the type of immediate (sale), and if they consider it a period thereupon the hour is considered a period like the year is considered a period.

Shuningdek, narx ma'lum bo'lishi shart, chunki Payg'ambar ﷺ shunday deganlar: “Ma'lum narx bilan oldindan to'lasin.” Narx shartnoma majlisining o'zida darhol topshirilmasa, ruxsat berilmaydi; agar sotuvchi va xaridor narxning hammasi qabzaga olinmasdan oldin ajralib ketsa, butun shartnoma batil bo'ladi. Buning sababi shuki, Allahning Elchisi ﷺ biz bilan gaplashgan arab tilida oldindan sotish (salam) — nimadir uchun nimadir berilishi demakdir, ya'ni keyinroq olinadigan mol uchun pul oldindan beriladi. Shunday ekan, agar kishi buyurtma qilgan narsa uchun oldindan (aslaf) to'lamasa, u hech narsa uchun oldindan to'lamagan bo'ladi; u faqat oldindan to'lashni va'da qilgan bo'ladi. Agar u narxning bir qismini, oz bo'lsin yoki ko'pi, to'lasa, oldindan sotish qabzaga olingan qismida to'g'ri, qabzaga olinmagan qismida esa batil bo'ladi. Salam sahih bo'lishining sharti — sotuvchining xaridordan narxni qabzaga olishidir. Sotilayotgan mol shartnoma vaqtida mavjud bo'lishi esa shart emas. Salam shartnoma tuzilganda mavjud bo'lgan va mavjud bo'lmagan narsada, shuningdek, qo'lida narsasi bor va yo'q kishi bilan ham joizdir. Buning dalili shuki, Payg'ambar ﷺ Madinaga kelganlarida, odamlar mevalarni bir yil yoki ikki yilga oldindan to'lar edilar. Ma'lumki, mevalar bunday muddatgacha saqlanib qolmaydi, ammo Elchi ﷺ ularni bir yil yoki ikki yil uchun bunday qilishdan man etmadilar, balki ularga bu ishni ma'qullab berdilar. Shuning uchun, mol topshiriladigan muddat ma'lum bo'lgan holda, mol mavjud bo'ladimi yo'qmi, uning narxini oldindan to'lash joizdir. Biroq narxda haddan tashqari aldov bo'lmasligi sharti bor; aksincha, shartnoma tuzilgan paytdagi bozor narxi bo'yicha, mol topshirilish vaqtidagi emas, balki kechiktirilgan muddatga mos narx belgilanishi shart. Chunki salam ham sotuvdir, sotuvning hammasida haddan tashqari aldov taqiqlangan, demak salam ham shunga kiradi. Xuddi shunga o'xshab, bir tovarni darhol qabul qilinadigan narx evaziga, lekin kelajakda topshiriladigan holda sotish haram bo'lgani kabi, kelajakda topshiriladigan tovarni darhol to'lanadigan narx evaziga, haddan tashqari aldov bilan sotish ham joiz emas; shuning uchun salamda aldov haramdir. Agar salamda aldov yuz bersa, uning hukmi sotuvdagi aldov hukmi bilan bir xil bo'ladi; aldangan tomonga ixtiyor beriladi. Xohlasa, sotuvni bekor qilishi mumkin, xohlasa, uni amalga oshirishi mumkin. Haqiqiy tovarning narxi bilan sotib olingan narx o'rtasidagi farqni olishi unga ravo emas. Biroq bu ixtiyor ikki shartga asoslanadi. Birinchisi, shartnoma tuzilgan paytda bilmaslik. Ikkinchisi, odamlar aldanmaydigan darajadagi ortiqcha yoki kamomad bo'lgan aldov. Aniq aldov savdogarning bahosi bilan baholanadi, shuning uchun ular aldov deb hisoblagan narsa aldov bo'ladi, aldov deb hisoblamagan narsa esa aldov bo'lmaydi.