32. Garovga qo'yish (Ipoteka/Garov)
32. Mortgage/ Pledging Security
Tilda "al-yaqīn" so'zi ishonch va qat'iylik ma'nosini bildiradi, ba'zilar esa bu so'zni bog'lanish, cheklanish ma'nosida ham qo'llaganlar. Alloh (SWT) shunday deydi:
The pledge in the language means certainity and persistence, and some also referred it to mean confinement. Allah (swt) said
“Har bir inson o‘zi qo‘lga kiritgan narsasi evaziga garovdir (kasaba)” [TMQ 52:21]
“Each person is a pledge over what he acquired (kasaba)” [TMQ 52:21]
Va:
And:
"Har bir nafs o'zi qilgan (kasaba) narsasiga garovdir" [TMQ 74:38]
“Each soul is a pledge over what he acquired (kasaba)” [TMQ 74:38]
yaʼni cheklangan. Shariatda garov (rahn) — qarzga kafillik sifatida berilgan mol-mulk bo‘lib, qarzni to‘lashga qodir bo‘lmagan kishi uning narxidan to‘lash uchun beriladi. Bu joiz bo‘lib, Shariat ruxsat bergan muomalalardandir. Uning dalili Kitob va Sunnatdir. Alloh (subhanahu va taolo) aytdi:
i.e. restricted. The pledge in Shar’a is the property which is given as security for the debt so as to pay from its price if the one upon whom it is due finds it impossible to pay it. It is permitted and among the transactions which the Shar’a permitted. Its evidence is the Book and Sunnah. Allah (swt) said:
"Agar safarda bo'lsangiz va yozuvchi topa olmasangiz, u holda garov olinsin (rahn qilinsin)" [TMQ 2:283].
“And if you are travelling and cannot find a writer, then let there be a pledge taken (mortgaging)” [TMQ 2:283].
Al-Buxoriy Oisha, mo'minlarning onasi, rivoyat qilgan holda aytdi,
Al-Bukhari narrated from Aisha, the mother of the believers,
Payg'ambar ﷺ bir yahudiydan muddatli to'lov evaziga oziq-ovqat sotib oldi va unga temir zirhini garov qo'ydi.
“That the Prophet (saw) bought food from a Jew for a (deferred) period and pledged an iron coat of armour to him.”
Ibn Abbos rivoyat qilishicha, at-Termiziy ham rivoyat qilgan: u kishi aytdi:
And At-Tirmidhi narrated from ibn Abbas who said:
Payg‘ambar ﷺ vafot etganlarida, oilasi uchun olgan yigirma sa‘ ovqat evaziga uning zirhi garovga qo‘yilgan edi.
“The Prophet (saw) died and his coat of armour was pledged for twenty (sa’a) of food which he took for his family.”
Ibn Abbos (ra) rivoyat qilishicha, Al-Buxoriy ham rivoyat qilgan:
And Al-Bukhari narrated from ibn Abbas (ra) who said:
Payg'ambar ﷺ Madinada bir yahudiyga o'zining sovutlaridan birini garovga qo'ydi va oilasi uchun ulardan arpa oldi.
“The Prophet (saw) pledged a coat of armour of his in Madinah to a Jew and he took barley from him for his family.”
Ahd (va'da) safarda ham, muqimlikda ham ruxsat etilgan, chunki "agar safarda bo'lsangiz" degan ibora vaziyatning haqiqatini bayon qilish uchundir va dalil bo'yicha cheklov emasdir.
The pledge is permitted in travel and when resident because the words “and if you are travelling” is explaining a situational reality and is not a restriction by the evidence
Payg'ambar ﷺ bir yahudiydan ma'lum muddatga oziq-ovqat sotib olib, unga temir zirh (kiyim) garov qo'ygan.
“That the Prophet (saw) bought food from a Jew to a (deferred) period and pledged him an iron coat of armour”
Пайғамбар ﷺ Мадинада бўлиб, сафарда бўлмаганларида. Гаров фақат гаров шартномаси билан бир вақтда берилгандагина жоиз, яъни "мақбуда" гаров. Гаровдаги эгалик тавсифи шуки, гаров берувчи уни қўли остига олади, шунда кўчиб юрадиган нарса унга ўтказилади. Уй ва ер каби кўчмас мулкка келсак, унинг устида қўл эгалик демак, яъни гаров берувчи гаров олувчи билан ўртасида ҳеч қандай тўсиқ бўлмаган ҳолда ундан чекиниши билан эгалик амалга ошади. Гаровни эгаллашда вакил тайинлаш жоиз, шунда вакилнинг эгаллаши унинг ўрнида эгаллаш ҳисобланади ва унинг қолган ҳукмлари ҳам шундай. Гаров сотиш мумкин бўлган барча нарсаларда жоиздир. Сотиш жоиз бўлган ҳар нарсани гаровга қўйиш ҳам жоиз, чунки гаровнинг мақсади қарз ундирилишини таъминлашдир, яъни гаров берувчининг имкони бўлмай қолганда қарзни гаровнинг нархидан тўлашдир. Сотиш жоиз бўлмаган нарсаларда гаров жоиз эмас, масалан, спиртли ичимлик, бутлар, ишонч асосидаги ер, гаровга қўйилган нарсанинг ўзи ва сотиш жоиз бўлмаган ўхшаш нарсалар.
While the Prophet was in Madinah and not travelling. The pledge is not permitted except when delivered during the same contract “a (maqbudha) pledge”. The description of the possession in the pledge is that he places his hand over it, so that which is moveable is transported to him. As for what is immovable like houses and land, his hand is upon it i.e. its possession is by its pledger withdrawing between it and the pledgee without any obstacle in front of him. It is permitted to delegate in taking possession of the pledge so the delegate’s taking possession stands in his place in his taking possession and the rest of its rules. The pledge is permitted in all that is allowed to sell. Everything permitted to sell is permitted to pledge because the objective of the pledge is to secure the debt to reach its payment from the pledge’s price if it becomes impossible to pay it from the capability of the pledger. The pledge is not permitted in that which is not permitted to sell like alcohol, idols, land on trust, the pledged thing and similar things which are not permitted to be sold.